Info For You Lot Majangir (Manjang/Masong) People: Nilotic Bee Producers Of Ethiopia`S Gambella Region
The Majangir sre agriculturalist Nilotic-speaking people of Surmic rootage inhabiting southwestern Ethiopian part of Gambella, especially inward Tipi. As a final result of the state of war inward Sudan receive got vacated from deep forests unopen to their territory. Their habitation expanse forthwith ranges from South of Gurafarda to the little wood exactly about Metu.
Majangir tribe adult woman from Fide, Gambella area, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia amongst awesome hairstyle
Ethnologue 2010 set the Manjangir`s location at Southwest, parts of Gambela, Oromo, too Kafa administrative regions, a long, narrow belt betwixt Bure (east of Gambela) too Guraferda south.
The expanse which they co-exist amongst the other tribes is the most densely forested inward the Region too they besides depend on wood resources for their livelihood. They are peculiarly noted every bit beloved producers for which the wood ecosystem is critical. Moreover, for all population groups the ecosystem provides a variety of other essential resources, including wood for tools, grass for homesteads, wild food, medicinal too other useful
plants, too access to H2O resources.
Their full population is estimated to travel exactly about 16,000 people. However many population analyst believe that this figure underestimate their existent number, every bit they are hard to count because they alive inward dispersed settlements. Dessalegn Rahmato inward his 2001 survey report too academic newspaper entitled "LAND TO INVESTORS: Large-Scale Land Transfers inward Ethiopia" written for Forum for Social Studies put the population of the Majangir at 60,000.
Gambella Region
Gambella has been, too soundless is i of the Regions which has attracted considerable investor attending too has been targeted every bit focal expanse for reason investments yesteryear MOARD every bit good every bit other authorities agencies on trace of piece of employment concern human relationship of what is perceived to travel its extensive too untapped reason too H2O resources. Domestic investors began to instruct reason hither fifty-fifty earlier the investment legislation noted inward a higher identify was issued too earlier the authorities had given the greenish lite to large-scale investments. Data from the Region’s Investment Commission shows that at that topographic point are forthwith over xv large-scale investors (with holdings of 2000 hectares or more), made upwardly of both domestic too unusual interests, belongings 535,000 hectares of land.
In addition, at that topographic point are numerous medium too small-sized investments scattered throughout the Region, but piece at that topographic point is non much data available on them, nosotros jurist that the full reason held yesteryear all investors, little too large, may accomplish 600,000 hectares. There is argue to believe that to a greater extent than reason volition travel handed out to investors hither inward the months ahead every bit the Region is said to possess 1.2 i one 1000 thousand hectares of reason suitable for investment. The primary involvement of the largeprojects is growing high value export commodities such every bit rice, soya beans too other pulses, too sesame; bio-fuel plants such every bit palm-oil trees are also attracting a goodness bargain of interest. Some investors are planning to grow maize every bit a instant or 3rd crop but this is largely for bio-fuel purposes rather than every bit nutrient for the local market. Except for ii companies, all other investors
receive got a lease catamenia of 50 years, too almost all receive got been committed to pay a rental fee of thirty to 35 Birr (less than ii USD) per hectare per twelvemonth (depending on the usage of irrigation water).
Many of the little investors are engaged inward growing crude seeds, cotton, maize, peanuts too fruit trees. All investment projects, little or large, volition take away secure access to sources of H2O for irrigation without which many of them volition non travel sustainable. Gambella is located inward the extreme W of the province too shares a long edge every bit good every bit many ecological features amongst southern Sudan. While inward population damage it is relatively sparsely settled (less than one-half a i one 1000 thousand inhabitants), the Region nevertheless has a unique ecology too is
immensely rich inward biodiversity too wildlife22. The reason embrace consists of several varieties of woodland, high forest, shrub-land, savanna grassland too permanent too seasonal wetlands; the largest permanent wetland inward the province is located here. There are 4 rivers that stream through it, 3 of which (Akobo, Baro too Gilo) feed into the Sobat River inward the Sudan which forms an of import tributary of the White Nile. The 4th river, Alwero, has a dam built over it too provides irrigation H2O for Saudi Star, the instant largest investor inward the Region. The inhabitants of the Region usage the rivers to grab fish which is a useful income earner for families every bit good every bit existence consumed at home. The Region was neglected for many decades nether the two
previous regimes too is therefore non good endowed inward basic infrastructure too services.
One of the most of import “hidden treasures” of Gambella is its various wildlife. There are some 20 or so of import wild animate existence species inward the expanse of which several are of international significance. There is an immense wild fauna migration that takes identify seasonally betwixt Gambella too the Sudan, too experts believe that this is the instant largest wild fauna migration inward the world, afterwards that of the Serengeti inward due east Africa. The major animate existence species are the white-eared kob, Nile lechwe, hartebeest, roan antelope, giraffe, buffalo, warthog, H2O buck, too elephant. There is also a variety of bird-life along the rivers too inward the wetlands. The population of the white-eared kob is estimated to travel close 750,000 of which some 255,000 brand their
habitat inward Gambella piece the residuum are inward the Sudan. The Nile lechwe is a rare animate existence found solely inward the Sudan too Gambella, too is forthwith on the endangered listing of the Blue Planet conservation body, IUCN. The wild fauna species are distributed throughout the western one-half of Gambella too along the entire edge amongst the Sudan. Many of the animals inward interrogation engage inward short-distance seasonal migration inside the Region also, moving from i ecology to some other inward the dry out too moisture seasons inward search of food, H2O too alter of habitat. The Region has i national common too several protected areas. The Gambella National Park was established inward 1974 but was neither gazetted nor effectively managed for many years. Gambella is inhabited yesteryear several ethnic minority groups of which the 3 major ones are the Annuak, (population 100,000), the Nuer (113,000), and, the numerically smaller of the three, the Majangir (60,000) who alive inward the south-western business office of the Region side yesteryear side to the SNNP.
Language
The Majangir talk a diolect of Surmic language. Majangir linguistic communication is business office of the Surmic cluster, even so it is the most isolated linguistic communication inward that cluster (Harold C. Fleming 1983). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 linguistic communication survey has shown that dialect variation from N to S is tiddler too does non seriously impede communication
The linguistic communication has implosive consonants (bilabial too retroflex), but no ejective consonants (Bender 1983). There are nine vowels, too length of duration of the vowel is also distinctive, such every bit goopan 'punishment' too gopan 'road'. In addition, ii tones also distinguish meaning, on both the discussion grade too the grammatical level: táŋ (higher tone) 'cow', tàŋ (lower tone) 'abscess'.
Economy
They traditionally lived inward little groups, farming for 3 to 5 years, so moving on every bit the fertility of the soil diminished (Stauder 1971). They were active bee keepers, collecting beloved from hives consisting of hollowed logs placed inward trees. They did some hunting too snaring of game too trapping of fish. They raised the mass of their ain nutrient yesteryear farming, animals providing solely a little business office of their diet.
sourcehttp://www.landgovernance.org/system/files/Ethiopia_Rahmato_FSS_0.pdf
http://www.scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ yt1/staff/sato/Pap%20152.pdf
Majangir tribe adult woman from Fide, Gambella area, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia amongst awesome hairstyle
Ethnologue 2010 set the Manjangir`s location at Southwest, parts of Gambela, Oromo, too Kafa administrative regions, a long, narrow belt betwixt Bure (east of Gambela) too Guraferda south.
The expanse which they co-exist amongst the other tribes is the most densely forested inward the Region too they besides depend on wood resources for their livelihood. They are peculiarly noted every bit beloved producers for which the wood ecosystem is critical. Moreover, for all population groups the ecosystem provides a variety of other essential resources, including wood for tools, grass for homesteads, wild food, medicinal too other useful
plants, too access to H2O resources.
Their full population is estimated to travel exactly about 16,000 people. However many population analyst believe that this figure underestimate their existent number, every bit they are hard to count because they alive inward dispersed settlements. Dessalegn Rahmato inward his 2001 survey report too academic newspaper entitled "LAND TO INVESTORS: Large-Scale Land Transfers inward Ethiopia" written for Forum for Social Studies put the population of the Majangir at 60,000.
Woman from Majangir tribe inward Tepi, Ethiopia
Gambella Region
Gambella has been, too soundless is i of the Regions which has attracted considerable investor attending too has been targeted every bit focal expanse for reason investments yesteryear MOARD every bit good every bit other authorities agencies on trace of piece of employment concern human relationship of what is perceived to travel its extensive too untapped reason too H2O resources. Domestic investors began to instruct reason hither fifty-fifty earlier the investment legislation noted inward a higher identify was issued too earlier the authorities had given the greenish lite to large-scale investments. Data from the Region’s Investment Commission shows that at that topographic point are forthwith over xv large-scale investors (with holdings of 2000 hectares or more), made upwardly of both domestic too unusual interests, belongings 535,000 hectares of land.
Woman from Majangir tribe inward Tepi, Ethiopia
In addition, at that topographic point are numerous medium too small-sized investments scattered throughout the Region, but piece at that topographic point is non much data available on them, nosotros jurist that the full reason held yesteryear all investors, little too large, may accomplish 600,000 hectares. There is argue to believe that to a greater extent than reason volition travel handed out to investors hither inward the months ahead every bit the Region is said to possess 1.2 i one 1000 thousand hectares of reason suitable for investment. The primary involvement of the largeprojects is growing high value export commodities such every bit rice, soya beans too other pulses, too sesame; bio-fuel plants such every bit palm-oil trees are also attracting a goodness bargain of interest. Some investors are planning to grow maize every bit a instant or 3rd crop but this is largely for bio-fuel purposes rather than every bit nutrient for the local market. Except for ii companies, all other investors
receive got a lease catamenia of 50 years, too almost all receive got been committed to pay a rental fee of thirty to 35 Birr (less than ii USD) per hectare per twelvemonth (depending on the usage of irrigation water).
Many of the little investors are engaged inward growing crude seeds, cotton, maize, peanuts too fruit trees. All investment projects, little or large, volition take away secure access to sources of H2O for irrigation without which many of them volition non travel sustainable. Gambella is located inward the extreme W of the province too shares a long edge every bit good every bit many ecological features amongst southern Sudan. While inward population damage it is relatively sparsely settled (less than one-half a i one 1000 thousand inhabitants), the Region nevertheless has a unique ecology too is
immensely rich inward biodiversity too wildlife22. The reason embrace consists of several varieties of woodland, high forest, shrub-land, savanna grassland too permanent too seasonal wetlands; the largest permanent wetland inward the province is located here. There are 4 rivers that stream through it, 3 of which (Akobo, Baro too Gilo) feed into the Sobat River inward the Sudan which forms an of import tributary of the White Nile. The 4th river, Alwero, has a dam built over it too provides irrigation H2O for Saudi Star, the instant largest investor inward the Region. The inhabitants of the Region usage the rivers to grab fish which is a useful income earner for families every bit good every bit existence consumed at home. The Region was neglected for many decades nether the two
previous regimes too is therefore non good endowed inward basic infrastructure too services.
One of the most of import “hidden treasures” of Gambella is its various wildlife. There are some 20 or so of import wild animate existence species inward the expanse of which several are of international significance. There is an immense wild fauna migration that takes identify seasonally betwixt Gambella too the Sudan, too experts believe that this is the instant largest wild fauna migration inward the world, afterwards that of the Serengeti inward due east Africa. The major animate existence species are the white-eared kob, Nile lechwe, hartebeest, roan antelope, giraffe, buffalo, warthog, H2O buck, too elephant. There is also a variety of bird-life along the rivers too inward the wetlands. The population of the white-eared kob is estimated to travel close 750,000 of which some 255,000 brand their
habitat inward Gambella piece the residuum are inward the Sudan. The Nile lechwe is a rare animate existence found solely inward the Sudan too Gambella, too is forthwith on the endangered listing of the Blue Planet conservation body, IUCN. The wild fauna species are distributed throughout the western one-half of Gambella too along the entire edge amongst the Sudan. Many of the animals inward interrogation engage inward short-distance seasonal migration inside the Region also, moving from i ecology to some other inward the dry out too moisture seasons inward search of food, H2O too alter of habitat. The Region has i national common too several protected areas. The Gambella National Park was established inward 1974 but was neither gazetted nor effectively managed for many years. Gambella is inhabited yesteryear several ethnic minority groups of which the 3 major ones are the Annuak, (population 100,000), the Nuer (113,000), and, the numerically smaller of the three, the Majangir (60,000) who alive inward the south-western business office of the Region side yesteryear side to the SNNP.
Language
The Majangir talk a diolect of Surmic language. Majangir linguistic communication is business office of the Surmic cluster, even so it is the most isolated linguistic communication inward that cluster (Harold C. Fleming 1983). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 linguistic communication survey has shown that dialect variation from N to S is tiddler too does non seriously impede communication
The linguistic communication has implosive consonants (bilabial too retroflex), but no ejective consonants (Bender 1983). There are nine vowels, too length of duration of the vowel is also distinctive, such every bit goopan 'punishment' too gopan 'road'. In addition, ii tones also distinguish meaning, on both the discussion grade too the grammatical level: táŋ (higher tone) 'cow', tàŋ (lower tone) 'abscess'.
Economy
They traditionally lived inward little groups, farming for 3 to 5 years, so moving on every bit the fertility of the soil diminished (Stauder 1971). They were active bee keepers, collecting beloved from hives consisting of hollowed logs placed inward trees. They did some hunting too snaring of game too trapping of fish. They raised the mass of their ain nutrient yesteryear farming, animals providing solely a little business office of their diet.
Food production has changed since Stauder's time. The unmarried most obvious alter is that people are forthwith living inward permanent settlements. Livestock was non traditionally raised, but many Majangir receive got begun little scale livestock raising since close 1980. In addition, they receive got begun planting fruit too java trees, plants that receive got a number of years to create a crop.
The Majangir traditionally had a really egalitarian society, amongst no standing political leaders (Stauder 1971, 1972). The solely people inward official positions were people inward the role of "tapad" (final implosive d), who served every bit ritual leaders. These were from the Meelanir clan, a grouping has links amongst similar-named privileged clans inward other Surmic groups (Unseth too Abbink 1998).
In representative of a serious disagreement, i political party would exactly motility away. There was no criterion social reconciliation machinery every bit is found inward highland Ethiopian cultures.
The Majangir receive got over lxx clans, amongst clan identity passed downwards through the manful soul line. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 soul cannot get married a soul from the same clan (exogamy), nor should they get married a soul from their mother's clan (Stauder 1971, Unseth 1998a).
The Majangir traditionally made ii kinds of alcoholic drink: i from grain "tááján" (cf. tella) too i from beloved "ògòòl" (cf. tej; Teramoto et al., 2005).
The Majangir receive got traditionally used a number of musical instruments, sometimes to accompany singing too sometimes played without. Their instruments include a five-string lyre, pollex piano, drum, rattles, panflute. In addition, they play a vertically suspended marimba amongst every bit few every bit 3 wooden bars, but this is seen every bit a agency of passing time, especially when guarding fields, rather than an musical instrument for music.
Their song music includes singing of both harmonies too antiphonal parts. Often, this results inward ii parts existence sung yesteryear women too ii parts yesteryear men.
Majangir tribe adult woman from fide, Gambella, Ethiopia
Changes are happening quickly to their traditional agency of life. Since close 1971, many Majangir receive got operate Christians (Hoekstra 2003 too Sato 2002). Further, since the halt of the Ethiopian Civil War inward 1991, amongst its subsequent remapping of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia yesteryear ethnic lines, the Majangir receive got felt really marginalized politically, their territory forthwith divided amidst 3 kalil or administrative Regions (Sato 2000 too 2002). This frustration has led to some armed fighting amongst the authorities (Vaughan 2003:268).
http://www.scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ yt1/staff/sato/Pap%20152.pdf
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