Info For Y'all Toubou People: The Rocky Mount Desert Warriors Inward Africa
Toubou or Tubu (Tibu, Tibbu, Tebu, Tubu, Tebou, Umbararo) people are distinct semi-nomadic in addition to Nilo-Saharan speaking ethnic grouping establish generally inwards northern Chad, but too inwards southern Libya, northeastern Niger in addition to northwestern Sudan where they are a minority. The Toubou are well-known every bit "desert warriors" living inwards the eastern in addition to fundamental Sahara. They are a dark-skinned people of mixed ancestry, most probable of Nilotic descent.
Toubou adult woman from Republic of Chad with a ear band inwards her nose
The Toubou traditionally derived their wealth in addition to ability from their razzias that raided caravans in addition to every bit animate beingness herders who despised agriculture.
Toubou elder
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 bulk of Toubou tin can live establish inwards the Tibesti Mountains (Old Tebu: "Rocky Mountains," whence the Toubou's ain name.) on the Libyan-Chad border, but they receive got too moved deeply into the deserts where they alive inwards little household unit of measurement groups inwards isolated oases. Tuaregs admit that the Toubou are a real tough people who oft receive got hostile fights with themselves in addition to with their neighboring tribes.
Toubou spear
Animal rustling in addition to killing are fairly acceptable inwards their civilization in addition to fifty-fifty respected inwards some ways. It is quite mutual for Toubou women to struggle amidst themselves. Women commonly behavior daggers, in addition to upward to a hundred years agone wore swords every bit well.
Toubou adult woman from Chad
Toubou people who are generally Muslims has a population of virtually 520,000 who were generally herders in addition to nomads, though many are at 1 time semi-nomadic. Their guild is clan-based, with each clan having certainly oases, pastures in addition to wells. They are divided inwards ii closely associated people, the Teda in addition to the Daza.
In Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya nether Muamar Gaddafi’s rule, Toubou suffered high rates of "massive discrimination." They were stripped of their citizenship yesteryear Gaddafi who claimed they were non Libyans, but Chadians. They were too denied access to resources such every bit healthcare in addition to didactics yesteryear local authorities inwards Libya.
Many of Chad's leaders receive got been Toubou, including presidents Goukouni Oueddei and Hissène Habré.
Toubou human being in addition to one-time Chadian president Hissène Habré.
Language
Toubou people utter Tebu linguistic communication which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan linguistic communication family. It is spoken yesteryear ii groups of the Tebu people (also Toubou, Tibu, Tibbu, Tubu, Tebou, etc.), the Daza in addition to the Teda.
Tebu is predominantly spoken inwards Republic of Chad in addition to southern Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya yesteryear virtually 520,000 people. Its ii main dialects, Dazaga in addition to Tedaga.
Toubou women
History
According to Toubou oral tradition they were Nilotic people who left the Nile areas durin "The Kedh Gurrai." The floor of the “Kedh Gurrai” (great migration to the south) states that at that spot was a large state of war which caused people to disperse inwards dissimilar directions. Some stayed, some moved away, in addition to this was too when people converted to dissimilar religions; this migration is believed to receive got happened unopen to 14th Century AD.
Economy
As semi-nomadic people, Toubou life centers on their livestock (their major root of wealth in addition to sustenance) in addition to on the scattered oases where they or their herders cultivate dates in addition to grain. In a few places, the Toubou (or to a greater extent than oft members of the Haddad grouping who travel for them) too mine common salt in addition to natron, a common salt similar amount used for medicinal purposes in addition to for livestock.
Family, socio-political civilization in addition to Society
The Toubou household unit of measurement is made upward of parents, children, in addition to some other relative or two. Although the hubby or begetter is the caput of the household, he rarely makes decisions without consulting his wife. When he is absent, his married adult woman oft takes consummate charge, moving household unit of measurement tents, changing pastures, in addition to buying in addition to selling cattle. Although Toubou men may receive got several wives, few do. Families get together inwards larger camps during the months of transhumance. Camp membership is fluid, sometimes changing during the flavor in addition to almost never remaining the same from 1 flavor to the next.
After the family, the clan is the most stable Toubou institution. Individuals seat with their clan, which has a reputed founder, a name, a symbol, in addition to associated taboos. Clans relish collective priority utilisation of certainly palm groves, cultivable land, springs, in addition to pastures; outsiders may non utilisation these resources without clan permission. Social relations are based on reciprocity, hospitality, in addition to assistance. Theft in addition to murder inside the clan are forbidden, in addition to stolen animals must live returned.
Within the overall context of clan identity, however, Toubou guild is shaped yesteryear the individual. Jean Chapelle, a well-known observer of Chadian societies, notes that "it is non guild that forms the individual, but the private who constructs the guild most useful" for him or her. Three features of Toubou social construction brand this procedure possible. The kickoff is residence. In general, clan members are scattered throughout a region; therefore, an private is probable to bring out hospitable clans people inwards most settlements or camps of whatsoever size.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 minute constituent is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does non occupy the fundamental seat of the potential clan, it provides some other universe of potential ties.
Toubou family
Marriage creates a tertiary laid upward of private options. Although relatives in addition to the immediate household unit of measurement influence decisions virtually a wedlock partner, private preference is recognized every bit important. In addition, 1 time a wedlock is contracted betwixt individuals of ii clans, other clan members are forbidden to modify it. The Toubou proscribe wedlock with whatsoever blood relative less than iv generations removed - inwards the words of the Toubou recorded yesteryear Chapelle, "when at that spot are exclusively 3 grandfathers."
The ownership of land, animals, in addition to resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a item clan, land, trees (usually appointment palms), in addition to nearby wells may receive got dissimilar owners. Each family's rights to the utilisation of item plots of dry soil are recognized yesteryear other clan members. Families too may receive got privileged access to certainly wells in addition to the correct to a business office of the harvest from the fields irrigated yesteryear their water. Within the clan in addition to household unit of measurement contexts, individuals too may receive got personal claims to palm trees in addition to animals. Toubou legal customs are based on restitution, indemnification, in addition to revenge. Conflicts are resolved inwards several settings. Murder, for example, is settled straight betwixt the families of the victim in addition to the murderer. Toubou accolade requires that someone from the victim's household unit of measurement essay to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts eventually goal with negotiations to settle the matter. Reconciliation follows the payment of the goroga, or blood price, commonly inwards the shape of camels.
Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions amidst the Toubou generate a broader feel of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial current (and since independence inwards 1960), Chadian administrations receive got conferred legality in addition to legitimacy on these regional groupings yesteryear dividing the Toubou in addition to Daza regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons in addition to appointing chiefs to administer them.
Only amidst the Teda of the Tibesti part receive got institutions evolved somewhat differently. Since the goal of the 16th century, the derde (spiritual head) of the Tomagra clan has exercised ascendancy over business office of the massif in addition to the other clans who alive there. He is selected yesteryear a grouping of electors according to strict rules. The derde exercises judicial rather than executive power, arbitrating conflict in addition to levying sanctions based on a code of compensations.
History of Discrimination in addition to violence against Toubou
Chad
During the civil conflict inwards Republic of Chad (1966–1993), the derde came to occupy a to a greater extent than of import position. In 1965 the Chadian authorities assumed direct ascendancy over the Tibesti Mountains, sending a armed forces garrison in addition to administrators to Bardaï, the uppercase of Tibesti Subprefecture. Within a year, abuses of ascendancy had roused considerable opposition amidst the Toubou. The derde, Oueddei Kichidemi, recognized but niggling respected upward to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile inwards Libya, and, with the back upward of Toubou students at the Islamic University of Bayda, became a symbol of opposition to the Chadian government.
This role enhanced the seat of the derde amidst the Toubou. After 1967 the derde hoped to rally the Toubou to the National Liberation Front of Republic of Chad (FROLINAT). moral ascendancy became armed forces ascendancy before long thereafter when his son, Goukouni Oueddei, became 1 of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT.
Goukouni was to drib dead a national figure; he played an of import role inwards the battles of N'Djamena inwards 1979 in addition to 1980 in addition to served every bit caput of province for a time. Another northerner, Hissène Habré of the Daza Anakaza, replaced Goukouni inwards 1982, in addition to lost eventually ability to Idriss Dédy, a Zaghawa.
Libya
The Toubou minority inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya suffered what has been described every bit "massive discrimination" nether the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi.
In a written report released yesteryear the UNHCR, the Society for Threatened Peoples (STP) reported "massive discrimination" against the Toubou minority, which resides inwards the southeastern corner of the province unopen to the oasis town of Kufra. In Dec 2007, the Gaddafi authorities stripped Toubou Libyans of their citizenship, claiming that they were non Libyans, but rather Chadians. In addition, local authorities denied Toubou people access to didactics in addition to healthcare. In response, an armed grouping called the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (TFSL) staged an uprising inwards Nov 2008 which lasted for v days in addition to claimed 33 lives earlier beingness crushed yesteryear authorities safety forces. Despite resistance in addition to populace condemnation, the Gaddafi regime continued its persecution of the Toubou minority inwards Libya. Beginning inwards Nov 2009, the authorities began a plan of forced eviction in addition to demolition of Toubou homes, rendering many Toubou homeless. Several dozen who protested the devastation were arrested, in addition to families who refused to travel out their homes were beaten.
In the Libyan civil war, Toubou tribespeople inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya sided with the rebel anti-Gaddafi forces in addition to participated inwards the Fezzan displace against forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi, briefly capturing the town of Qatrun in addition to claiming to capture Murzuk for the rebel displace a calendar month later.
In March 2012, bloody clashes broke out betwixt Toubou in addition to Arab tribesmen inwards the southern metropolis of Sabha, Libya. In response, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, the leader of the Toubou tribe inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya threatened a separatist bid, decrying what he saw every bit "ethnic cleansing" against Toubou in addition to declaring "We denote the reactivation of the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to protect the Toubou people from ethnic cleansing." The TFSL was the opposition grouping active inwards the unrest of 2007-2008 that was "ruthlessly persecuted" yesteryear the Gaddafi regime
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubou_people
Toubou tribe boy
Toubou man Goukouni Oueddei, one-time President of Chad
Toubou human being in addition to one-time Chadian president Hissène Habré.
Toubou kid inwards Ounianga Kebir,Chad
photo:http://www.pinterest.com/MonikaEttlin/africa-adorned-niger/
Toubou adult woman from Republic of Chad with a ear band inwards her nose
The Toubou traditionally derived their wealth in addition to ability from their razzias that raided caravans in addition to every bit animate beingness herders who despised agriculture.
Toubou elder
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 bulk of Toubou tin can live establish inwards the Tibesti Mountains (Old Tebu: "Rocky Mountains," whence the Toubou's ain name.) on the Libyan-Chad border, but they receive got too moved deeply into the deserts where they alive inwards little household unit of measurement groups inwards isolated oases. Tuaregs admit that the Toubou are a real tough people who oft receive got hostile fights with themselves in addition to with their neighboring tribes.
Toubou spear
Animal rustling in addition to killing are fairly acceptable inwards their civilization in addition to fifty-fifty respected inwards some ways. It is quite mutual for Toubou women to struggle amidst themselves. Women commonly behavior daggers, in addition to upward to a hundred years agone wore swords every bit well.
Toubou adult woman from Chad
Toubou people who are generally Muslims has a population of virtually 520,000 who were generally herders in addition to nomads, though many are at 1 time semi-nomadic. Their guild is clan-based, with each clan having certainly oases, pastures in addition to wells. They are divided inwards ii closely associated people, the Teda in addition to the Daza.
In Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya nether Muamar Gaddafi’s rule, Toubou suffered high rates of "massive discrimination." They were stripped of their citizenship yesteryear Gaddafi who claimed they were non Libyans, but Chadians. They were too denied access to resources such every bit healthcare in addition to didactics yesteryear local authorities inwards Libya.
Many of Chad's leaders receive got been Toubou, including presidents Goukouni Oueddei and Hissène Habré.
Toubou human being in addition to one-time Chadian president Hissène Habré.
Language
Toubou people utter Tebu linguistic communication which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan linguistic communication family. It is spoken yesteryear ii groups of the Tebu people (also Toubou, Tibu, Tibbu, Tubu, Tebou, etc.), the Daza in addition to the Teda.
Tebu is predominantly spoken inwards Republic of Chad in addition to southern Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya yesteryear virtually 520,000 people. Its ii main dialects, Dazaga in addition to Tedaga.
Toubou women
History
According to Toubou oral tradition they were Nilotic people who left the Nile areas durin "The Kedh Gurrai." The floor of the “Kedh Gurrai” (great migration to the south) states that at that spot was a large state of war which caused people to disperse inwards dissimilar directions. Some stayed, some moved away, in addition to this was too when people converted to dissimilar religions; this migration is believed to receive got happened unopen to 14th Century AD.
Toubou adult woman Chad
Economy
As semi-nomadic people, Toubou life centers on their livestock (their major root of wealth in addition to sustenance) in addition to on the scattered oases where they or their herders cultivate dates in addition to grain. In a few places, the Toubou (or to a greater extent than oft members of the Haddad grouping who travel for them) too mine common salt in addition to natron, a common salt similar amount used for medicinal purposes in addition to for livestock.
Toubou man
Family, socio-political civilization in addition to Society
The Toubou household unit of measurement is made upward of parents, children, in addition to some other relative or two. Although the hubby or begetter is the caput of the household, he rarely makes decisions without consulting his wife. When he is absent, his married adult woman oft takes consummate charge, moving household unit of measurement tents, changing pastures, in addition to buying in addition to selling cattle. Although Toubou men may receive got several wives, few do. Families get together inwards larger camps during the months of transhumance. Camp membership is fluid, sometimes changing during the flavor in addition to almost never remaining the same from 1 flavor to the next.
Within the overall context of clan identity, however, Toubou guild is shaped yesteryear the individual. Jean Chapelle, a well-known observer of Chadian societies, notes that "it is non guild that forms the individual, but the private who constructs the guild most useful" for him or her. Three features of Toubou social construction brand this procedure possible. The kickoff is residence. In general, clan members are scattered throughout a region; therefore, an private is probable to bring out hospitable clans people inwards most settlements or camps of whatsoever size.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 minute constituent is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does non occupy the fundamental seat of the potential clan, it provides some other universe of potential ties.
Toubou family
Marriage creates a tertiary laid upward of private options. Although relatives in addition to the immediate household unit of measurement influence decisions virtually a wedlock partner, private preference is recognized every bit important. In addition, 1 time a wedlock is contracted betwixt individuals of ii clans, other clan members are forbidden to modify it. The Toubou proscribe wedlock with whatsoever blood relative less than iv generations removed - inwards the words of the Toubou recorded yesteryear Chapelle, "when at that spot are exclusively 3 grandfathers."
Toubou woman souvenir seller. western Ennedi. Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti. Republic of Chad | © Jacques Taberlet.
The ownership of land, animals, in addition to resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a item clan, land, trees (usually appointment palms), in addition to nearby wells may receive got dissimilar owners. Each family's rights to the utilisation of item plots of dry soil are recognized yesteryear other clan members. Families too may receive got privileged access to certainly wells in addition to the correct to a business office of the harvest from the fields irrigated yesteryear their water. Within the clan in addition to household unit of measurement contexts, individuals too may receive got personal claims to palm trees in addition to animals. Toubou legal customs are based on restitution, indemnification, in addition to revenge. Conflicts are resolved inwards several settings. Murder, for example, is settled straight betwixt the families of the victim in addition to the murderer. Toubou accolade requires that someone from the victim's household unit of measurement essay to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts eventually goal with negotiations to settle the matter. Reconciliation follows the payment of the goroga, or blood price, commonly inwards the shape of camels.
Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions amidst the Toubou generate a broader feel of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial current (and since independence inwards 1960), Chadian administrations receive got conferred legality in addition to legitimacy on these regional groupings yesteryear dividing the Toubou in addition to Daza regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons in addition to appointing chiefs to administer them.
Only amidst the Teda of the Tibesti part receive got institutions evolved somewhat differently. Since the goal of the 16th century, the derde (spiritual head) of the Tomagra clan has exercised ascendancy over business office of the massif in addition to the other clans who alive there. He is selected yesteryear a grouping of electors according to strict rules. The derde exercises judicial rather than executive power, arbitrating conflict in addition to levying sanctions based on a code of compensations.
History of Discrimination in addition to violence against Toubou
Chad
During the civil conflict inwards Republic of Chad (1966–1993), the derde came to occupy a to a greater extent than of import position. In 1965 the Chadian authorities assumed direct ascendancy over the Tibesti Mountains, sending a armed forces garrison in addition to administrators to Bardaï, the uppercase of Tibesti Subprefecture. Within a year, abuses of ascendancy had roused considerable opposition amidst the Toubou. The derde, Oueddei Kichidemi, recognized but niggling respected upward to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile inwards Libya, and, with the back upward of Toubou students at the Islamic University of Bayda, became a symbol of opposition to the Chadian government.
Toubou adult woman from Chad
Libya
The Toubou minority inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya suffered what has been described every bit "massive discrimination" nether the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi.
In a written report released yesteryear the UNHCR, the Society for Threatened Peoples (STP) reported "massive discrimination" against the Toubou minority, which resides inwards the southeastern corner of the province unopen to the oasis town of Kufra. In Dec 2007, the Gaddafi authorities stripped Toubou Libyans of their citizenship, claiming that they were non Libyans, but rather Chadians. In addition, local authorities denied Toubou people access to didactics in addition to healthcare. In response, an armed grouping called the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (TFSL) staged an uprising inwards Nov 2008 which lasted for v days in addition to claimed 33 lives earlier beingness crushed yesteryear authorities safety forces. Despite resistance in addition to populace condemnation, the Gaddafi regime continued its persecution of the Toubou minority inwards Libya. Beginning inwards Nov 2009, the authorities began a plan of forced eviction in addition to demolition of Toubou homes, rendering many Toubou homeless. Several dozen who protested the devastation were arrested, in addition to families who refused to travel out their homes were beaten.
Toubou adult woman from Libya
In the Libyan civil war, Toubou tribespeople inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya sided with the rebel anti-Gaddafi forces in addition to participated inwards the Fezzan displace against forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi, briefly capturing the town of Qatrun in addition to claiming to capture Murzuk for the rebel displace a calendar month later.
In March 2012, bloody clashes broke out betwixt Toubou in addition to Arab tribesmen inwards the southern metropolis of Sabha, Libya. In response, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, the leader of the Toubou tribe inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya threatened a separatist bid, decrying what he saw every bit "ethnic cleansing" against Toubou in addition to declaring "We denote the reactivation of the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to protect the Toubou people from ethnic cleansing." The TFSL was the opposition grouping active inwards the unrest of 2007-2008 that was "ruthlessly persecuted" yesteryear the Gaddafi regime
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubou_people
Toubou tribe boy
Toubou man Goukouni Oueddei, one-time President of Chad
Toubou man
Toubou human being Goukouni Oueddei, one-time President of Chad
Toubou human being in addition to one-time Chadian president Hissène Habré.
Toubou kid inwards Ounianga Kebir,Chad
photo:http://www.pinterest.com/MonikaEttlin/africa-adorned-niger/
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