Info For You Lot Senufo People: Due West Africa`S Ancient Artistic Tribe Amongst Unique Hush-Hush Societies For Transmission Of History,Knowledge In Addition To Traditions
The Senufo (the francophone spelling Senoufo is commonly used) are an ethnolinguistic grouping composed of various subgroups of Gur-speaking people living inward an expanse spanning from southern Republic of Mali together with the extreme western corner of Burkina Faso to Katiola inward Côte d'Ivoire. In Bambara, an african language, the discussion Senufo agency "Dialect of the farmers;"and refers to an agricultural together with pacifist people.
Indeed, the Senufo is deemed to live on rude when involved inward his piece of job together with proud of his profession. The saying that characterizes the Senufo is "I do quarrel with anyone, it is the ground that I fight." One group, the Nafana, is constitute inward north-western Ghana.
Nafana (Senofu) adult woman together with her baby
The Senufo number somewhere betwixt 1.5 together with 2.7 1000000 together with beak the various Senufo languages. Korhogo, an ancient town inward northern Côte d'Ivoire dating from the 13th century, is the uppercase of the Senufo people.
Senufo are rectangular houses inward Ivory Coast. These houses are made with brick walls together with straw roofs.
Language
They beak at to the lowest degree 4 distinct languages (Palaka, Dyimini, together with Senari inward Côte d’Ivoire together with Suppire inward Mali), which belong to the Gur branch of the Niger-Congo linguistic communication family. Within each group, numerous subdivisions usage their ain names for the people together with language; the advert Senufo is of external origin.
Senufo men
The origins
They left the internal delta of Niger —around the town of Mopti (Mali)— inward the search of skilful grounds, the Senufos arrived K years agone inward the expanse where they currently reside.
Korhogo, became the uppercase together with the topographic point of the most of import senufo chiefdom together with they were protected from the warlike incursions past times the White Bandama . At the destination of finally century when the famous mandinka conqueror Samory threatened the country, Senufo, the main of Korhogo declared: "We are non warriors, but farmers"
Economy
The Senufo are predominantly an agricultural people cultivating millet, sorghum, maize, yams, peanut, together with rice. They also grow bananas, manioc, together with a host of other crops that have got been borrowed from cultures throughout the world.
Small farm animals such every bit sheep, goats, chickens, guinea fowl, together with dogs are raised. Minimal amounts of hunting together with angling also contribute to the local economy. Labor is divided betwixt farmers together with skilled artisans, together with spell it was in i lawsuit idea that these segments of gild did non intermarry,
Dozo hunters:
The all Senufo are annotation farmers. Others are also hunters « Dozo ».
Dozo are good known hunters of West Africa, specially because they are next a strict code based on honor.
To acquire Dozo, the immature apprentice have got to acquire a long learning menses with a Grand Master. Irreproachable moral deport is required. The code Dozo is based on abide by for ancestors, laurels together with obedience to the master.
Besides learning hunting, the Dozo apprentice is initiated to the religious rituals.
Dozo hunters makes regular offerings to the spirits together with fetishes of the bush. They pass considerable fourth dimension to the preparation of amulets. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 hunter Dozo never travel hunting without reciting some hole-and-corner incantations.
Dozo is wearing a tunic covered past times amulets
The Dozo adorns her blouse past times various amulets, but also whistles, mirrors, horns of deer together with some knives. In add-on to its spiritual armor, a hunter Dozo is equipped with a rifle, a small-scale ax, together with a slaughtered creature tail transformed into flyswatter.
Socio-political system
They alive inward villages that are governed past times a council of elders, who inward plow are led past times a main that was elected from them. The tribal construction if controlled through the rituals of the Poro gild who initiate together with command the men from every bit immature a 7 yours of historic menses together with on.
The Senefou follow a strict caste-like system, inward which the farmer is at the top together with the musicians are on the bottom rung of the society.
Marriage
Among the rural Senufo-Tagba, all the girls of a particular historic menses laid acquire brides at the same time. This transition from youth to womanhood takes position inward a week-long ceremony of ritual together with celebration that is carried out in i lawsuit a twelvemonth amidst the women of the village.
Covered Senufo bride returning home
On the foremost twenty-four hours of the marriage ceremony ceremony the married women of the hamlet accept all the brides to a sacred grove of trees located exclusively a curt distance from the village. There the women learn the immature brides how to live on skilful wives together with instruct them inward the rituals that are necessary for a happy together with prosperous married life.
After fourth dimension inward the sacred grove, the brides are carried past times their woman someone relatives across a river on their way dorsum to the village. The voices of the woman someone chorus ascent together with autumn spell the sounds of the sichaala (gourd rattle) together with tchere (calabash)"water drum" are heard. As they are carried across the river, the brides human face the sky. This part of their journeying symbolizes their transformation from girls to women together with their reintegration into society.
Once on the other side of the river, the older women wearing apparel the brides inward beautiful clothes together with comprehend their heads with cloth. As they walk along inward the procession they often are shaded past times colorful umbrellas.
Back inward the village, the women accept the brides from chemical compound to chemical compound where members of the grouping sing, play their instruments, together with dance. Here famous woman someone singers perform to celebrate the transformation the girls have got made together with the pride Senufo women have got inward married life.
As the women sing, they together with other woman someone performers furnish music with sichaala together with the larger sichaa-gun-go rattles. Often they are accompanied past times men playing punge drums, together with occasionally past times manlike someone djegele players who add together to the music.
The brides fix to homecoming to the village.
For this part of the celebration, i bride’s woman someone relatives have got all worn dresses of the same cloth together with pattern. As the women sing together with trip the low-cal fantastic toe they are accompanied past times ii gbogo drummers. All other men are a part of the audience.
While all musical instruments may live on played past times men, the sichaala together with sichaa-gun-go rattles together with the tchere "water drum" are considered women's instruments together with are played most prominently at weddings. It is primarily at these of import celebrations that Senufo women are the featured performers.
In the evenings, every bit part of the marriage ceremony celebration, all members of the hamlet get together to sing together with dance. Djegele players are the key performers, joined past times men playing gbogo drums together with sometimes other instruments, similar the karga, a metallic scraper. While the musicians play together with sing, a woman someone chorus is often heard every bit the women spontaneously bring together inward the music.
As the djegele band plays, men together with women dance, moving inward an informal circle. Often, every bit a immature homo performs a fancy trip the low-cal fantastic toe inward front end of the djegele, he is rewarded past times a immature adult woman inward the grouping who drapes a cloth some his cervix every bit a sign of her admiration for his dancing skill.
Religion
Daily life for the Senufo people revolves some the religious rituals that enable them to placate the deities they abide by together with fearfulness through agency of divination practices together with the wearing of specially crafted brass jewelry.
The Senufo employ the Fo bracelet, which contains i of the culture’s most prominent designs, a python, inward a variety of purposes to suit the spiritual together with aesthetic needs of the society. The Sandogo is an authoritative women’s social monastic say responsible for sustaining positive relationships with the spiritual world through divination together with for protecting the purity of each kinship group. The Sandobele are diviners inside the Sandogo gild who diagnose together with resolve issues inside the community.
religion
There are a number of revered ancestor together with bush spirits amidst the Senufo. Maleeo together with Kolotyolo ("Ancient Mother" together with "Creator God") stand upwardly for a dualistic deity. Kolotyolo is non approachable together with tin exclusively live on reached through Yiriigifolo or Nyehene. In the part of Kufulo, Maleeo is represented past times the sacred drums earlier whom all thieves together with murderers are brought for trial.
Seenufo traditionalist
Poro secret society
The Poro gild organisation is a universal age-grade initiation association ; they exert social together with political control, select traditional knowledge, together with fulfill religious functions, particularly during elaborate funeral ceremonies.
Poro initiated girls
The Poro gild is reserved primarily for men, although immature girls together with postmenopausal women are permitted to join. The main business office of Poro is to guarantee a skilful human relationship betwixt the living world together with the ancestors. Nerejao is an ancestress who is recognized every bit the truthful caput of the Poro society.
Accordingly, immature initiates spent weeks together with fifty-fifty months together inward secluded sacred groves where they developed the survival skills together with intellectual foundation to fix them for adulthood. Senior poro members instructed initiates inward the piece of job of poro, also referred to every bit piece of job for "Old Mother," the woman someone aspect of the supreme deity together with protector of poro initiates. As a final result of locally sponsored initiations, poro members forged strong connections to their communities that cutting across lineage divisions.
Poro Headdress (Kworo), 19th–mid-20th century,Côte d'Ivoire; Senufo.Wood, cloth, cane, mud. Courtesy:The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Allan Frumkin, 1962. (Poro initiation associations across northern Côte d'Ivoire actively sponsored the arts during the twentieth century. They acquired a various gain of helmet masks together with headdresses for their members to have on at funerals together with on other occasions, including the celebration of members' advancement into higher stages of the initiation cycle. Members at each plane learned a specific trunk of noesis together with laid of rituals. The eve earlier their entrance into the sacred grove at the showtime of the intermediate stage of poro, initiates inward some Nafara Senufo towns danced inward world performances referred to every bit kworo together with wore headdresses of this kind. Basketry caps secured wooden panels to the tops of the initiates' heads.)
Young initiates are spotted wearing tall, rectangular, boardlike kworo headdresses painted with checkerboard patterns. Initiates wore kworo masks during a world functioning on the eve of their entrance into the sacred grove. They learned how to catch social obligations, piece of job with peers, together with abide by their elders. Despite its presumed uniform grapheme together with its unopen association with Senufo culture, poro together with the arts linked to the association display striking formal together with functional variation.
Senufo blacksmith mask
In some communities, poro initiates prohibited uninitiated men, women, together with children from seeing their impressive arts, a regulation akin to ones West African might associations maintain. The industrial plant together with performances connected to them offering unique expressions of artists' together with patrons' commitments to goals that include the advertisement of hard work, community relations, together with reverence for the deceased.
Poro has historically been responsible for the transmission of histories, genealogies, together with other noesis together with has contributed to various together with dynamic artistic production inward northern Côte d'Ivoire (Susan Elizabeth Gagliardi2008/9)
(The form, identified generically past times some Senufo speakers every bit a bird, or sejen, does non necessarily stand upwardly for a specific type of bird. The large carved invoice mutual on many sejen sculptures suggests a species of hornbill. However, Senufo speakers have got also associated the sculptures with crows, eagles, vultures, or buzzards. Individuals sometimes refer to aeroplane sculpture every bit kasinge, a reference to the foremost ancestor. The term links the shape with either the mythological founder of humanity or the original architect of the sacred grove that houses the sculpture. When identified every bit a "mother of the poro child," the sculpture celebrates the authorization together with leadership of poro elders who are considered the metaphorical mothers of junior poro initiates. Such creations accordingly serve every bit a guardian of immature poro initiates.)
Sandogo
Throughout the twentieth century, sandogo associations inward northern Côte d'Ivoire promoted the integrity of each matrilineage together with trained some of its members inward divination to encourage communication betwixt humans together with the spirit world. Though divination, which is governed past times the Sandogo society, is also an of import part of Senufo religion, Sandogo is commonly considered a women's society, men who are called to the profession together with inherit through the matrilineal draw are permitted to acquire diviners Diviners inward the part travel on to display wooden together with brass figures during their consultations with men together with women. They also have on cast brass ornaments together with prescribe them for their clients to encourage spiritual protection together with healing.
Women (and rarely men) gained access to sandogo through their mother's families, the lineages the establishment protects. The arts together with practices of women's sandogo together with its counterpart, the men's poro initiation association, underscore the importance of sex complementarity.
Côte d'Ivoire or Burkina Faso; Senufo or Tussian Copper alloy
(The figurine shown hither may have got constituted i figure inward a gendered pair used during divination consultations, or a diviner or customer may have got acquired it from an creative someone to have on singly on the body).
Divinatory spirits together with sculptures created for them are often referred to every bit ndebele, madebele, together with tugubele (sing.: ndeo, madeo, together with tugu) inward several Senufo dialects. People commonly link divinatory spirits with nature, namely water, trees, together with uncultivated landscapes beyond town together with metropolis limits. They conceive of nature spirits every bit anthropomorphic beings with feet that betoken backwards, often invisible to the human eye.
According to these beliefs, nature spirits may assist people to hold skilful health, accomplish success, together with develop satisfactory relationships with friends together with family. Spirits tin also live on held accountable for people's affliction or hardship, however, together with are regarded with ambivalence. Hunters, farmers, together with others who displace into the wilderness or who otherwise come upwardly into contact with trees together with natural H2O sources consider risks taken when they approach places where nature spirits are believed to reside. They rely on preemptive measures designed to appease spirits who may live on offended when people rails game, till the land, depict water, or otherwise invade spirit domains. Diviners similarly commission sculptures to appeal to capricious spirits together with seek their goodwill. The variety of divinatory arts attests to diviners' perceptions of nature spirits' unique preferences together with artists' interpretations of them.
Another, to a greater extent than rare mask, the Degele mask, which originated from a few villages inward the vicinity of Korhogo town, together with were danced inward the kuumo ceremony (“Great Festival of the Dead”) inward a manlike someone together with woman someone pair. The Kagba mask was famous amidst the southern Senufo grouping of the Nafara, a zoomorphic mask worn with a costume consisting of a tent similar construction of reeds together with covered with ornamentally painted mats of blankets, together with was danced past times a unmarried performer.
Janus Helmet Mask (Wanyugo), 19th–mid-20th century,Côte d'Ivoire; Senufo.Wood, pigmen.(This mask's virulent attributes, for example, its opened upwardly jaws together with sudden teeth similar the crocodile's together with tusks similar the warthog's, are but a few of the elements that allude to the aggressive grapheme of a masquerade designed to deter nefarious pursuits. The dominant motifs of wanyugo helmet masks are the tusks that sprout from the top together with sides of the ii snouts together with the pointed teeth. The sculptor of this mask contrasts the sudden angles of the many teeth together with tusks with the to a greater extent than supple forms of a pair of chameleons at the top of the helmet. The chameleons, lizards known for their abilities to modify their pare color, handle a small-scale bowl designed to incorporate strong substances, a motif that suggests transformational powers together with esoteric noesis associated with the mask together with its performance.
The double-sided construction of the wanyugo helmet adds to its effectiveness inward confronting harmful forces. The fantastical faces tin anticipate together with combat evil from whatever advantage betoken together with inward doing so amplify the mask's potency. Senufo artists combine a dynamic mask with trip the low-cal fantastic toe movements together with musical accompaniment that introduce audiences with powerful together with complex images designed to protect the community from harm.)
The double headed Wanyugo mask, or every bit is sometimes referred to inward the western world, the Firespitter mask or Janus Buffalo helmet mask, belonged to the Wabele society. The chore of the Wabele gild was to destroy negative forces (dee bele) together with harmful spirits (nika’abele) who, inward the shape of monsters or wild animals, threaten people inward times of crisis or vulnerability, as, for instance, during burial ceremonies. According to some Senufo lore, the masks derive their might from magical /medicinal substances placed inward a loving cup that is carved into the top of the mask, withal the potion tin exclusively acquire effective if supplemented past times a costume of cotton fiber fabric, together with danced to music inward the context of a ceremony.
Côte d'Ivoire; Senufo, Tyebara Wood. Courtesy:The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller.(Known every bit pombibele (sing.: pombia), or "children of poro," such imposing manlike someone together with woman someone figures were the major sculptural forms commissioned past times the poro association inward Senufo communities of Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, together with Burkina Faso. During funerals together with commemorative ceremonies for distinguished association members, manlike someone figures similar this i stood with woman someone companions evoking a primordial couple. Sculptural pairs honored the deceased every bit they entered the gild of ancestral spirits together with recalled their lineage extending dorsum to their earliest ancestors. On these occasions, poro members displayed pombibele figures inward architectural settings or tapped them on the footing to the beat of drums inward a procession.)
Although poro is essentially a manlike someone institution, the most of import ancestor invoked is a woman, the caput of the poro chapter's founding matrilineage. Senufo artists often rendered woman someone representations taller than their manlike someone companions. Their asymmetrical handling of poro sculptural couples emphasizes the importance of women every bit matrices of life.
Senufo homo performing traditional rituals
Senufo statuary varies a groovy deal, from every bit picayune every bit 6” tall to six human foot tall. One Senufo Tribe Bird sculpture of the most pop is the Pombibele ‘those who give birth’, or Rhythm pounder every bit they are fondly referred to past times westerners. They were used during various rituals that took position earlier together with after the burial of a deceased Poro gild elder. Initiates who see the draw solid of the deceased ship them, together with i is sometimes placed inward a enshroud amongst the corpse at the world ceremonies that follow. The initiated would then, spell accompanying the corpse to its burial place, swing together with pound the Pombile on the footing inward fourth dimension with the solemn music of the Poro society. At the burial site, before long earlier nightfall, in i lawsuit the soil is heaped over the grave, a manlike someone initiate may inward a finally together with decisive gesture bound onto the mound together with shell the footing 7 times. This pounding is to ensure the spirit of the deceased does non linger inward the vicinity, but undertakes its journeying to the ‘village of the dead’. Another famous slice of Senufo statuary is the poropianong, pregnant ‘mother of the Poro child,’ many of the hole-and-corner Poro societies would have got i of these large standing aeroplane sculptures. The statue was kept inward the sacred forest, together with was used inward rites of passage for the admission of initiates to the finally stage of training.
Helmet Mask (Kponyugo), 19th–mid-20th century.Côte d'Ivoire; Senufo Wood.(kponyugo helmet masks foster spectators' doubt together with apprehension. The mask's opened upwardly jaws together with sudden teeth seem cook to devour its prey together with thence visually underscore its ferocity. Members of poro together with other fraternal associations inward the part don composite helmet masks together with full-body outfits during funerals together with on other occasions to punish human lawbreakers together with deter malevolent spirits. Due to the aggressive together with combative nature of the helmet masks together with their performances, women together with children are enjoined to avoid seeing them, a stricture honored due to the costly consequences that transgressions precipitate.)
Ancestral figures were also carved past times the Senufo representing the primordial ancestors of their people, often placed inward the hamlet centre at a shape of shrine where tribe members could laurels together with pay respects to their ancestors, often taking them offerings when call for for assistance or guidance.
Côte d'Ivoire or Burkina Faso; Senufo or Tussian Brass. Courtesy: The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Mr. together with Mrs. John J. Klejman, 1964 (1978.412.496).
Many of the most distinguished diviners inward Senufo communities inward northern Côte d'Ivoire belong to the sando association. Throughout the mid- to belatedly twentieth century, sando membership typically passed through the mother's line. Only a select few sando members studied divination. Most sando diviners were women, although occasionally men entered the practice. Many novel sando diviners foremost acquired miniature metallic sculptures inward the shape of figurative twins.
Côte d'Ivoire or Burkina Faso; Senufo or Tussian
Brass. Coutersy: The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift
of Mr. together with Mrs. John J. Klejman, 1964 (Twin or doubled imagery is a prominent characteristic of Senufo divination arts. Artists create twin figurines for the diviners together with their clients who seek spiritual intercession to guide them inward their piece of job together with secure their well-being. In this context, figurative pairs refer to coupled bush spirits, H2O spirits, biological twins, together with other world partners.)
Smaller cast brass figurines are to a greater extent than portable than larger wooden sculptures together with far less costly, thence they were easier for diviners to procure early on inward their careers. Practitioners who advanced eventually sought to a greater extent than finely carved wooden sculptures for their consultation rooms.
Senufo communities also back upwardly non-sando diviners, some of them senior members of the poro initiation association. They also rely on the arts to position problems inward clients' lives together with furnish prescriptions. While sando diviners often sought smaller spirit sculptures convenient to ship with them, other diviners evidently commissioned larger figurative sculptures.
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Women together with men who piece of job every bit diviners inward Senufo communities together with elsewhere inward West Africa employ a gain of arts together with techniques. Many diviners have clients inward small, intimate consultation rooms. Wooden together with metallic sculptures, pottery, textiles, together with earthen bas-reliefs often dominate the windowless rooms, lit exclusively past times the sunlight that enters through the opened upwardly doorframe. In i shape of divination mutual inward many Senufo communities, the diviner sits either adjacent to or contrary the customer together with holds the client's hand. The diviner foremost calls for the nature spirits' attention.
Senufo initiated girls
The diviner so presents the spirits with a serial of questions inward monastic say to create upwardly one's heed the argue for the client's visit. To position the source of the client's concerns, the diviner holds i of the client's hands together with interprets the movements of the diviner's together with client's hands every bit they displace together, sometimes slapping against the diviner's leg. The diviner continues the procedure to create upwardly one's heed a suitable course of report of activeness for the client. The diviner may additionally usage musical instruments, sculptured figurines, or constitute objects to assess a client's concerns. The caliber of the arts used inward a diviner's exercise announces competence together with accomplishment. Diviners who earn renown together with attract clients from distant locales often have got the agency to commission to a greater extent than ambitious works.
Côte d'Ivoire or Burkina Faso; Senufo or Tussian
Copper alloy, Courtesy:The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Mr. together with Mrs. John J. Klejman, 1964 (Senufo diviners prescribe to their clients the acquisition of fine ornaments created from copper alloys inward monastic say to deal difficulties, care for illnesses, together with attain goals. The neat concentric rings, 4 circular feet, ii small-scale eyes, together with triangular tail on the stylized turtle ornamentation shown hither reverberate the science of the metalsmith who created this work. Turtles together with other animals, including pythons together with chameleons, refer to the spirit world. In executing such ornaments, artists create industrial plant to delight nature spirits empowered to intervene inward human affairs. The greater the plane of artistry, the to a greater extent than effective such industrial plant are considered.)
At the determination of a consultation, the customer receives medicinal prescriptions or detailed instructions concerning appropriate offerings. The diviner may also advise the customer to obtain a specific trunk adornment or figurative sculpture from an artist. For example, diviners often recommend rings, pendants, bracelets, or anklets featuring chameleons together with other animals considered intermediaries betwixt human together with spirit realms. Referred to every bit yawiige inward some Senufo languages, the ornaments are believed to assist appease spirits according to their wishes every bit revealed through divination. Diviners themselves acquire similar ornaments from artists inward the part to deal their ain relationships with nature spirits.
Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, or Burkina Faso; Senufo Brass.(yawiige, a Senufo term that agency "something that follows you." Yawiige refers to pendants, bracelets, anklets, together with rings that diviners advise their clients to acquire from local artists. The ornaments redress conflicts uncovered through divination together with offering their owners protection from harm. Given each client's uniqueness together with the personal nature of divination, an ornament's shape does non give away the reasons for which it was prescribed or worn. Chameleons seem oft inward Senufo arts together with are considered a primordial animal. Chameleon images often grace yawiige rings, every bit seen on this example.)
Divination underlies the creation of many forms of artistic human face inward Senufo together with other communities across West Africa. Diviners invest inward the arts to foster personal relationships with the spirit world together with elevate communication betwixt nature spirits together with humans. They together with their clients seek industrial plant inward wood, metal, together with other media from artists inward monastic say to gain insight into the causes of disruptions inward their lives together with displace beyond them.
Festival together with music
The Senufo are outstanding musicians, using marimbas, tuned Fe gongs, together with a variety of drums, horns, together with flutes. They are also internationally famous carvers of wood sculpture, mainly masks together with figures.
The balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso together with Côte d’Ivoire is a pentatonic xylophone, known locally every bit the ncegele. The ncegele is composed of xi to twenty-one keys of varying lengths, made of wood, together with arranged on a trapezoidal frame, also made of wood or bamboo. The musical instrument has calabash gourd resonators of varying sizes, arranged beneath the frame proportionally to the keys. The gourds are perforated together with the holes are covered with spider’s egg-sac filaments to elevate the sound.
Senufo homo dancing to traditional music
The tuning of the ncegele is based on a partitioning of the octave into 5 equal intervals, together with the sounds are produced past times striking the keys with wooden sticks with a condom beater fitted to the end. Played solo or every bit part of an ensemble, the musical discourse of the balafon is based on a gain of multiple rhythmic melodies.
Senufo people
The ncegele provides amusement during festivities, accompanies prayers inward the parishes together with inward sacred woods, stimulates enthusiasm for work, punctuates funerary music together with supports the teaching of value systems, traditions, beliefs, customary law, together with rules of ethics governing gild together with the private inward day-to-day activities. The participant foremost learns to play a children’s balafon, afterward moving on to full-size balafons, nether the pedagogy of a teacher.
A balafon festival of the Senufo people of W Africa. Photograph: Sebastien Cailleux/Sygma/Corbis.
Cloth
Mud Cloth
Locally-made mud cloth is cotton fiber cloth decorated together with dyed with natural materials that blend into the colors of the Senufo landscape. Originally, the clothes made from mud cloth were worn exclusively past times hunters, who appreciated the cloth's natural camouflaging ability. Now upwardly to one-quarter of the population wears mud cloth every bit everyday clothing. Though to a greater extent than expensive, the cloth is pop with non-hunters because it does non present dirt. Mothers volition wrap their babies to their backs using large, rectangular mud cloths.
Mud cloths are made of 100% cotton fiber that is locally grown, spun, together with woven. Before the colonization of Africa past times Europeans, cotton fiber was grown inward small-scale amounts for local use. Now, it is the main cash crop of the Senufo, which agency that most of the cotton fiber is raised to live on sold to other countries.
Through observation together with practice, anyone inward the hamlet tin larn to brand a mud cloth. Some, though, are recognized every bit having special talent inward this area. These individuals volition sell their cloth to a much wider market, some every bit far away every bit Europe. With this expansion of merchandise to other continents, some artists have got begun signing their work.
Source http://www.spurlock.illinois.edu/explorations/online/senufomusic/resources/text_version.html
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poro/hd_poro.htm
Senufo traditional dance
The dry out funerals celebration of Burkina Faso Senufo people
For Senufo, funeral ceremonies are celebrated past times ii stages.
Firstly, the "wet funeral" which occur inward the days next the expiry of the deceased together with finally exclusively i day. Only a small-scale commission to attend this funeral.
One or to a greater extent than years after the burial of the deceased acquire the "dry funeral". Called "Yagbaga" inward Senufo. These events are ever held when the granaries are total of food, after harvest together with during the dry out season.
Dry funeral have got to live on a purification together with to back upwardly of the deceased inward the afterlife. These rituals finally for several days. During this period, the hamlet of the deceased is inward spree, together with its activity is punctuated past times the funeral dances together with festivities.
For the occasion, the religious masks getting out. Each mask is made by a delegation from i of the surrounding villages.
Each mask symbolizes a mystical animal. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 mask is non exclusively the object that covers the face, it is also the attire together with the trip the low-cal fantastic toe that come upwardly with it.
The dances performed past times the masks are scary, this is for driving out the evil spirits together with to motivate the ancestors spirits to they brand skilful welcome to the deceased. Dozo adhere to this tradition. They come upwardly from afar to attend the funeral celebrations of i of their community member.
Cultural practices together with expressions linked to the balafon of the Senufo communities of Mali, Burkina Faso
,Senufo people, Ivory Coast
Senufo people
Senufo Kponyungo, Ivory Coast
Senufo hunters
Two Senufo dancers from Boundiali. They have on a headdress adorned with cowrie shells,feathers on their dorsum together with a grass dorsum skirt. They have on this during the Ngoro-dance, every bit they consummate their initiation. Cowrie shells symbolize fertility together with wealth. ca prior to 1969. | ©D. Meenhorst,
senufo girls
Impressive thatching on a traditional Senufo {Senoufo} edifice | © Georges Courreges.
Photo source:http://www.toukan.fr/en/2012/10/22/burkina-faso-the-senufo-dozo-dry-funeral-cermony/
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