Info For You Lot The Dendi (Dandawa) People: Agro-Pastoral Songhai People Living Inwards Benin, Nigeria In Addition To Niger Who Built The Eighteenth Century Kingdom Of Za
The Dendi also known equally Dandawa people are an ethnic grouping of Songhai rootage located inward Niger, northern Republic of Benin too Nigeria, mainly inward the plains of the Niger River. Their community consists of 255,633 people. Among them, precisely 5,505 alive inward Nigeria. Their woman parent natural language is the Dendi.
Dendi adult woman showing her facial tribal too beautification marks belongings her baby near Gaya village, Niger ©Eliot Elisofon. 1971
Many years ago, the Dendi traveled equally merchants throughout the Niger River Valley, selling their goods too services too settling along the principal caravan routes. Today, they have got boot the bucket an influential grouping alongside pregnant political influence inward regional politics. In some of the larger cities, the Dendi shape a real powerful commercial elite. Many proceed to operate equally merchants, patch others are farmers.
Dendi elders from Djougou, Benin. Courtesy Andrea Moroni
In Benin, Dendi are found inward Atakora too Borgou provinces, along Niger River, Medru River to Nigeria border, downwards to Kandi. Many at Djogou too towns inward the north. In Niger, they are located on the southern edge around the metropolis of Gaya.
Some of the Dendi alive inward the high grass areas, where at that spot is piffling H2O too lean vegetation. Sizable Songhai communities tin also last found inward the nearby countries of Burkina Faso, too Mali.
Dendi kids
Language
Dendi people utter a Songhay linguistic communication also known equally Dendi. It is Nilo-Saharan linguistic communication used equally a merchandise linguistic communication across northern Republic of Benin (along the Niger River; Donga too Alibori provinces, e.g. Djougou, Kandi). It forms a dialect cluster alongside Zarma too Songhai proper, but is heavily influenced yesteryear Bariba.
History
All of the Dendi too Songhai describe their rootage to the 8th century kingdom of Za. Al-Sadi's seventeenth century chronicle, the Tarikh al-Sudan, provides an early on history of the Songhay equally handed downwards yesteryear oral tradition. The chronicle reports that the legendary founder of the dynasty, Za Alayaman, originally came from the Republic of Yemen too settled inward the town of Kukiya. The town is believed to have got been close the modern hamlet of Bentiya on the eastern depository fiscal establishment of the Niger, due north of the Fafa rapids, 134 km southward due east of Gao. Tombstones alongside Standard Arabic inscriptions dating from the 14th too 15th centuries have got been found inward the area. Kukiya is also mentioned inward the other of import chronicle, the Tarikh al-fattash. The Tarikh al-Sudan relates that the 15th ruler, Za Kusoy, converted to Islam inward the yr 1009-1010 A.D. At some phase the kingdom or at to the lowest degree its political focus moved due north to Gao. The kingdom of Gao capitalized on the growing trans-Saharan merchandise too grew into a small-scale regional ability earlier beingness conquered yesteryear the Republic of Mali Empire inward the early on 13th century.
Dendi people showing their traditional milk cheese (Wagasi)
Dendi Kingdom
The Dendi Kingdom (1591–1901) was a West African state inward modern-day Niger founded yesteryear the Songhai people later the collapse of their empire Songhai.
Rise too autumn of Gao
Since the middle of the 8th century AD, the Songhai people had dwelled inward eastern Republic of Mali at the trading metropolis of Gao. The share surrounding the kingdom came nether the influence of Sundiata's Republic of Mali Empire later 1275. However, it was non completely brought nether the empire's command until its 1324 conquest yesteryear General Sagha Mandjan.
In 1464, Gao regained its independence thank you lot to the bumbling of the Republic of Mali Empire too began seizing lands for itself. The novel Songhai Empire began a induce of conquest too eventual conversion nether the Askiya dynasty. They finally vanquished their one-time overlords inward 1546 capturing too destroying the Republic of Mali upper-case missive of the alphabet of Niani. But the Songhai's quick emergence inward West Africa would last followed yesteryear a quick decline. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 defeat at the Battle of Tondibi against invading Saadi forces armed alongside guns resulted inward the halt of the empire. The Askiya dynasty fled the metropolis of Gao equally the Saadi approached too resettled inward their native Dendi share of Niger.
Dendi human from Benin
Dendi
The Askiya dynasty reorganized itself nether a novel manlike individual monarch called Nuhu. This 2d (or tertiary depending on when 1 starts counting) Songhai Empire established its novel upper-case missive of the alphabet at Lulami. It presently began fighting to flora itself inward the share too restore Songhai prestige.
Continued Presence inward Mali
Little tape exists betwixt 1591 too the early on 18th century reign of Hanga for the Dendi Kingdom. What is apparent is that the kingdom maintained a preoccupation alongside regaining or at to the lowest degree undermining Saadi dominion inward eastern Mali. If the Songhai Empire was really over, no 1 had told the Askiyas. In 1609, the Malian metropolis of Djenné revolted against the Saadi pashas (governors) alongside Dendi support. The Saadi were eventually able to find the city, but alongside a lack of back upwards from the homeland they presently abandoned the surface area leaving it to Tuareg too Fulbe nomads.
Further Saadi Conflict
In 1612, Askiya al-Amin came to ability inward Dendi. His brusk reign of vi years was followed yesteryear the long too tyrannical dominion of Askiya Dawud. Dawud killed many people during his reign including relatives too members of the military. His brother, Isma'il, fled to Timbuktu too sought Saadi back upwards to overthrow al-Amin. Isma'il returned inward to Dendi too deposed his blood brother inward 1639. Upon attempting to post the unusual footing forces back, he was deposed too replaced yesteryear an askiya the pasha's felt would last easier to bargain with. This ruler was eventually removed yesteryear the Songhai people.
Dendi kids from Djougou, Benin. Courtesy Andrea Moroni
Final Downfall
Dendi staggered on for the side yesteryear side ii too a one-half centuries witnessing increasingly unstable reigns, coups too counter-coups. When French Republic entered the region, Dendi was inward no shape for battle. In 1901, the French deposed the in conclusion askiya of the Dendi ending Songhai's command of either Republic of Mali or Niger until independence.
Economy
Dendi economic scheme is based mainly on agro-pastoral practices. Most of the Dendi inward Niger,Benin too Nigeria are farmers, growing maize, millet, too plantains. Most farming is done yesteryear the men only. Women, however, grow vegetables too herbs inward their ain personal garden plots within their villages. The surplus create from these gardens covers the toll of such necessities equally tools, clothing, too expenses for nativity too matrimony ceremonies.
Many Dendi also heighten animals such equally cattle, camels, sheep, goats, too chickens. In contrast to their southern neighbors, the Dendi milk their cows too goats, too brand butter from the milk.
Trade:Regular markets be on both local too regional levels, alongside the caravan merchandise soundless playing an of import purpose inward the Dendi economy. Cotton fabrics, leather goods, kola nuts, salt, dried fish, too other articles are amid some of the items traded.
Housing too household unit of measurement structure
In the rural areas, private huts of a household unit of measurement are circular too made alongside mud or mat walls too have got round, thatched roofs. In the larger towns too cities, however, houses are rectangular too have got sun-dried brick walls too roofs made of beaten earth. An interior courtyard is located inward the pump of these houses too is used equally a identify to maintain the animals, shop grain, too have guests. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 release of these houses together forms a household unit, which is fortified or protected alongside walls of brick or rock position inward mud.
Dendi house
Each Dendi hamlet is composed of a patrilineal extended household unit of measurement linked to a mutual manlike individual ancestor. This grouping is too then divided into sub-groups too farther into household units. Each household unit of measurement consists of a married son, his wives, too their children. Among the Dendi nobles, firstborn sons are pressured to wed their paternal uncle's miss inward monastic enjoin to maintain the purity of the lineage. Men wed patch they are inward their belatedly twenties; whereas, girls wed patch inward their early on teens.
Dendi children from Djougou, Benin. Courtesy Andrea Moroni
Most men have got to a greater extent than than 1 wife, too each married adult woman has her ain hut. There, she volition heighten her children until they wed or are one-time plenty to motility out on their own. The showtime married adult woman enjoys a privileged condition too is considered the "chief" over the other wives. Marriage raises a human to a senior status; therefore, most men hit non commonly wed until they are inward their belatedly twenties. Girls, on the other hand, wed patch inward their early on teens. All children belong to the husband's lineage group, fifty-fifty inward cases of divorce.
Dendi women from Djougou, Benin
Religious Belief
The Dendi are almost solely Muslim. Each Dendi metropolis has a mosque, or at to the lowest degree a mosque on Friday. Some communities have got imams (religious leaders) who learn Islamic philosophy too some Muslim ceremonial activities are practiced frequently. In addition, Islamic religion has a release of sects equally Ibadhi, Ahmadi, Alevi, Yazidi, Druze too Khariji. However, Dendi civilization traits, such equally spirit possession, magic, witchcraft, ancestor worship too witchcraft, yet stay remarkably rooted inward Dendi society. Thus, most of the villages have got magician-healers too witches.
The daily ceremonies of spirit possession varies from 1 surface area to another. Thus, this type of ceremony, inward some places, tin occur at to the lowest degree in 1 trial a week. The most of import ceremonies are the genji bi hori (a festival where the Dendi give offerings to the "black spirits", which, according to pop belief inward the community are those who command the illness plague) too yenaandi ("rain dance"). Both have got identify inward the dry out season. Islamic marabouts (holy men) perform the main prayers of the Dendis, but also the utilization Dendis them inward healing the sick.
source:http://www.pinterest.com/MonikaEttlin/africa-adorned-niger/
http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=11533&rog3=BN
PHOTOSOURCE: Andrea Moroni
Dendi adult woman showing her facial tribal too beautification marks belongings her baby near Gaya village, Niger ©Eliot Elisofon. 1971Many years ago, the Dendi traveled equally merchants throughout the Niger River Valley, selling their goods too services too settling along the principal caravan routes. Today, they have got boot the bucket an influential grouping alongside pregnant political influence inward regional politics. In some of the larger cities, the Dendi shape a real powerful commercial elite. Many proceed to operate equally merchants, patch others are farmers.
Dendi elders from Djougou, Benin. Courtesy Andrea Moroni
In Benin, Dendi are found inward Atakora too Borgou provinces, along Niger River, Medru River to Nigeria border, downwards to Kandi. Many at Djogou too towns inward the north. In Niger, they are located on the southern edge around the metropolis of Gaya.
Some of the Dendi alive inward the high grass areas, where at that spot is piffling H2O too lean vegetation. Sizable Songhai communities tin also last found inward the nearby countries of Burkina Faso, too Mali.
Dendi kids
Language
Dendi people utter a Songhay linguistic communication also known equally Dendi. It is Nilo-Saharan linguistic communication used equally a merchandise linguistic communication across northern Republic of Benin (along the Niger River; Donga too Alibori provinces, e.g. Djougou, Kandi). It forms a dialect cluster alongside Zarma too Songhai proper, but is heavily influenced yesteryear Bariba.
Dendi woman
History
All of the Dendi too Songhai describe their rootage to the 8th century kingdom of Za. Al-Sadi's seventeenth century chronicle, the Tarikh al-Sudan, provides an early on history of the Songhay equally handed downwards yesteryear oral tradition. The chronicle reports that the legendary founder of the dynasty, Za Alayaman, originally came from the Republic of Yemen too settled inward the town of Kukiya. The town is believed to have got been close the modern hamlet of Bentiya on the eastern depository fiscal establishment of the Niger, due north of the Fafa rapids, 134 km southward due east of Gao. Tombstones alongside Standard Arabic inscriptions dating from the 14th too 15th centuries have got been found inward the area. Kukiya is also mentioned inward the other of import chronicle, the Tarikh al-fattash. The Tarikh al-Sudan relates that the 15th ruler, Za Kusoy, converted to Islam inward the yr 1009-1010 A.D. At some phase the kingdom or at to the lowest degree its political focus moved due north to Gao. The kingdom of Gao capitalized on the growing trans-Saharan merchandise too grew into a small-scale regional ability earlier beingness conquered yesteryear the Republic of Mali Empire inward the early on 13th century.
Dendi people showing their traditional milk cheese (Wagasi)
Dendi Kingdom
The Dendi Kingdom (1591–1901) was a West African state inward modern-day Niger founded yesteryear the Songhai people later the collapse of their empire Songhai.
Rise too autumn of Gao
Since the middle of the 8th century AD, the Songhai people had dwelled inward eastern Republic of Mali at the trading metropolis of Gao. The share surrounding the kingdom came nether the influence of Sundiata's Republic of Mali Empire later 1275. However, it was non completely brought nether the empire's command until its 1324 conquest yesteryear General Sagha Mandjan.
In 1464, Gao regained its independence thank you lot to the bumbling of the Republic of Mali Empire too began seizing lands for itself. The novel Songhai Empire began a induce of conquest too eventual conversion nether the Askiya dynasty. They finally vanquished their one-time overlords inward 1546 capturing too destroying the Republic of Mali upper-case missive of the alphabet of Niani. But the Songhai's quick emergence inward West Africa would last followed yesteryear a quick decline. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 defeat at the Battle of Tondibi against invading Saadi forces armed alongside guns resulted inward the halt of the empire. The Askiya dynasty fled the metropolis of Gao equally the Saadi approached too resettled inward their native Dendi share of Niger.
Dendi human from Benin
Dendi
The Askiya dynasty reorganized itself nether a novel manlike individual monarch called Nuhu. This 2d (or tertiary depending on when 1 starts counting) Songhai Empire established its novel upper-case missive of the alphabet at Lulami. It presently began fighting to flora itself inward the share too restore Songhai prestige.
Dendi girls alongside facial pigment too facial tribal too beautification marks, close Gaya village, Niger | ©Eliot Elisofon. 1970/1
Continued Presence inward Mali
Little tape exists betwixt 1591 too the early on 18th century reign of Hanga for the Dendi Kingdom. What is apparent is that the kingdom maintained a preoccupation alongside regaining or at to the lowest degree undermining Saadi dominion inward eastern Mali. If the Songhai Empire was really over, no 1 had told the Askiyas. In 1609, the Malian metropolis of Djenné revolted against the Saadi pashas (governors) alongside Dendi support. The Saadi were eventually able to find the city, but alongside a lack of back upwards from the homeland they presently abandoned the surface area leaving it to Tuareg too Fulbe nomads.
Further Saadi Conflict
In 1612, Askiya al-Amin came to ability inward Dendi. His brusk reign of vi years was followed yesteryear the long too tyrannical dominion of Askiya Dawud. Dawud killed many people during his reign including relatives too members of the military. His brother, Isma'il, fled to Timbuktu too sought Saadi back upwards to overthrow al-Amin. Isma'il returned inward to Dendi too deposed his blood brother inward 1639. Upon attempting to post the unusual footing forces back, he was deposed too replaced yesteryear an askiya the pasha's felt would last easier to bargain with. This ruler was eventually removed yesteryear the Songhai people.
Dendi kids from Djougou, Benin. Courtesy Andrea Moroni
Final Downfall
Dendi staggered on for the side yesteryear side ii too a one-half centuries witnessing increasingly unstable reigns, coups too counter-coups. When French Republic entered the region, Dendi was inward no shape for battle. In 1901, the French deposed the in conclusion askiya of the Dendi ending Songhai's command of either Republic of Mali or Niger until independence.
Dendi miss alongside facial pigment too facial tribal marks near Gaya village, Niger | ©Eliot Elisofon. 1970/1
Economy
Dendi economic scheme is based mainly on agro-pastoral practices. Most of the Dendi inward Niger,Benin too Nigeria are farmers, growing maize, millet, too plantains. Most farming is done yesteryear the men only. Women, however, grow vegetables too herbs inward their ain personal garden plots within their villages. The surplus create from these gardens covers the toll of such necessities equally tools, clothing, too expenses for nativity too matrimony ceremonies.
Many Dendi also heighten animals such equally cattle, camels, sheep, goats, too chickens. In contrast to their southern neighbors, the Dendi milk their cows too goats, too brand butter from the milk.
Trade:Regular markets be on both local too regional levels, alongside the caravan merchandise soundless playing an of import purpose inward the Dendi economy. Cotton fabrics, leather goods, kola nuts, salt, dried fish, too other articles are amid some of the items traded.
Dendi miss alongside facial pigment too facial tribal marks, close Gaya village, Niger | ©Eliot Elisofon. 1970/1
Housing too household unit of measurement structure
In the rural areas, private huts of a household unit of measurement are circular too made alongside mud or mat walls too have got round, thatched roofs. In the larger towns too cities, however, houses are rectangular too have got sun-dried brick walls too roofs made of beaten earth. An interior courtyard is located inward the pump of these houses too is used equally a identify to maintain the animals, shop grain, too have guests. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 release of these houses together forms a household unit, which is fortified or protected alongside walls of brick or rock position inward mud.
Dendi house
Each Dendi hamlet is composed of a patrilineal extended household unit of measurement linked to a mutual manlike individual ancestor. This grouping is too then divided into sub-groups too farther into household units. Each household unit of measurement consists of a married son, his wives, too their children. Among the Dendi nobles, firstborn sons are pressured to wed their paternal uncle's miss inward monastic enjoin to maintain the purity of the lineage. Men wed patch they are inward their belatedly twenties; whereas, girls wed patch inward their early on teens.
Dendi children from Djougou, Benin. Courtesy Andrea Moroni
Most men have got to a greater extent than than 1 wife, too each married adult woman has her ain hut. There, she volition heighten her children until they wed or are one-time plenty to motility out on their own. The showtime married adult woman enjoys a privileged condition too is considered the "chief" over the other wives. Marriage raises a human to a senior status; therefore, most men hit non commonly wed until they are inward their belatedly twenties. Girls, on the other hand, wed patch inward their early on teens. All children belong to the husband's lineage group, fifty-fifty inward cases of divorce.
Dendi women from Djougou, Benin
Religious Belief
The Dendi are almost solely Muslim. Each Dendi metropolis has a mosque, or at to the lowest degree a mosque on Friday. Some communities have got imams (religious leaders) who learn Islamic philosophy too some Muslim ceremonial activities are practiced frequently. In addition, Islamic religion has a release of sects equally Ibadhi, Ahmadi, Alevi, Yazidi, Druze too Khariji. However, Dendi civilization traits, such equally spirit possession, magic, witchcraft, ancestor worship too witchcraft, yet stay remarkably rooted inward Dendi society. Thus, most of the villages have got magician-healers too witches.
The daily ceremonies of spirit possession varies from 1 surface area to another. Thus, this type of ceremony, inward some places, tin occur at to the lowest degree in 1 trial a week. The most of import ceremonies are the genji bi hori (a festival where the Dendi give offerings to the "black spirits", which, according to pop belief inward the community are those who command the illness plague) too yenaandi ("rain dance"). Both have got identify inward the dry out season. Islamic marabouts (holy men) perform the main prayers of the Dendis, but also the utilization Dendis them inward healing the sick.
source:http://www.pinterest.com/MonikaEttlin/africa-adorned-niger/
http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=11533&rog3=BN
PHOTOSOURCE: Andrea Moroni
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