Info For You Lot Azande (Zande) People: Ancient Skilful Knife In Addition To Pike Throwing Warriors Of N Due East Africa

Azande people (also Zande or Asande) are an agglomeration of ancient warriors as well as agriculturalists Adamawa-Ubangi speaking people of Bantu extraction residing inward the N Central Africa.  Extending across the Nile-Congo drainage divide, they alive primarily inward the northeastern component subdivision of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, inward South Sudan they are found inward Maridi, Yambio as well as Tambura districts inward the tropical pelting wood belt of western Equatoria as well as Bahr el Ghazal, as well as inward southeastern Central African Republic. The Congolese Azande alive inward Orientale Province, specifically along the Uele River; as well as the Central African Azande alive inward the districts of Rafaï, Zémio, as well as Obo.

            Azande miss from Democratic Republic of Congo

 The Azande constituted a large Kingdom living peacefully equally warriors inward these 3 African countries without borders until their Kingdom was destroyed past times the Belgian, French, Mahdist as well as finally the British inward the context of the European scramble for Africa.

Azande Sudan Cultural Dance Group

This people prefer to telephone outcry upward themselves Azande but outsiders telephone outcry upward them Zande. In the past times (19th as well as early on 20th century), foreigners often used the call Niam-Niam (or Nyam-Nyam) to refer to Azande people. The call Niam-Niam is  probably of Dinka origin, as well as it way "great eaters" inward that linguistic communication (as good equally existence an onomatopoeia). However, Western anthropologists believe that the call Niam-Niam was giving to Azande people because of their  supposedly cannibalistic propensities. From ancient African mythological accounts some other tribe called the Niam-Niams were a tribe said to have got brusk tails. Today the call Niam-Niam is considered pejorative.
The contemporary Azande people are fine craftsmen inward iron, clay, as well as wood, as well as their population is over 4 1 one one thousand thousand people.

Azande miss carrying her babe sister

Language
Azande people speak Azande or Pazande, which is a linguistic communication of the Adamawa-Ubangi branch of the Niger-Congo linguistic communication family. Zande" is used also to a greater extent than widely of a laid of closely related Ubangian languages, equally good Zade proper including Barambu, Pambia, Geme, Kpatili as well as Nzakara.
Some vocabulary:
aboro – people, ami – they (applying to animals). ani, a – we, areme – today. ari – high, ba – father. bagunda – heart. bambu – house. bangiri pia – east. bangirise – eye. báwe – ten. live – arm, hand. bi – see. biama – four. biata – three. -bira – to live black. bire, bere – forest. bisua bati biata, muambi – eight,
bisua bati ue, saba – seven. bisua bati biama, ribua – nine. bisue bati sa, sita – six. boro – person, man, de – woman. di – valley, dia, da – wife. dioyo – west, diwi – moon, month, ga Mbori bambu – church, gangara – hill, garã – year, dry out season, gbanga – horn, gbuku – forest, gbundu – forest, gunde – fear,
i, yo – they (persons), ida – believe, ime – water, kama – a hundred, keda – send, kerekuru – star, kibire – forest, kisanga – island, ko – he, kparabe – hand, kpendue – foot,kperekese – everyone, kpetebe – hand, kure – blood, mbia – mountain, rocky hill, Mbori – God, mi – I, me, 2d – you, singular, na, a, ki – and, ndue – foot, ngba – mouth, ngbarago – joy, ngbongbo – valley, ngera – see,
ngua – tree, niumbaha - rare/unusual, -ni – he, she (indefinite), ome – air, oni – you, plural, paga – bridge, pai – word, rago, ra'o, rame – day, ri – head; she, rimo – name, sa – one, sende – earth, si – they, neuter, si, ti – it (subject), tue – ear, -u – he, she (in reported speech), u – it (animal subject), ue – two, uroyo – east, uru – sun, day, -vura – to live white, nosotros – fire, wiri – son, zamba – red, zande – person, man

                                  Azande people inward DR Congo
History
Azande are people of mixed origins. In the 18th century a people calling themselves Ambomu as well as living on the Mbomu River began, nether the leadership of their ruling Avongara clan, to conquer vast stretches of territory to the S as well as east, overpowering many peoples, some of whom have got preserved their ain languages patch others have got been completely assimilated. This amalgam constitutes the modern Zande people. During their conquests, scions of the violet clan carved out kingdoms for themselves, as well as wars betwixt these diverse kingdoms were frequent. Read below an article past times E E Evans-Pritchard on porigin as well as tribal composition of Azande people.

                            Azande warriors amongst their shield as well as spear

Settlement
Traditionally, the private homestead of each pair as well as their children is the focus of the economical system. The construction as well as maintenance of homes are constant occupations, peculiarly owing to the toll taken on them past times weather, insects, animals, as well as fast-growing vegetation.
Homes are built of mud as well as grass framed on wooden poles as well as thatched amongst grass. (One add-on to traditional Zande homes is the European introduction of doors fitted amongst hinges as well as locks.) In add-on to this living space, each household unit of measurement has a granary for storing millet. Houses are built around courtyards, which supply ideal places for gathering as well as conversation. These enclosed courtyards are seen equally a window into the household life. Their upkeep is critical since they are seen equally evidence of the responsibleness or industriousness of their owners. Reining (1966:69) reports that his Zande informants would comment on the province of disrepair of their neighbor’s homestead, as well as “analyzed courtyards
equally reflections of the inhabitants.” They did non exempt themselves from such scrutiny; he continues: “I received a lay out of apologies from the heads of households virtually the province of their courtyards, amongst total explanations for the deficiencies of which they were ashamed” (Reining 1966:69).
The traditional courtyard organisation appeared to have got changed really petty amongst European contact (Reining 1966), amongst the organisation of each courtyard reflecting the composition of the household to which it is attached. Because each adult woman must have got her ain theatre as well as granary, a polygynous household volition have got numerous homes as well as granaries around its courtyard. In a monogamous household, the average courtyard infinite is virtually 65 feet inward its largest dimension.

Azande tribe miss from Democratic democracy of Congo carrying her babe sis on her back.

Households amongst to a greater extent than adult women may have got yards that are 100 feet square. Courtyards belonging to the households of chiefs are double this size. “Kitchen gardens” are planted side past times side to the courtyards. These are used for plants that don’t require large-scale harvesting or great attention. Pineapple, mango, papaya, as well as miscellaneous perennial plants used for meals at in 1 lawsuit upon picking are found inward these plots.

                       Azande adult woman inward Commonwealth of Australia dancing inward her traditional outfit

Economy
The Azande do shifting tillage (that is, no crop rotation, as well as incorporating a fallowing period), relying mostly on maize as well as millet, gourds as well as pumpkins, manioc as well as bananas, groundnuts, as well as beans. The tsetsefly, problematic o animals equally good equally humans, makes cattle herding impossible. Whatever meat is consumed is secured through hunting. There is also a tradition of using forested areas to get together plants they do non cultivate. Dogs as well as chickens are the only domesticated animals.
The part has ample rainfall as well as many springs. These were a focus of Zande life, because they provided usable H2O nearly year-round. Water for daily usage was carried from flow to homestead as well as the washing, amid other activities, was done at the riverbanks. In fact, the flow was key to Zande life inward conceptual equally good equally practical terms. For example, distance is expressed past times the lay out of streams betwixt the points inward question; the length of a journeying is the lay out of streams crossed during travel. When asked virtually an exact location (such equally an individual’s birthplace) the reply volition live the flow nearest that location. Given the centrality of the flow to the Azande, their relocation
past times the European direction caused major disruption inward their cultural beliefs as well as practices.
The yr consists of 2 seasons, 1 rainy as well as 1 dry. During the rainy summer, Azande cultivate their land. Although they have got a long growing flavor as well as no frosts, the soil is non rich as well as insects are troublesome. As the hot, dry out atmospheric condition begins, crops mature as well as are harvested.
Hunting was most viable inward the dry out season, when tall grasses had died or were burned as well as when the harvest was over. During the rains, vegetation was too dense to allow necessary visibility. Because rivers were depression during this dry out season, fish were to a greater extent than accessible. Men employed handbasket traps, which they laid inward the rapids of rivers; women dammed the streams into little shallow pools, drained them past times bailing, as well as collected the fish, snakes, as well as crustaceans that remained. Termites were a favorite food, as well as their high fatty as well as poly peptide content made them a nutritious component subdivision of the diet.
In pre-European days, each household unit of measurement was an independent unit of measurement of production. Iron tools as well as spears were used equally bridewealth items, but inward full general at that spot was no tradition of substitution betwixt households, which consisted of a married adult woman or wives, husband, their children, as well as other dependents (such equally widowed elderly). There was a sexual sectionalization of labor, as well as both women’s as well as men’s piece of work were necessary to maintain an efficiently functioning household. Construction as well as repair of the theatre as well as granary were the responsibleness of men. The arduous task of maintaining the courtyard as well as its gardens cruel solely to women. Wealth, possessed mainly past times chiefs, was primarily inward the cast of foodstuffs; the tradition of destroying a person’s worldly goods upon decease left petty adventure of inheritance of property.
Azande have got no tradition of occupational specialization. All manufacturing as well as craftswork were considered largely avocations, done past times most. Woodworking as well as pottery, making nets as well as baskets, as well as crafting vesture out of bark were the most of import of these skills.

Azande terracota work. The Azande were prolific potters for centuries before the arrival of Europeans 

Social as well as Political Organization
Kinship
Among the Azande, clan affiliation was non stressed at the local level. E. E. Evans- Pritchard (1971), the ethnographer most responsible for knowledge virtually the Azande, found, equally he endeavored to get together genealogies, that “except inward the violet clan, genealogical relationships betwixt clansmen were really seldom known as well as ordinarily quite untraceable” (p. 14). Local groups, according to Evans-Pritchard,
are, inward essence, political units. He reports that his discovering members of the same clan living close 1 some other is due equally much to adventure equally anything else.

                                Azande people
Chiefdoms
In pre-European times, the Azande were organized into a lay out of chiefdoms (sometimes called kingdoms), each of which was independent from the others. The Avongara were nobility; inward the days of Zande chiefdoms, it was to Avongara lineages that chiefs belonged. Despite the fact that chiefs of differing groups all belonged to the same clan, at that spot was ongoing hostility as well as warfare betwixt them.
Chiefs ruled their lands as well as peoples past times appointing emissaries (usually sons, but e'er Avongara) who were sent out to care diverse sections of their territories. Within these communities, commoners were deputized to assist inward administration.
Chiefs functioned equally armed forces leaders, economical leaders, as well as political leaders. Unmarried men were recruited into groups that functioned both equally warriors as well as laborers on the king’s lands. The governors of the territories had gardens which were also worked past times these troops. Both governors as well as chiefs collected nutrient from the peoples inward their domain (provincial governors sending to the principal a portion of their tribute equally well) to live redistributed. In add-on to food, spears as well as other items (often payment for fines or bridewealth) were redistributed past times the chiefs.

                                  Azande children, CAR.

Warfare
Several miles of unsettled wood as well as bush were maintained betwixt chiefdoms. Watch was kept on these borders past times trusted sentinels who were designated to build their houses along these boundaries. During the rainy flavor when grass grew tall as well as provided goodness cover, surprise attacks were made on these border sentries, ordinarily ordered past times the provincial leader. He undertook this activity on his own, without permission granted from the chief. Counsel, however, was sought from a poisonous substance oracle, a physical care for wherein poisonous substance is administered to an animate existence patch questions are posed to the inhabiting spirit. The poisoned animal’s behavior, equally good equally the dot at which it succumbed to the poison, were interpreted past times those amongst such skills. Information was obtained concerning the most propitious days as well as seat for the raid, the expected plane of casualties, as well as which companies of warriors should live entrusted amongst the most unsafe duties. If the oracle indicated that the fourth dimension was non correct for victory, the plans were abandoned.
The oracle also designated a suitable fourth dimension as well as seat for the attack, as well as the proper private to deed equally a spy. This private was sent to study on equally many aspects of the homestead to live raided equally he could determine. Often the spy went nether the pretense of visiting a relative or wishing to trade. The best fourth dimension for a raid was on a feast twenty-four hours when men would live involved inward the festivities, non likely to live armed, as well as quite likely to live drunk. To determine the exact twenty-four hours of the feast, the spy would programme his see during the preparations for the festivities. Because beer was e'er brewed for the celebration, the spy could determine the feast twenty-four hours based on the phase of the brewing process.
H5N1 successful raid yielded tools, arms, food, as well as chickens, some of which were sent to the principal for redistribution. Whatever could non live carried off was destroyed. Huts as well as granaries were burned.
In add-on to raids, at that spot were larger mobilizations of state of war campaigns on a grand scale. These were ordered past times the chief, after having consulted his ain poisonous substance oracle, as well as powerfulness go on over a menstruum of weeks. While knives as well as spears were used exclusively inward raids, the introduction of rifl es into these larger confrontations resulted inward a shift from hand-to-hand fighting to shots existence fi ruddy from a distance. Only when ammunition was exhausted would those warriors wielding spears converge on the enemy.

Marriage
The traditional Zande scheme of union was greatly disrupted past times European involvement. Administrators legislated broad changes, peculiarly regarding bride payment, divorce, as well as historic menstruum at marriage. Although many of these were ostensibly designed to improve the condition of women, ethnographer Reining (1966:61–62) regards them rather equally “an experiment inward altering some aspects of a civilisation without providing for changes inward values. . . . [illustrating] the unpredictability of arbitrary
cultural changes.” Azande did non portion the European view that union was peculiarly disadvantageous to women, whom they never regarded equally servile, despite administrative interpretation of their customs.

                            Zande adult woman from Central African Republic

Traditionally, the instigation for union amid the Azande came from the potential groom. When a adult man wanted to get married a woman, he asked an intermediary to approach her manlike somebody raise amongst his offer. Unless the suitor was deemed undesirable immediately, her manlike somebody raise would speak over the affair commencement amongst his brothers as well as sisters, as well as next amongst the adult woman inward question. If she was agreeable, the money sent amongst the intermediary was accepted.
Several days later, the suitor would see his promised bride’s parents, bringing gifts as well as demonstrating his respect. In turn, their miss visited her suitor’s seat for a “trial period” of several weeks, after which she returned to her parents’ seat to brand her lastly determination regarding the marriage.
During the fourth dimension spent inward reflection past times the woman, the groom-to-be consulted oracles to determine whether the marriage, should it occur, would live a happy one. If both oracle as well as adult woman regarded the jibe favorably, the bride’s household unit of measurement traveled to the seat of the groom, where the ceremony took place. The union was sealed amongst the installation of the novel bride’s ain cooking hearth. Reining (1966) describes traditional Zande union equally a physical care for that continues indefinitely over time, amongst a protracted payment of bride-price. H5N1 little component subdivision of the cost was paid at the fourth dimension of the union ceremony, but inward reality a hubby was e'er indebted to his wife’s family. It was e'er his responsibleness to assist inward his in-laws’ fields, as well as he had mortuary obligations inward the lawsuit of a decease inward his wife’s family.
The stuff payment of the agreed-upon bride-price was not, inward fact, equally of import equally the mental attitude as well as deportment of a hubby to his married adult woman as well as her parents (Reining 1966). If he was a gentle, loving hubby as well as labored adequately for her parents, remuneration could live forestalled for years. This was often, in
reality, the province of affairs preferred past times in-laws: it afforded them considerable influence over their daughter’s husband. If the hubby was non performing his duties adequately, the wife’s parents powerfulness insist that their miss displace dorsum to their home, forcing the hubby to negotiate amongst her parents for her return. Thus, the human relationship of primary emphasis inward union was that of a son-in-law as well as his wife’s parents. In polygynous situations, a adult man who had a goodness human relationship amongst his in-laws often expressed the want to get married his wife’s sis because of the advantages of a goodness human relationship amongst in-laws.
The topic of homosexuality inward Azande civilisation has been regularly addressed, peculiarly inward the context of the single warriors, who, during the several years spent living apart from women, had homosexual relations amongst the boys who were apprentice warriors. These practices, however, were non necessarily maintained equally a lifelong pattern of sexual orientation. Generally, after their experiences amongst so-called “boy-wives,” the warriors entered into heterosexual marriages.
Less attending has been paid to Azande lesbianism, relationships that were often formed betwixt co-wives. Although at that spot is non a wealth of data concerning these practices, according to Evans-Pritchard (1970:1429), “All Azande I have got known good plenty to speak over this affair have got asserted . . . that woman somebody (Evans-Pritchard 1970). In add-on to assuring both the emotional as well as economical back upward of the partner, it has been suggested that this formalization (a ritual akin to Zande “blood brotherhood”) may have got both widened a woman’s merchandise network as well as enhanced her seat inward the community. Blackwood (in Suggs as well as Miracle 1993) interprets these relationships equally indicating that Azande men’s command over women did non extend into the realm of activities betwixt women. homosexuality . . . was practiced inward polygamous homes.” Zande husbands felt threatened past times such activities, yet could non halt them; thus, women ordinarily kept the sexual nature of their friendships hole-and-corner (Blackwood inward Suggs as well as Miracle 1993). Two Zande women who wished to formalize their human relationship could do so inward a ritual that created a permanent bond.

                               Azande people

Birth
Azande tradition prevents a important adult woman from eating sure foods e.g. meat of waterbuck or a form of sugariness spud called mene, because it is believed to cause a miscarriage. There is no special ceremony at the nascency of a child.

Stock Photo - Sudan, People, Rituals, Azande Tribe Birth Ritual Where New Baby Is Passed Through Medicinal Smoke. Credit: Eye Ubiquitous / SuperStock

 However, 4 days after the infant’s cord has been cutting a flame of light-green leaves is made at the threshold of the house. The woman raise amongst the kid inward her arms sits inward the smoke for virtually one-half an hour. This is said to brand the kid strong. The remains of the flame are non thrown away but carefully placed on 1 of the paths leading to the hamlet to preclude child’s sick health.

Sudan, People, Azande Women And Child During Ritual Purification Of New Born Baby In Smoke.

Circumcision
The Azande circumcise their boys equally a tradition. This is performed when the man child has reached the historic menstruum of nineteen. There is no special occasion. The Azande even so don’t circumcise their girls. This circumcision of the boys has no relation amongst Islam.

                          Happy Azande kids

Religious Belief
Azande believe inward an all powerful supreme Being, Mbori. Mbori is defi ned past times Evans-Pritchard (1937:11) equally “a ghostly existence to whom the creation of the world is attributed.” Missionaries as well as authorities officials writing virtually the Azande attempted to create out of Mbori a deity that would fi t
their ain tradition. Evans-Pritchard, however, warns against looking for religion, equally organized elsewhere, inward Azande culture. Mbori is non convincingly portrayed past times the Azande equally a god analogous to the supreme existence equally found elsewhere. They have got no shrines to Mbori as well as no materials used inward worship. There is only 1 ceremony inward which his call is invoked, as well as that is performed infrequently at best. When he attempted to pursue the topic of theology, as well as Mbori inward particular, Evans-Pritchard found the Azande “bored past times the discipline . . . as well as unable to limited to a greater extent than than the vaguest ideas virtually him.”
Apart from belief inward Mbori, many also holds parallel belief system, including reverence for the ancestors.

Religious Practitioners
 The traditional cult of domestic ancestor shrines required no specialized priesthood. Matters of witchcraft as well as magic have got e'er been determined past times part-time specialists/practitioners. Witch doctors, who were trained inward the usage of magical medicines, operated at world séances; Nagidi are believed to derive their powerfulness straight from God as well as are, for day-to-day purposes, consulted inward private.

Dancers from Budi County inward Eastern Equatoria State perform during the opening, Nov 22

Ceremonies
 The most of import ceremonies were formerly witch doctors' séances. One or to a greater extent than witch doctors, inward colorful ceremonial dress, would trip the low-cal fantastic toe as well as sing to musical accompaniment before commencing their divination. The circumcision of pubescent boys also forms component subdivision of an elaborate serial of ceremonies; others were associated amongst initiation into the (now defunct) magical-medicine associations.

Arts
 Music, both instrumental as well as vocal, is really of import inward Zande culture; traditional instruments—wooden gongs, peel drums, whistles, xylophones, as well as large bow harps—also accompany singing as well as dancing. Harps are occasionally decorated amongst carved human heads; otherwise, nonutilitarian carving is poorly developed.

Medicine
 Zande apply by as well as large known common-sense cures to modest ailments. All serious diseases are attributed to witchcraft as well as are accordingly combated past times magical medicine. The full general term ngua, which originally meant simply “plant” or “tree,” in 1 lawsuit covered both goodness as well as bad “medicines” of every sort. Nowadays Zande distinguish betwixt protective or curative “medicine,” which is increasingly becoming known past times the Standard Arabic term dawa, as well as ngua used equally vengeance “medicine.” Magical “medicines” are used, non only to ward off (or avenge) misfortune, but to obtain successful harvests, human fertility, goodness hunting, as well as other benefits, including chore promotions as well as success inward examinations. Such “medicines” are bought from people believed to have got the requisite knowledge; payment is held indispensable if they are to live efficacious.

Death as well as Afterlife
 All deaths, except those of really little children, are attributed to witchcraft or magic as well as telephone outcry upward for magical vengeance. Upon death, the soul (mbisimo) becomes a ghost, which inward some sense may live nowadays inward the homestead ghost shrine, but also dwells amongst other ghosts as well as amongst the Supreme Being, Mbori, inward Earth caves inward the forest.
There are no outward signs of mourning except for widows. At the 2d of a husband’s decease a women tears off their clothes as well as ornaments as well as remain so until his burial. They cutting as well as maintain their pilus brusk for virtually a yr during which fourth dimension she is non allowed to eat sure food. The decease of a adult man may cause desertion of his hamlet as well as none of his wives may acquire inward it.
All his personal domestic articles are broken up. In the old days people were buried inward a sitting seat amongst their chins on their knees. Immediately over the trunk a roof of wood as well as grass was placed as well as the grave as well as so filled in, a pile of stones existence placed on the top.
The men are buried facing E as well as women facing west. The explanation for this is that a man, when he gets upward inward the morning, e'er looks commencement to the E to run into if dawn is near, as well as a woman, when the Sun is virtually to set, goes to fetch wood as well as H2O to ready the eventide meal.

The Chief as well as elders of the Zande hamlet of Dakwa perform local rituals to exorcise the spirits from old kid soldiers. Image past times Marcus Bleasdale. Democratic Republic of Congo, 2010.

Witchcraft
The Azande are perhaps meliorate known for their pervasive belief inward witchcraft than for whatsoever other aspect of their culture. However, inward his classic description of witchcraft amid the Azande, Evans-Pritchard asks the reader to live aware “that the Zande cannot analyze his doctrines equally I have got done for him. . . . It is no usage maxim to a Zande ‘Now tell me what you lot Azande think virtually witchcraft’ because the subject
is too full general as well as indeterminate . . . to live described concisely. But it is possible to extract the principles of their thought from dozens of situations inward which witchcraft is called upon to explicate happenings. . . . Their philosophy is explicit, but it is non formally stated equally a doctrine” (1937:70). (In such situations, an anthropologist endeavors to build such a “doctrine” through fieldwork. The resulting product
may facial expression quite unlike from the indigenous view [Barrett 1991].)
Witchcraft is thought to live an actual physical belongings residing within some individuals, who may themselves live unaware of their power. It is inherited, passed from manlike somebody raise to boy as well as woman raise to daughter. Azande believe that if the soul of the manlike somebody raise is to a greater extent than powerful, the kid conceived volition live a boy; if the mother’s soul nub is greater, their kid volition live a girl. Thus, although every kid is a
production of both parents, each also has to a greater extent than of 1 particular parent’s soul. And if that raise is a witch, inheriting this inherent powerfulness to do impairment is inevitable.
Because this belongings is organic, it grows equally a somebody grows. Therefore an older witch is a to a greater extent than unsafe witch. Children, whose witchcraft nub is small, are never defendant of major acts of impairment (such equally murder). They can, however, cause modest misfortunes for other children.
Unlike sorcery, which employs charms as well as spells, witchcraft is deployed past times sheer willpower. Witches shipping the spirit of their ain witchcraft entity to eat the flesh as well as organs of their intended victims. Thus, a witch may live at seat asleep at the fourth dimension illness or injury occurs. It is the “soul of the witchcraft” that travels through the night. This nub cannot move great distances, however, as well as it is for this ground that the Azande experience to a greater extent than secure if they are able to alive at a distance from their neighbors. The “short-range” nature of witchcraft allows the perpetrator to live to a greater extent than accurately identified; all those beyond the limits of a witch’s capabilities, fifty-fifty amongst evil intent, may live eliminated. If a somebody is taken
sick patch traveling, it is that location where illness struck inward which the witch must live found.
The Azande believe that witchcraft is at the base of operations of all misfortune, great or small. If a potter opens his kiln only to uncovering his pottery cracked, he intimates witchcraft; if a kid stubs her toe at play, she suspects witchcraft; if a hunter is gored past times an elephant, he lays blame for the injury squarely on a witch. Azande entertain no concept of “accidental” death. People top away only equally victims of murder, whether committed past times witches or past times the magic of revenge reserved for retaliation against suspected witches.
Despite these convictions, the Azande do non alive inward constant terror of witches (Nanda 1991). In fact, Douglas (1980) reminds us that Evans-Pritchard’s assessment of the Azande was that they were the happiest as well as most carefree peoples of the Sudan. “The feelings of an Azande man, on finding that he has been bewitched, are non terror, but hearty indignation equally 1 of us powerfulness experience on finding himself the victim of embezzlement” (Douglas 1980:1).
Since a witch’s motivation is non random, but rather envy or hatred directed at a specific person, a victim searches for a suspect amid those amongst whom he has argued, or inward a somebody who may have got cause to live jealous of him. How as well as so tin he seat his aggressor? For this, as well as other purposes, the Azande consult a diversity of oracles.

Oracles
The Azande consult oracles regarding a broad arrive at of things virtually which they demand information. They inquire for guidance inward planning a marriage, taking a journey, edifice a house, organizing a raid. In add-on to whatever their electrical flow misfortune may be, they inquire virtually whether their wellness volition live endangered inward the future.

Consulting Azande iwa Oracle

In pre-European times, Zande chiefs consulted oracles to confirm their armed forces decisions, but chiefs were also charged amongst judicial duties. Every accusation was brought before the principal to adjudicate. To this end, he employed several people whose responsibleness it was to assist inward the consultation of oracles. It has been said that the Azande belief inward witchcraft is the supporting framework of their entire judicial scheme (Mair 1974:221).
An oracle is a device for revelation. Among the Azande at that spot are many from which to choose, amongst varying reputations for reliability. By far the most powerful is benge, the poisonous substance oracle, used past times men alone. Its decisions are relied upon without question, as well as no labor of great import is attempted without its authorization. In attempting to convey its centrality, a Zande informant of Evans-Pritchard drew the analogy betwixt the books of Europeans as well as the poisonous substance oracle of his ain people. All the knowledge, guidance, memory, as well as truth that are derived from trusted Western writings reside for the Azande within the poisonous substance oracle. Evans-Pritchard came to view it equally less a ritual than a necessity:
For how tin a Zande do without his poisonous substance oracle? His life would live of petty worth. Witches would brand his married adult woman as well as children sick as well as would destroy his crops as well as homecoming his hunting useless. Every endeavour would live frustrated, every labour as well as hurting would live to no purpose. At whatsoever 2d a witch powerfulness kill him as well as he could do cipher to protect himself as well as his family. Men would violate his married adult woman as well as steal his goods, as well as how would he live able to seat as well as avenge himself on adulterer as well as thief? Without the assist of his poisonous substance oracle he knows that he is helpless as well as at the mercy of every evil person. It is his guide as well as counsellor (1937:262–263).
Despite this seeming indispensability, after ethnographers have got pointed out that benge poison, expensive as well as hard to obtain, was most likely an oracle available regularly only to men of wealth. This limitation may have got acted both to engender social obligations as well as to grant powerfulness as well as prestige. H5N1 adult man who cannot afford the costly poison, or who does non possess the proper chicken to which the poisonous substance must live administered, asks a wealthier kinsman, or deputy of the chief, to consult the oracle on his behalf. It is his duty to oblige. It is older men who are likely to have got the way to seek counsel from the oracle: this access to data gives them powerfulness over younger men. They non only tin inquire the
oracles virtually the intentions as well as behaviors of their juniors, but also are e'er supported inward their decisions past times the considerable weight of oracular authority, to which younger or poorer men have got no direct access, as well as so cannot challenge (Evans-Pritchard 1937).
The benge poisonous substance ordeal is an elaborate procedure, requiring great science as well as finesse inward both the direction of the poisonous substance as well as the posing of the questions. Poison is administered, past times an skilful inward the task, to a little chicken. The skilful must know how much poisonous substance is necessary, how much fourth dimension should elapse betwixt doses, whether it should live shaken to distribute the poison, how long as well as firmly the chicken should live held, as well as inward what position. Each barely perceptible motion made past times the plane is important to the trained eye.
Once the poisonous substance has been administered, the monastic enjoin inward which questions are asked, whether they are phrased inward a positive or negative frame, must all live determined past times the questioner. The oracle is addressed equally if it were a person. Every item of the province of affairs inward query is explained, as well as each private query may live embedded inward fi ve or 10 minutes of speech. The benge poisonous substance shows its reply past times responding through the chicken to the directive, “If this is true, benge kill the fowl” or “If this is non the truth, benge spare the fowl.” Each reply is as well as so tested past times repeating the interpretation of its reply, prefaced amongst the question, “Did the oracle speak the truth inward saying. . .” (Mair 1974).
An oracle to a greater extent than readily available to all is the termite oracle. This is used equally often past times women equally men, as well as fifty-fifty children may participate. Two branches are cut, each from a different tree. They are inserted together into a termite mound as well as left overnight. The reply is indicated past times which branch has been eaten. Though for certain less elaborate as well as costly than the benge oracle, consulting termites is a time-consuming affair, since only 1 query may live posed at a fourth dimension as well as 1 must hold off all nighttime long for the answer.
Least reliable but most convenient is the rubbing-board oracle, a device resembling a Ouija board, made of 2 little pieces of wood, easily carried to live consulted anywhere, at whatsoever time. One little slice of wood is carved amongst a grip as well as is rubbed across the top of a 2d piece, fashioned amongst legs to
stand upward on. Questions are asked equally the wood is moved; equally it sticks or catches, so the reply is revealed.

H5N1 grouping of man child circumcision initiates (agangasi) wearing grass fibre skirts, inward a line performing a circumcision trip the low-cal fantastic toe (gbere agangasi) amongst their sponsor (identifed equally Yakobo) standing beside them holding a spray of flora leaves. H5N1 wooden trip the low-cal fantastic toe gong (gugu) tin exactly live seen behind them. circa 1927. [Southern Sudan] Western Equatoria Yambio.


Accusing a Witch
There are 2 distinct sorts of accusations of witchcraft: 1 inward which illness or misfortune has occurred, the other after someone has died. These differ inward both the business office of accusing an private as well as the ramifications of existence found guilty.
The aim of accusing a somebody of witchcraft inward the old province of affairs is to convey virtually some resolution to the conflict that induced the laid on as well as to homecoming the human relationship to equilibrium. Speaking sick of a person, or fifty-fifty wishing someone injury, is ineffectual without a social tie: the curse of a stranger cannot do harm.
Thus, a human relationship amongst the defendant is a prerequisite for bewitchment. (An private must live suspected, or else his or her call could non have got been presented to the oracle for confirmation or denial of guilt.)
When the chicken dies during the benge poisonous substance ordeal, a wing is cutting off, placed on a stick, as well as brought to the local deputy of the chief, telling him the call of the private confirmed past times the benge. H5N1 messenger, sent amongst the wing to the alleged witch, places it on the ground, as well as announces that benge has been consulted regarding the illness of the accuser. Usually this accuse is met amongst denial of whatsoever sick intent. At the really to the lowest degree the defendant pleads ignorance of impairment derived from his or her ain mangu, or witchcraft substance. As a demonstration of goodness faith, the alleged witch takes a mouthful of water, as well as sprays it over the wing. So doing, she or he beseeches the mangu to go inactive, allowing the victim to recover. The messenger reports these events to the chief’s deputy.
In the lawsuit of a “murder,” the aim is non pacification but revenge. Restoring amicable relations is clearly non possible; a postmortem accusation is an indictment leading to heavy compensation, sometimes paid amongst the witch’s ain life. Exacting such a toll permanently alters the human relationship betwixt the kin grouping of the victim as well as that of the defendant (McLeod 1972).

                              Zande abinza (witch-doctor)

Witchcraft inward Its Social Setting
The Azande chiefdom is formally structured inward a clear-cut hierarchy, from the chiefs at the top through their deputies, armies, local governors, as well as ending amongst private householders. Built into this construction is the elimination of most opportunities for unequal competition: that is, chiefly lineages did non compete amongst those lesser, nor did the rich amongst the poor, or parents amongst their children.
As Douglas (1980) has observed, accusations of witchcraft arise only inward those social situations that autumn exterior of the political structure. Thus, co-wives powerfulness accuse each other, equally powerfulness rivals inward other arenas. Because witches could live unintentionally dangerous, their mangu could live laid into motion past times understandable resentments as well as jealousies. The accusation as well as eventual demonstration of remorse will
laid these sick feelings to rights. Events that tin live explained past times an individual’s lack of technical science (such equally the shoddy piece of work of an inexperienced carpenter) or past times personally motivated actions are non likely to live involved inward the realm of witchcraft.
As Parsons (1969:195) observes, 1 tin imagine many motivations for people to claim that witchcraft was at the root of their adultery, but this would outcome inward ridicule, “because everybody knows witches don’t do that.”
Witchcraft beliefs tin business office effectively equally a way of managing the anxiety resulting from random misfortune. This is evidenced past times the prominence given to illness as well as decease equally occasions for witchcraft accusations.

Witchcraft equally Social Control as well as Leveling Mechanism
Witchcraft may serve equally an effective agent of social control. The lengthy physical care for involved inward making an accusation acts to forestall hasty as well as emotional confrontations. Charges must have got grouping back upward behind them as well as are non leveled carelessly.
An individual’s deportment tin live guided past times the knowledge that wrongdoing powerfulness likely outcome inward retaliatory witchcraft. Additionally, cognizance that jealous or hostile deportment powerfulness seat 1 inward a seat of existence suspect should misfortune occur powerfulness atomic number 82 1 to live quite circumspect. Wishing to live neither suspect nor victim, the Azande possess, inward witchcraft, both an effective sanction against
socially disruptive deportment as well as a vehicle for handling hostility.
Because an private amongst great wealth is likely to engender the jealousy of others as well as the attendant bewitchment, Azande are non likely to attempt to outproduce 1 another. It is inward this way that witchcraft acts equally a leveling mechanism, indirectly keeping wealth balanced.

The “Logic” of Azande Witchcraft
The attribution of the cause of all misfortune to witchcraft may seem extreme. In fact, Evans-Pritchard himself engaged inward lively debate amongst informants who described equally witchcraft events that seemed to him the outcome of alone “natural” phenomena. He eventually recognized that they did, inward fact, have got a really clear understanding virtually the contribution of the natural world to their misfortune.
When Evans-Pritchard suggested to a boy, whose pes had been injured when he tripped over a tree stump, that a witch could non mayhap have got placed the tree stump inward his way, the man child agreed. He recognized that nature had contributed the tree stump and, further, that the tree stump had cutting his foot. His evidence of witchcraft was simply that despite his vigilance inward watching out for tree stumps, equally good equally his security passage on that same path hundreds of other times, this fourth dimension he had been injured. This time, at that spot was witchcraft.
Along these same lines, when a granary collapsed, injuring several people who had been sitting inward its shade, Azande saw no contradiction inward their dual assertions that termites had eaten at the legs of the building, resulting inward its collapse, as well as that witchcraft was responsible. They farther admitted that no witch had “sent” the people underneath the granary inward monastic enjoin to trap them: it was afternoon, as well as they were simply seeking shade. While nosotros would telephone outcry upward this serial of events coincidence, or perhaps “being inward the incorrect seat at the incorrect time,” Azande are able to cast an explanatory link betwixt these events. That link is During his remain inward the Sudan, Evans-Pritchard witnessed the suicide of a adult man who was angry amongst his brothers. Although his despair over his confl ict was good known, as well as when his trunk was found hanging from a tree, all readily acknowledged that he had, inward fact, hanged himself, the cause of decease was considered witchcraft. At Evans-Pritchard’s behest, a Zande friend explained:
. . . only crazy people commit suicide; if everyone who was angry amongst his
brothers committed suicide at that spot would presently live no people left inward the world;
if this adult man had non been bewitched he would non have got done what he did do"
(1937:71).
Once the supernatural premise that people have got witchcraft nub inward them as well as tin impairment others amongst it is granted, the Zande declaration becomes logical.
These beliefs concerning witchcraft suffer today, amongst some modifi cations. Resettlement has forced them to take living inward closer quarters, depending upon screens to maintain them out of their neighbors’ view, if non their reach. When asked virtually fears concerning the proximity of witches, the Azande study that they experience able to relocate should misfortune occur. This would take away them from whatsoever nearby threat.

                          Azande dancers

AZANDE TODAY: RESETTLED, UNSETTLED
The “Zande Scheme”
The determination past times colonial authorities inward the 1920s to displace Azande out of the valleys to command sleeping sickness was only the fi rst inward a serial of resettlement as well as evolution plans. Before midcentury, the Azande were subsistence cultivators.
In the tardily 1940s as well as early on 1950s, the British introduced the so-called “Zande scheme,” a programme of cash cropping (chiefl y of cotton) as well as manufacture (producing cotton wool cloth). Planners believed they could improve the lot of the Azande, who, it was thought, would live grateful for the introduction of to a greater extent than “modern” comforts as well as luxuries. The introduction of money as well as wage labor acted to weaken kinship
ties past times obviating the demand for kin to piece of work together exterior the household.

Young men as well as women could to a greater extent than easily leave of absence their parents’ homes as well as laid upward their ain households amongst income from payoff paid past times Europeans. As component subdivision of the scheme, the Azande were in 1 lawsuit once to a greater extent than resettled—more than 60,000 families past times 1950—away from the roads, into farmland. The most detrimental characteristic of the resettlement programme was the arbitrary assignment of individuals to plots of
land. This activity was fl awed inward several ways: it disregarded household unit of measurement groupings, failed to take into business concern human relationship the Azande’s want for mobility as well as fl exible living arrangements, as well as resulted inward some farmers receiving the world amongst goodness soil as well as others receiving the world of pitiful quality. Tensions were engendered amid resettled people that were counterproductive to the developers’ wishes to create, through resettlement, a stable workforce. Anthropologist Conrad Reining (1966), inward a study of the Zande scheme, concluded that patch the projection demonstrated the feasibility of establishing an industrial centre amid the Azande (provided cost was no object), as well as of convincing the Azande to make copious amounts of cotton, it to a greater extent than convincingly showed how much could non live accomplished. Its primary weaknesses were inward the realms of ecology, social organization, as well as communication, failures it shared amongst other such attempts. By the mid-1950s, cotton wool production slowed to a close halt. There was a displace to restart the programme inward the 1970s, but civil state of war inward Sudan, which would go on throughout the twentieth century as well as into the twenty-first, cutting brusk the attempted revival.
Source:http://www.gurtong.net/Peoples/PeoplesProfiles/Azande/tabid/179/Default.aspx



                     THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE AZANDE OF CENTRAL AFRICA
                                          E. E. EVANS-PRITCHARD
                                               University of Oxford
The Zande linguistic communication predominates from 23' to 30' Long. E. as well as from 3' to 6' Lat. N. as well as inward some places extends beyond these limits (Van den Plas, p. 9) .' As Professor Tucker notes (1940, p. 17),*it is remarkable, considering the surface area covered past times it as well as the lay out of peoples belonging to different linguistic communication groups-Sudanic, Bantu, Nilotic, as well as Nilo-Hamitic-who today speak it, that it has developed only five, as well as non really divergent, dialects. It is also remarkable that, without whatsoever technological superiority, those who built this empire were able to conquer such vast territories as well as to weld their inhabitants into a nation.

                              Azande Warriors

That they succeeded was for certain due inward the main to their greatly superior political organization. It was only when they came upward against peoples, the Abandiya as well as the Mangbetu, who had a political organisation comparable to their ain that they were unable to brand headway. The other peoples who tried to resist them as well as were defeated as well as displaced or subjugated were, according to all the data nosotros possess, ill-organized politically, having cipher similar the Zande statal organs. On the contrary, living inward little communities at variance amongst each other as well as lacking mutual direction, they sooner or after cruel a prey to the invader as well as became politically, as well as to an increasing extent culturally, component subdivision of the great complex nosotros know equally the Azande. It is the purpose of this newspaper to examine this complex, so far equally its ethnic composition is concerned, as well as to analyse its factor elements.
Several of the early on explorers of Zandeland remarked on the great admixture of peoples comprising the population. Junker ( 189 1, pp. 198-9) for example, describes "the motley mixture of broken tribes as well as scattered populations", servile peoples (Amadi, Basiri, Augu, as well as Maranga) amongst speech communication as well as habits as well as customs different from those of the Azande, inward the comparatively little territory of Palembata (in the neighbourhood of 4' N. as well as 27' E.). He refers elsewhere (1891, p. 466) to Abarambo colonies amid the Azande to the S of the Bomokandi as well as to Zande colonies amid the Abarambo to the N of it, both peoples existence inward these areas subjects of the Zande prince Bakangai; as well as Casati (I, p. 198), speaking of the same prince, says that the population of his domains is composed of Azande, Abarambo, as well as Mabisanga.

Azande people. Circa 1888. Tagged 'Horrible Feast of the Cannibals' from Stanley's Travels inward Africa

Junker in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than (1892, p. 148) says of the areas ruled past times Zemio as well as his blood brother Miando inward the valley of the Mbomu that the ruling Azande grade was greatly inferior inward numbers to the other inhabitants (Akare,
Basiri, Abarambo, and-whoever the next peoples may be, for Junker did non venture to determine their affinities-Shinvas, Ababullos, Embiddimas, as well as Apakelle). Then, in 1 lawsuit once to a greater extent than ( 1892, p. 307) : ' "As inward many other northern lands, Linda's territory (about 5' 20" N. as well as 26' 20" E.) was occupied, besides
the dominant Zandehs, past times Bashirs, A-Barmbos, A-Bin, A-Pambia, as well as other discipline tribes."
It is non surprising that those who came after these explorers as well as could brand their observations inward easier circumstances have got often remarked on the same phenomenon. The Polish ethnographer Czekanowski, for example, gave special attending (pp. 21-6) to the ethnic constitution of the Zande kingdoms. noting that the Zande conquerors are a lean ruling grade inward vast areas, inward many of which the greater component subdivision of the population are unusual peoples who have got retained their distinctive character
(Abarambo, Akare, Apambia, Basiri, hlakere, Ilundu, Momvu, etc.). In the to a greater extent than thickly populated south, amongst which Czekanowski was personally acquainted, the serf population includes peoples of many alien stocks who have got been conquered but non yet assimilated: S of the Bomokandi scarcely a quarter of the population belong either racially or culturally to the politically dominant Zande element, for the Makere, the greater component subdivision of the population, have got kept their identity intact. In Bavungara's
province, close Vankerckhovenville, the ratio is only virtually lxxx Azande men to hundreds of Momvu, as well as inward the neighbouring territory ruled past times Bokoyo the province of affairs is similar. He concludes (p. 43) that the Zande clans stalk mainly from these unusual stocks as well as that it has been the powerfulness of the Avongara ruling theatre that has integrated all these heterogeneous elements into the nowadays Azande people.
Czekanowski is 1 of my authorities for this paper, but I have got chiefly relied on Van den Plas, as well as after him on Junker, de Calonne-Beaufaict, Hutereau, Larken, Maes as well as Boone, as well as Baxter as well as Butt. Their writings as well as those of other authorities are cited inward the bibliography at the terminate of this article. When I
have got made statements without citing say-so for them it must live understood that on those points our main sources are inward agreement, the statements existence a summary of the different records as well as confirmed inward the areas known to me personally past times my ain experience. If I do non add together much that is master to
what others have got said I tin at least, inward a condensed form, in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than pull attending to the great ethnic complexity of Zande society. The historical processes involved in, as well as the social consequences resulting from, ethnic amalgamations of this form as well as on this scale, for they are found inward many other African states, have got not, I think, been sufficiently appreciated. The cultural effects have got also been important, but they must await after as well as separate treatment. Here petty to a greater extent than is attempted than a brief
review of the ethnic elements which constitute the present-day -Azande.

Azande girls

The Avonqara are the ruling aristocracy inward past times far the greater component subdivision of Zandelnnd. The Ambomu are their master subjects, as well as it is their linguistic communication that the Azande speak. When 1 speaks of Azande 1 speaks of all those who usage Zande equally their woman raise tongue. Nevertheless nosotros have got sometimes to distinguish inward the surface area ruled past times the Avongara betwixt Azande of Ambomu descent ( Azande ni Ambomu) as well as Azande of assimilated stocks (Azande ni Auro )who have got been completely, or almost completely, assimilated culturally to the Avongara-Ambomu. H5N1 similar distinction is doubtless made inward Zande territories where the Avongara are non the rulers, but where they in 1 lawsuit were. We may speak of those peoples who silent speak their ain languages but are, within Zande territory or on its confines, politically nether Zande domination equally discipline peoples. They are, inward varying degrees, inward the physical care for of becoming Azande. Some of these discipline peoples are elsewhere independent. Some unusual peoples, although never subjugated past times the Azande, were raided past times them or came nether their influence as well as have got thereby contributed inward a lesser grade to the formation of the ethnic conglomeration of the Azande people.
The term "Niamniam", a foreign, perhaps Dinka, designation, is best avoided equally it has been used past times Arabs as well as Europeans without much discrimination to refer non only to both Azande as well as their
subject-peoples but also to almost whatsoever people inward the surface area nether consideration. It was for some of them a really confused representation-cannibals, men amongst tails. etc.

Portrait of Azande girl

The Avongara or Akolongbo, equally they also telephone outcry upward themselves, are today inward speech communication as well as habits, if nosotros except aristocratic modes of behaviour as well as mannerisms peculiar to their class, indistinguishable from their followers, as well as nosotros have got no evidence that they have got ever been otherwise, though they themselves would non acknowledge to existence of Ambomu stock, maxim that they are Akolongbo or Avongara of Agbia, noble, stock. In the commencement one-half of the 18th century-there seems to live petty uncertainty virtually the broad outline of the facts-the Ambomu people, who at that fourth dimension lived inward the valleys of the Mbomu (hence their name) as well as the Shinko rivers, began to move, nether Avongara leadership, commencement to the south-east as well as thence north, east, as well as south. These migrations, the causes of which nosotros do non know, continued till checked past times Arab as well as European opposition inward the 2d one-half of the lastly century as well as inward the commencement decade of the nowadays century, as well as inward the course of teaching of them the Zande land was formed. The Ambomu clans are consequently found inward most, belike all, parts of Zandeland; but they are mostly, nosotros have got ground to believe, to live found inward the territories ruled past times the descendants of King Yakpati, on both sides of the Nile-Congo dissever roughly betwixt Long. 27' 30" as well as 29' 30'1.9c
There they have got a slightly enhanced social seat inward virtue of their descent from their conquering
forbears, but it must live said that Azande do non attach great importance to whether a adult man is of Ambomu stock or not; at that spot has been too much intermarriage for this to count much. What tin live said is rather that the Ambomu have got a long tradition of attachment to their Avongara rulers as well as of familiarity amongst the polished life of courts, so that the standards of etiquette as well as manners obtaining at courtroom are considered to live those of the Ambomu, as well as ignorance or contravention of them to live the behaviour of Auro, foreigners.

Major Larken amongst Zande adult woman as well as girl. Circa 1927

Some peoples have got alone lost their cultural identity inward the Zande amalgam but, through many vicissitudes, their ethnic distinctiveness as well as political independence have got survived. This is the instance amongst the Sudanic Abandiya, who alive inward the most western component subdivision of Zandeland, to due west of the 26" Long. E. Junker (1892, pp. 241-2) lo says that they moved into this surface area from the Mbomu-Makua confluence when the Avongara-Ambomu left it to migrate to the S as well as E as well as that past times his fourth dimension they had already go vassals of the Arabo-Nubians. De Calonne (p. 83) says that of their ain accord they adopted non only the Zande linguistic communication but also their political institutions, but I uncovering it hard to believe that they would have got done this so completely if they had non been at some menstruum discipline to the
Avongara, as well as I uncovering it easier so to take Van den Plas' declaration (p. 14) that they are an ethnically mixed people ruled past times the Abaza (whose linguistic communication a few old people silent speak) who, after prolonged combats, were finally subjugated past times the Avongara, though, equally was their policy inward dealing amongst subjugated peoples, the Avongara left them their ain Abaza rulers, amongst whom they made alliances. The Nzakara also only speak Zande today, having lost their master Banda dialect. They appear to live alone nether the regulation of the Abandiya, on the limits of whose territory they alive inward 2 separated stretches of province towards the extreme western limits of Zandeland.
There are a great many of the Adio people inward the Zande population as well as they are found inward all parts of Zandeland. aSome people give Adio equally their clan name. Other clans of the Adio are the Akowe, Abananga, Andebili, Abangbai, as well as Apise. There may live others (Akudere, Ambari, Agbutu).
Some of them cast a politically independent group, though culturally inward all of import respects similar other Azande as well as speaking only Zande, known equally hlakaraka or Azande-Bamboy, inward the valley of the Tore, tributary of the Yei. They are thus the most easterly department (Long. 30" 30" E.) of the Azande and,
existence isolated from the rest, have got much mixed amongst neighbouring peoples. They are component subdivision of the Abile migration, equally 1 of the Zande migrations came to live designated, and, I was told, adopted
Zande speech communication as well as customs during the fourth dimension they were conquered as well as ruled past times the brothers as well as sons of Renzi, boy of Yakpati, 1 of whom, Muduba, carried them amongst him inward his migration to the east. When, at Muduba's death, his men, faced amongst starvation, returned westwards they left the Adio behind them where nosotros at nowadays uncovering them independent of Avongara rule. They would belike have got been brought nether it past times Mange boy of Gbudwe had non the Egyptian Government established armed forces posts inward the area.

DeCalonne says (p. 98) that at that spot is some other people, at 1 fourth dimension closely associated amongst the Adio, the Abwameli, who, though they speak Zande, are non nether Avongara rule. To escape subjugation past times Ndeni boy of Tombo, they fled into Ababua country, where they remain independent close the junction
of 3' Lat. N. as well as 26' Long. E. The same author mentions other peoples who accompanied the Adio as well as Abwameli inward their master migration. Whoever these people may have got been, today they be no to a greater extent than equally distinct ethnic groups, amongst the possible exception of the Angada, who, though no longer a cohesive
group, appear to live to some extent localized, though mixed amongst Avongara-Ambomu as well as speaking only Zande, inward a pocket inward Abandiya province on the Mbili, N of Lat. 4' N. as well as betwixt 25' as well as 26' Long. E. Elsewhere they have got been scattered as well as absorbed past times Azande as well as Abandiya.
Other peoples, or sections of them, have got totally, or almost totally, lost both political as well as cultural identity as well as are entirely, or almost entirely, merged inward the Zande amalgam, where they tin live distinguished from the Arnbomu only past times their clan names and, so the Ambomu say, their boorish habits when they have got non learnt to abandon them past times contact amongst the polite social club of courts. One of these is the Sudanic Abangbinda, a in 1 lawsuit numerous people. After conquest past times Yakpati as well as his descendants, their
lastly resistance existence broken past times Gbudwe, they were almost completely absorbed past times the Azande, though hither as well as at that spot inward little groups their linguistic communication is non alone forgotten. I was able to take downward vocabularies from some of the older people. They are 1 of the biggest elements of unusual rootage inward the Sudan to the E of the Lingasi.  The next clans claim to live of Abangbinda origin: Abiama, Abakpara, Abani, Abadigo, Amabenge, Abambiti, Abaanya, Abagbuto, Abaningo, Abagbo, Abangbaya, Abamunga, Abagua, Avuduma, as well as mayhap also the Abangbara. Another completely assimilated people, according to Van den Plas (pp. 21-2), are the Mabisanga, a department of the Medje who were at 1 fourth dimension subjects of the Mangbetu. When the Mangbetu manlike somebody monarch Munza's kingdom was dismembered past times the Egyptians they were subjugated past times Ngula-Mange boy of Kipa. Emin (p. 204), de Calonne (p. 130),
as well as Czekanowski (pp. 176-7) , say that the Egyptian Government appointed Mbitimo boy of Wando to regulation them.

H5N1 large proportion of the Abararnbo, or Arniangba, as well as of the Amadi peoples have got also been almost totally absorbed past times the Azande. These in 1 lawsuit great peoples were dispersed as well as fractionized past times bitterly fought wars amongst the Azande ruled past times the House of Yakpati. However, some Abarambo to the S of
the Uele silent speak their ain linguistic communication as well as are commanded past times their ain notables, though nether Avongara suzerainty, inward Junker's fourth dimension inward the somebody of Bakengai ( 189 1, p. 335) ; as well as they are an independent people betwixt that river as well as the Bomokandi, for although Bakengai's manlike somebody raise Kipa had ruled them on both banks of the Bomokandi, those to the N had past times Junker's fourth dimension reasserted their independence. Some of their to a greater extent than of import clans, inward the Sudan mostly found inward the old kingdom of Gbudwe, are: Aubali, Abawoli, Abazaa, Avumaka, Avonama, Avundukura, Abakpuro, Amuzungu, Agbunduku, Abandogo, Abalingi, Avunduo, Abakaya, Amigbara, Abagbate, Agberenya, Akpurandi, Abapia, Akpura, Amiandi, Abangombi, Akenge, Abaale, Abaiwo, Abangburu, Amiteli, Abandiko,
Angali, Angbuki, Ambare, Abangboto, Abisiaka, Abangere, Abanganyl, Abakpoto, They are belike the largest single unusual chemical element inward the constitution of the Azande of the Sudan, where 1 tin silent uncovering persons who recall their master tongue, though it is no longer spoken.

Czekanowski (p. 210) l9 thinks that they are the largest unusual chemical element amid the Azande equally a whole. The greater component subdivision of the Amadi people, whose ancient name, de Calonne says (p.120)20 was Amago (Amego) or Aogo (Augu), settled, after wars as well as migrations, around the chain of hills on 27' Long. E.,
where Junker ( 1891, pp. 31 7-8) found them as well as where they are silent independent today, though all speak Zande equally good equally their ain Sudanic tongue. The ease of this at 1 fourth dimension considerable people were dispersed past times Yakpati as well as his sons as well as were finally absorbed into the Zande complex, their descendants
existence found today widely distributed inward all the key as well as eastern regions of Zandeland. In view of the fact that the principal battleground betwixt the Amadi, amongst their Abarambo allies, as well as the Azande was inward the valley of the Sueh it is surprising that so few men claim Amadi descent at that spot today. One ground for this appears to live that after the severe hammering they received from the Azande inward the N the main trunk turned towards the south. Also, those who were left behind seem to have got go to a large extent confounded amongst the Abarambo, so some of the clans often said to belong to the Amiangba (Abarambo) may live Amadi inward origin.

These 2 instruments formed the ground of most Zande feast dances (gbere buda) equally good equally the seances of abinza (witchdoctors).

Another people who must, I think, have got been partly assimilated are the Sudanic Bangba, who today mostly alive to the S of the Uele-Kibali on Long. 28" E., where they sought refuge after a bloody defeat at the hands of Ukwe boy of Wando. I believe that some of this people must have got contributed to the Zande population because Van den Plas says (p. 23) that equally good their ain linguistic communication as well as Mangbetu some speak Zande, which is gaining ground, and, although the same author says that none of this grouping of Bangba are subjects of Avongara, when they lived farther to the north, Schweinfurth (I, p. 522),23
who met them at that spot inward 1870, tells us that they, or at whatsoever charge per unit of measurement a powerful department of them, were subjects of Wando boy of Bazingbi, most of them speaking Zande. It is highly probable, therefore, that they have got contributed to the population of his old kingdom.
In add-on to the peoples already mentioned, Van den Plas mentions (pp. 16-22) 24 others equally existence of unusual rootage but at nowadays completely, or almost completely, submerged; Abubage (some dozens of individuals silent stammer out their ancient linguistic communication inward the valley of the Gurba); Amuvumba (five or 6 families at most, who alive inward the valley of the Sekunde, tributary of the Gurba) ;Ngbwaya, Ngobwu, as well as Tokpwo (infinitely little groups virtually which data is at nowadays unobtainable) ; Abotupwe (met
amongst inward the valley of the Poko, tributary of the Bomokandi); Asibali (met mainly amid the Apsmbia as well as the Abuguru); as well as Abangombi, Angombe, as well as Aholi (all completely absorbed).
Of these, the Ngobwu are belike the Gobu or Gabu, silent found amid the Abandiya (Capenny, p. 31 3; Tucker, 1940, p. 17) as well as figured on Junker's map equally "Ngobbu" betwixt Long. 24' as well as 25' as well as exactly S of Go Lat. N. The others are belike all clans of peoples listed already or later, as well as not
distinct ethnic groups: the Abubage, an Amadi clan; the Abotupwe (Abatukpo) , an Abarambo clan; the Asibali (Asigbali) , belike a Basiri clan; the Abangombi, an Abarambo clan; the Angombe (Angumbe), an Ambomu clan; as well as so forth. Hutereau (pp. 317-8) mentions a Ngara people, at nowadays absorbed by
the Abandiya, as well as shows them on his map to the S of the Mbomu betwixt Long. 25' as well as 26' E. Junker ( 1890, p. 480) as well as Emin (pp. 375-6) call an Apagumba people who migrated to the E amongst the Adio but who had, fifty-fifty inward their day, almost completely disappeared inward the Adio (Makaraka)
amalgam. I believe this to live an old bespeak the Avotombo clan of the Ambomu. Junker has on his map "Mambelli, a Zande tribe", inward Ngangi's old kingdom (between 28' as well as 29' Long. E. as well as 5' as well as 6' Lat. N.) Czekanowski also shows them, inward the same position, inward his ethnographic map as well as expresses the view (p. 23) that they are of the same stock equally the Ambili, who are mentioned later. If this people was in 1 lawsuit a distinct ethnic group, it has disappeared today. The same must live said of diverse other groups mentioned past times Junker-Marango, Amasilli, Shirwas, Ababullos, etc.-some of which may figure inward this business concern human relationship nether other names, patch others seem to have got disappeared.

Zande women as well as children inward homestead.

When nosotros speak of discipline peoples it must live understood that patch at that spot for certain was some discrimination as well as some what Major Larken, inward speaking (p. 238) of the handling meted out to the Apambia past times the Azande, calls bullying, to say that these peoples were inward a servile seat would, at whatsoever charge per unit of measurement usually, live an exaggeration. It is truthful that the Akare as well as Basiri have got been called slaves as well as serfs, e.g. past times Schweinfurth (11, pp. 395-6) " as well as Chaltin (Lotar, pp. 250-1 ), as well as it is possible that this
was indeeed the instance inward the due west where nether Arab influence trading inward slaves seems to have got been practiced past times some of the Avongara rulers (Schweinfurth, 11, pp. 417-8 as well as 430), but it was the traditional Zande policy to encourage submitted peoples to take Avongara regulation voluntarily, to remain inward their homes, as well as to go Azande; as well as 1 of the main principles inward that policy was indirect rule. We are told fourth dimension as well as in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than past times our authorities that in 1 lawsuit a people submitted they were left amongst their own
chiefs. I have got already cited Van den Plas to this effect inward the instance of the Abandiya as well as the Abararnbo (p. 2 1), as well as the same author speaks inward the same way of the Ahangbinda as well as the Basiri (pp. 16-17) .35 Professor Tucker ( 1931, p. 54) asserts the same of the Mbegumba as well as the Mberidi, as well as other authors could live quoted inward back upward of the contention, which is really much my ain view from what I observed amid the Bongo, Baka, Abuguru, as well as other peoples. All that was asked of the discipline peoples was recognition of Avongara suzerainty, that they should maintain the peace, as well as a payment of tribute inward labour as well as inward form to their rulers which was no to a greater extent than than Azande commoners contributed towards the upkeep of the courts. Bit past times chip Azande infiltrated amid them as well as married amongst them.
Commoners of standing settled amid them as well as encouraged them to adopt Zande habits as well as to speak the Zande natural language past times offering them hospitality-it is through bakinde, porridge, Azande say, that men are subjugated ( z o g a ) , as well as past times justice. They say "Azande nu ra fu agbia mbiko gngama ae", "Azande
discipline themselves to the princes on business concern human relationship of the gifts they have from them." Finally some princeling was sent past times his manlike somebody raise to regulation them or did so on his ain initiative, as well as through his courtroom the people became to a greater extent than familiar amongst Zande institutions.
That such peoples equally have got retained their ain languages as well as to some extent their traditional way of life have got been able to do so is doubtless inward component subdivision due to the imposition of European regulation but it is also inward component subdivision due to the fact that Azande treated, what they considered, inward their sophisticated way, to live barbaric
unusual usages amongst good-humored tolerance, as well as also inward component subdivision to the farther fact that often, similar so many little peoples inward other parts of the world. these conies dwelt amid the rocks: fifty-fifty the names of some of them dot this, e.g. Apambia as well as Belanda both hateful hill-men.
The 3 principal discipline peoples inward the north, all speaking their ain languaqes equally good equally Zande, the commencement 2 Sudanic tongues as well as the 3rd a Bantu tongue, but alone nether Zande domination, are the Apambia, the Basiri (Sere), as well as the Akare. Only the main areas of their business are mentioned. There are pockets of them elsewhere, as well as really many of them have got been absorbed past times the Azande. The Apambia alive amid the granitic hills forming the crest of the Nile-Congo dissever to the N of Lat. 5" N. Tembura boy of Liwa established his regulation over them; as well as they cast today a large chemical element inward the ethnic composition of the surface area ruled past times his boy Renzi as well as inward the old kingdom of Ezo. Some of their clans inward these regions are. Abadugu, Avuzukpo, Abakpa, Avonamangi, Abakumo, Avugioro, Ambaragba, Abamerenge, Andugu, as well as Abakowe. The 2 largest groups of Basiri are betwixt the
Boku as well as the Kere as well as to the N as well as S of the Mbomu betwixt Long. 26' as well as 27' E. There are also pockets of them inward the Sudan. Van den Plas remarks (p. 16) that of all the peoples submitted to the Azande, they as well as the Momvu have got been the most refractory to the civilisation of the conqueror; as well as de Calonne notes (p. 14) that Zandeization is to a greater extent than advanced amid such Bantu peoples equally the Abangbinda as well as the Abuguru than amid peoples culturally nearer to the Azande, such equally the Basiri. However, Schweinfurth (11, pp. 395-6) says that many of them had been assimilated to the Azande past times 187 1 . The Akare cast a compact grouping on both banks of the Mbomu betwixt 25' as well as 27' Long. E. In the French Congo they are, says Van den Plas (p. 15);' mixed amongst Banda, Gobo, as well as Nza k a r a. In the same part at that spot is a little people called Biri, evidently silent speaking their ancient Sudanic natural language to
the E of the Mbomu-Shinko confluence (Baxter as well as Butt, p. 33) on the say-so of Von Weise as well as Kaiser-Walden; they are also mcntioncd past times Capenny (p. 313) equally domicile on the middle course of teaching of the Warra. Some of their clans found amid the Azande, almost exclusively on or to the E of the Sueh, are: Ababaimo, Abakaya, Abagende, Ababanduo, Abaali, Abakpanda, Abakango, Ababali, Abamage, Abandagburu, Abangbandili, Abagiali, Abaruouro, Abadugumu, Ababamuru, Abadangasa, and
Abangbapere. To the E of the Sueh they are, on my calculations, over a quarter of the Zande population.

An Azande playing a harp. Photographed past times Herbert Lang inward Bafuka's village, March 1913. (Courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History

Another people at nowadays conlpletely nether Zande domination are the Bantu Abuguru (Babukur), though they silent speak Liguru equally good equally Zande. One department of them occupies the crest of the Nile-Congo dissever betwixt the eastern sources of the Sueh as well as the sources of the hferidi as well as some other occupies a stretch of province inward the valley of the Sueh to the N of Yambio, the Azande having driven a wedge betwixt the 2 sections. Smaller groups are found elsewhere. They were commencement subjugated past times Renzi as well as Bazingbi, sons of Yakpati. The Huma, who speak a linguistic communication almost identical amongst Liguru, mostly alive inward the hills on the Sueh-Iba watershed, miles to the N.E. of Tembura.
They were brought into subjection past times Tembura. H5N1 lay out of other peoples are inward component subdivision ruled past times the Avongara. Those inward the S are members of the Mangbetu cluster. When the Azande began to force southwards from the Uele they met amongst strong resistance from the Sudanic Mangbetu, who at that
fourth dimension had a highly developed political organisation embracing a lay out of peoples, Medje, Makere, Momvu, Mangbele, as well as others, ruled, similar the Azande past times the Avongara, past times the Mangbetu aristocracy, which has given its call to the whole complex of peoples. Nevertheless, they made some advance as well as they took over farther territories when, after 1870, Egyptian forces had broken the powerfulness of the Mangbetu kings. As recorded earlier, some of the Medje (the Mabisanga) have got at nowadays go Azande,
as well as it seems that others inward the N are ruled past times Avongara (Baxter as well as Butt, p. 48). They were subjugated past times the Zande manlike somebody monarch Kipa as well as placed past times him nether the regulation of his boy Bakangai.
They are said to be, though much mixed amongst Azande, a compact grouping speaking their ain natural language as well as Zande only when it is required of them. In virtually 1885 Ukwe boy of Wando inward a motion against the Momvu pursued them equally far S equally the Bomokandi as well as subjugated them betwixt that river as well as the Kibali.

1892 Wood Engraving Azande Warriors Dog Nyam-Nyam Hut Dwelling Congo Africa Slom

They have, however, kept their ain linguistic communication as well as manners as well as customs, speaking Zande only when necessary. Their resistance to Zande influence may live due inward component subdivision to the arrival of the Belgians shortly after Ukwe's campaign. Other sections of the Momvu are subjects of the Mangbetu as well as yet others have got retained their independence. H5N1 grouping of the Mangbele on the left banking company of the Uele, from the lower Gada to the Mapuse rapids, were defeated past times Kipa but after came in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than nether Mangbetu rule. Some of the Mangbele are independent as well as others are ruled past times Avongara as well as Mangbetu. Originally a Bantu people,
they at nowadays speak a Sudanic language. Van den Plas speaks (pp. 18-19) of the Ambili people, Bantu who have got to a large extent go completely Zandeised.
Those who alive compactly inward the part of Bondo (just due west of 24OE. as well as exactly S of 4ON.) have got kept their old language, though, having been discipline to the Avongara for several generations, they also speak Zande. They seem to live component subdivision of the particular Zande complex known equally the Azande-Abile. H5N1 lay out of peoples living on the northern confines of Zandeland are, or were, wholely or inward part, nether Avongara dominion.
Two of these peoples have got long been grouped together inward literature equally the Belanda, a Bongo term, as well as are referred to past times the Azande equally Abari. Though much intermingled, they are culturally quite distinct, the one, the Mberidi (Bor), existence a Nilotic people related to the Luo, as well as the other, the Mbegumba (Bviri), a Sudanic people speaking a dialect of the linguistic communication of the Basiri. One department of these peoples today alive betwixt the Sueh as well as Iba rivers as well as Lat. 5' as well as 6ON. as well as other groups betwixt the Sueh as well as the Wau. Faced amongst Arab persecution from the N they chose to submit to the Avongara. Both peoples have got preserved their languages as well as customs, though each speaks the linguistic communication of the other equally good equally their own, as well as both speak also Zande as well as have got been much influenced culturally past times the Azande inward other ways. Some of the Belanda settled permanently inward Zande country, where they have got been absorbed.
The Bongo, a Sudanic people whom Schweinfurth (I, pp. 257- 60) reckoned inward 1870 to lay out some 100,000, scattered over an surface area of nearly 9,000 sq. miles betwixt Lat. 6' as well as 8'N., were unable to resist enslavement past times the Arabs, as well as some communities fled to the S to seek refuge amongst the Avongara rulers Tembura, Gbudwe, as well as Mange. Others sought, past times moving to the south, to escape the Arabs as well as also to save their independence but were attacked past times these Avongara as well as forced to take their overlordship. Such Bongo speak Zande equally good equally their ain language.
In Schweinfurth's twenty-four hours ( 1870-187 1 ) Azande were spread to the N roughly equally far equally Lat. 6' 30" as well as they were inward business of most of the same territory when Junker was inward Zandeland 10 years later, but the most northern areas, ruled inward Schweinfurth's twenty-four hours past times Mofio as well as Solongo, equally he calls them, had been lost to the Avongara past times virtually 1874 (Capenny, p. 310), so that such Azande equally were there, known, Junker says ( 1891, p. eleven 2) , equally Diggas, no longer had a seat of ascendence but lived inward mutual dependence on the Egyptian Government amongst peoples who had in 1 lawsuit been their vassals as well as amongst whom they were past times this fourth dimension really mixed. These were, inward add-on to groups of peoples already mentioned-Basiri, Bongo, as well as Pambia-the Golo as well as some of the Kreish (Gbaya); as well as to these peoples mentioned past times Junker nosotros must add together the most easternly department of the Banda land as well as some really little peoples- Ndogo, Bai as well as Togbu. All these peoples speak their ain Sudanic languages but they also speak Zande amongst varying proficiency.

Portrait of a Zande (Makaraka) warrior

Junker tells us that some sections of some of these northern peoples had already past times his fourth dimension migrated
to the S to seek protection inward the powerful Avongara kingdoms from the Arabo-Nubians. If the Zande expansion to the N on the whole met amongst weak resistance till countered past times the Arab intrusion so that nosotros can, amongst some latitude, it is true, listing the peoples of that part nether the heading of discipline peoples, inward the E as well as northeast resistance past times some little peoples was non sufficiently or on a large plenty scale overcome before the Egyptian Government established armed forces posts inward the surface area for us to pull them equally discipline peoples, except perhaps inward the instance of the Baka. De Calonne says that the Baka on the Aka as well as Garamba were subjugated past times Wando, as well as fifty-fifty those who are independent of Avongara regulation inward the Sudan have got been much influenced past times Azande, whose natural language is widely known amid them. Had it non been for Arab intervention they as well as the other peoples of the surface area would have got inevitably been brought into consummate subjection, for they were unorganized as well as disunited. As it was, they were raided as well as displaced past times both the Avongara as well as the Adio, who took captives whose descendants are found amid the Azande today. There must also have got been some grade of
social contact betwixt them as well as the Azande, for it is seldom that 1 fails to uncovering amid them individuals who empathize Zande.
The peoples raided as well as sometimes displaced past times the Azande inward this surface area but cannot live said to have got been subjugated past times them to whatsoever extent, or fifty-fifty at all, are the Sudanic Mundu, Avukaya as well as so-called Jur peoples (Beli, Sofi, etc.), the Moro peoples (Moro Kodo, Moro Meza, etc.), as well as the Logo; as well as the
Nilo-Hamitic Fajelu as well as Kakwa. It would seem that individuals, as well as perhaps sometimes little groups, of all these peoples have got contributed to the ethnic composition of the Azande.

Some southern peoples who seem to have got contributed, though inward little numbers, to the formation of the Azande land are briefly mentioned. De Calonne says (pp. 73-4)49 that the Mabudu, a Bantu people living today to the S of the Mangbetu cluster, were defeated past times Kipa's sons who, however, after withdrew northwards. The Ababua stoutly resisted the Azande, but the lack of unity amid the communities of this Bantu people told against them as well as they had already had to yield to the Avongara a stretch of their province to the N when the Belgian business stopped farther encroachments. The Mayogo, of the Mangbetu cluster, appear to have got had really limited contacts amongst the Azande. The Mobenge (Benge) cast the most northern component subdivision of the Bantu Mobati, living exactly S of the Uele betwixt Long. 23' as well as 24' E. Burrows (p. 19) says that they are dominated past times the Azande, to whom they pay tribute. Capenny asserts (p. 312)51 that they were subjugated past times Jabbir, "a boy of a Zande prince" (p. 85). Van Bulck as well as Hackett (p. 79)53 say that they have got been largely overrun past times Abandiya as well as Azande. Zande domination past times this people is non mentioned past times our other sources. The Bakango are the  riverains of the Uele betwixt Bambili as well as Bondo. They do not, however, appear to live a distinct ethnic group, but sections of Azande, Ababua, as well as other peoples. Pygmies are sometimes met inward the
most southernly extensions of Zandeland, e.g. inward the valley of the Poko, tributary of the Bomokandi (Czekanowski, p. 25).
For convenience I tabular array the peoples who have got inward 1 way or some other as well as inward varying degrees contributed to the Zande complex, the tabular array serving the farther purpose of key to the sketch-map. Forty different peoples are listed. Some peoples who powerfulness good have got been entered separately appear nether a single title, the "Jur" as well as "Moro" peoples for example, or the "Medje" (the Mabisanga department are belike Bantu inward origin). Had they been given separate entries as well as had some doubtful cases (mentioned past times Junker, Van den Plas, as well as others) been included, e.g. Apagumba, Mambelli, etc., nosotros could assert that,
together amongst the Ambomu, at to the lowest degree 50 different peoples have got contributed to this vast ethnic amalgam; as well as it may fifty-fifty be, for nosotros seldom have got sufficient data to decide, that some of these peoples, equally would appear to live the instance amongst the Abandiya, were themselves composed of heterogeneous stocks.

Azande Warriors

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