Info For Yous Shilluk (Collo) People: Ancient Nilotic Warrior People Of Upper Nile Inwards Due South Sudan
The Shilluk (Shilluk: Chollo) are an of import agro-pastoralist in addition to Nilotic-speaking people that forms of component of the larger Luo ethnic group. They live on both banks of the river Nile, inwards the vicinity of the metropolis of Malakal inwards South Sudan. The Shilluk people which total population is estimated to live over 500,000 are the 3rd largest minority ethnic grouping of Southern Sudan, after the Dinka in addition to their neighbors the Nuer.
Shilluk people from South Sudan
Their linguistic communication every bit Dhøg Cøllø or Dhø Cølø, dhøg beingness the Shilluk give-and-take for linguistic communication in addition to mouth. Before the bit Sudanese civil state of war the Shilluk also lived inwards a issue of settlements on the northern depository fiscal establishment of the Sobat River, unopen to where the Sobat joins the Nile, alongside Doleib Hill every bit an of import mission station.
Shilluk native in addition to political activist Simon-Deng with his Shilluk tribe married adult woman Monica (left) in addition to a friend
Demography in addition to Geography
Shilluk province is apartment lying plains that surround the River Nile. It has a moderate rainfall regime in addition to its vegetation is made upward of thick tall grass in addition to few trees in addition to shrubs. The Shilluk issue nearly 500,000 in addition to live on the due west depository fiscal establishment of River Nile betwixt Lake No inwards the S in addition to Kosti inwards the north. Some Shilluk settlements are found on the E depository fiscal establishment of the Nile in addition to extend every bit far every bit Anakdier inwards the east.
Shilluk people
The majuscule of the Shilluk kingdom is Pachodo. Other of import Shilluk historical sites are inwards Papwojo, Nyilwal, Didigo, Wau in addition to Akurwa. The major towns are Malakal (Makal), Kodhok (Kal Doro), Tonga (Tungu) in addition to Wad Akon. The Shilluk kingdom is divided into northward (gar) in addition to S (lwak).
Shilluk (Collo) woman, South Sudan
Language
Shilluk people utter Shilluk language (or dhok-Chollo). Shilluk belongs to the Luo branch of the Western Nilotic subgroup of Nilo Saharan linguistic communication family.
• Relatively well-studied (e.g. Westermann 1970, Gilley 1992, Miller & Gilley 2001), but nonetheless tone in addition to length are non yet good understood.
Shilluk (Chollo) man
• Tone in addition to length inwards Shilluk tin alone live understood inwards the context of Shilluk morphology. And vice versa.
• Here are the main results of our investigations into the phonetics, phonology, in addition to morphophonology of tone in addition to length inwards Shilluk. Read farther here:shilluk.pdf
Shilluk people
Mythology in addition to History
The Shilluk are a component of the Luo nation. Tradition has it that sometime inwards the 15th century, Nyikango, the founder of the Chollo nation, quarrelled alongside in addition to separated from Dimo in addition to the other Luo groups inwards wic pac, somewhere inwards Bahr el Ghazal.
The leader in addition to founder of the Collo land was Nyikang the boy of Okwa, Okwa was the boy of Mol, Mol was the boy of Kolo, Kolo was the boy of Omaro, in addition to Omaro was the boy of Odhiang (Nyadhiang Aduk). One source (Angelo Othow) takes the genealogy further. He contends that Odhiang was the boy of Diwad, Diwad was the boy of Oyel, Oyel was the boy of Cacre, Cacre was the boy of Lwor. Nyikang’s woman parent was Nyikayonya Kiir (literally, the missy of the river). Nyikang in addition to the little grouping of relatives in addition to followers that went alongside him to the nowadays Collo ground were from the Lwoo family.
President of South Sudan, Gen. Salva Kiir Mayardit is from Shilluk (Collo) tribe
As they migrated, the Lwoo absorbed or influenced other groups they came into contact alongside (for example, the Jopadholo inwards Uganda). In the instance of Nyikang, he totally absorbed the people he found inwards the nowadays Collo ground forming a novel tribe (Collo) speaking a Lwoo linguistic communication (dho Collo). Of course, the linguistic communication is affected past times the surround in addition to surrounding tribes, hence the nowadays variations inwards the languages of the Lwoo tribes.
Shilluk people. Circa 1967
The Collo are politically the most highly organized of the Nilotes alongside the rädh every bit the local in addition to temporal leader. The rädh is believed to live possessed past times the spirit of Nyikang in addition to is his incarnation. Most of the nowadays Collo province (north of the nowadays Panyidwai) was formerly belonging to the Apuny (the Funj tribe of Southern Blue Nile). The Apuny pose upward rigid resistance before they were dislodged from their traditional homeland past times Nyikang in addition to his group.
Shilluk youth, South Sudan
The Routes follwed past times Nyankang
Nyikang left his homeland because of a quarrel betwixt him in addition to his half-brother, Diwaad. The listing of his followers included his sons Bwor, Cal, Anongo in addition to Dak; his blood brother Ojwok; his half-brothers Gilo in addition to Milo (also called, Ujul) in addition to associates such every bit Obogo. As he travelled, he stopped for some fourth dimension inwards the ground of Thuro, identify of the woman parent of his boy Dak, Akec. It is believed that Dak, who had proclivity for mischief,
caused a dispute alongside his maternal relatives at Thuro forcing Nyikang in addition to his grouping to start off ane time to a greater extent than on their wanderings.
According to Collo oral tradition, Nyikang in addition to his grouping moved along Kiir Palugo (Bahr el Ghazal river). When they reached the crossing point, they found it blocked past times the sudd. Obogo took the sickle of Nyikang in addition to got into the blocked river cutting the grass alongside it every bit he waded through. The river was deep. In the procedure of cutting the grass the sickle injured his trunk exactly below the armpit in addition to blood was seen flowing on the surface. But he managed to brand an opening through which the whole grouping crossed northward of Bahr el Ghazal river. This episode is reported past times some writers that Obogo was sacrificed for the sudd to open. In fact, Obogo arrived alongside the grouping of Nyikang to the nowadays Collo land. Another related mix-up is that the nowadays shrine of Obogo inwards Wuobo hamlet is reported to belong to this Obogo, the associate of Nyikang. In fact, the shrine belongs to Obogo the boy of Nyikang.
Shilluk men,Circa 1967
The grouping camped inwards a identify known every bit Pa-Nyikang inwards the extreme halt of Papwojo expanse which traces are soundless evident today. They met nobody there. From in that location the grouping moved piece of cake in addition to tactically until they arrived to Kiir (Bahr el Jebel river). Here, soundless inwards Papwojo area, Dak was to discovery that somebody used to go line-fishing inwards the river in addition to and then render inland afterwards. They set an ambush on him ane day, got handgrip of him in addition to he led them to the hamlet where they were plainly welcome. There is a famous shrine (kengo) of
Nyikang inwards Papwojo today.
Afterwards, the political party continued its motion northwards to Nyilwal in addition to and then Dedigo. Here the grouping must have got decided ton remain in addition to it appears they had grown inwards issue to hundreds if non thousands. Up to this point, no battles of whatsoever significance alongside the master inhabitants of the ground are mentioned.
Native missy of the Shilluk tribe wearing decorative beaded caput gearin the Sudd Region of the Upper Nile, Sudan. Location: Sudan Date taken: September 1947. Photographer: Eliot Elisofon
Bwor Wa Nyankang Returns
It appears that some problems developed inside Nyikang’s identify unit of measurement which saw his boy Bwor render to Bahr el Ghazal. There he settled inwards Morro inwards the Aweil area. It is also reported that Gilo left the grouping hither in addition to crossed the White Nile moving eastwards along the Sobat river. His descendants – the Anywaks- were living inwards villages along the Sobat (such every bit Adong, Gelachiel, Ulang, etc.) upward to Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia before they were
displaced past times the later waves of Nuer in addition to Dinka migrations inwards the nineteenth century. The Lwoo tribes of Pari (Lokoro) in addition to the Acoli are offshoots of the Anywak tribe.
Imperial Airways Handley Page H.P.42 inwards Malakal, Sudan alongside members of the Shilluk people inwards forepart of the aircraft - circa 1936
Dak also moved from Dedigo in addition to built himself a homestead at the nowadays Palo-Parädh some several hundred metres from Dedigo. Dak’s determination was taken alongside the approving of Ojwok piece Nyikang was briefly out on an errand. When he received the word on coming dorsum that evening, he blamed Ojwok, his brother, for what he did but did non opposite his decision. This activity past times Ojwok, the Collo maintain, is what denied him in addition to his descendants the correct to larn rädh.
Shilluk people,Sudan. Circa 1947
The Battle alongside Apuny
From Panyidwai, Nyikang in addition to his grouping moved northwards inwards battle formations. They faced rigid resistance from the Apuny inwards Wau in addition to Padiit. According to the most credible even out tellers, the grouping had divided into ii columns: the column nether Nyikang moved along th river piece the other, nether Dak, moved parallel to it to the west. Nyikang’s political party had successfully fought its agency upward to Wau. At Wau itself, the Apuny fought fiercely but they were overcome. By this fourth dimension Dak in addition to his forcefulness had reached Padiit. While Dak was inwards Padiit, the Apuny had reorganized in addition to mounted a counterattack on Nyikang at Wau succeeding to dislodge him from there. Dak moved his forcefulness to reinforce his manful mortal parent in addition to they finally defeated the Apuny who ran inwards disarray northwards. Dak was next them inwards hot pursuit. This explains why in that location is no shrine for Dak inwards Wau. He did non remain there.
Sudan
Shilluk tribesman warrior w. decorative row of stud-like scarring across his forehead every bit he wields 2 spears & a heavy lodge during his fearsome wardance w. others of his tribe at Malakal, on the Upper Nile. Location: Sudan Date taken: 1947. Photographer: Eliot Elisofon
The battles inwards Wau in addition to Padiit appear to live the decisive ones inwards the combat against Apuny. The residue were exactly skirmishes.Nyikang in addition to Dak moved northwards alongside relative ease. Some of the maternal relatives of Dak , Thuro, who came alongside Nyikang established a homestead which grew into a hamlet bearing their holler upward to today. The residue of the political party moved to Akurwa where Nyikang is believed to have got disappeared inwards lean air.
It is believed that Nyikang did non go beyond the nowadays Kaak (Kaka) but Dak is said to have got been making reconnaissance deeper northwards into the nowadays Manyo ( the Collo equivalent of reconnaissance).
The most notable shrines of Nyikang inwards Collo ground are found inwards Papwojo, Nyilwal, Dedigo, Wau, OcØro, Otiigo-Panyikang, Akurwa in addition to Morro (Mwomo).
Collo Chollo man, upper Nile 1888
Clans of collo Communities
The Collo, similar the other tribes of the Nilotes, have got no claim to mutual origin. As he advanced, Nyikang in addition to his grouping absorbed members of other tribes adopting his linguistic communication in addition to agency of life. Today, the Collo are divided into to a greater extent than than lxx dissimilar clans in addition to lineages.
Girl of the Shilluk tribe. Location: Sudan Date taken: June 1947 Photographer: Eliot Elisofon
Those who describe their rootage to Nyikang are either Nyirädh (son or missy of a rädh), Nyanyirädh ( boy or missy of a Nyiradh) or Kwanyirädh. The residue are named after their ancestors ( e.g., Kwajwok, Kwawang, Kwajulu, after Ojwok, Awang in addition to Ujul, respectively) or their master tribe ( such every bit Kwajango, Kwamuoyo), or some activity, role or activity associated alongside their ancestors. The Ororo (or Nyiroro) are a special clan of people who although they describe their rootage to Nyikang (more specifically, Ocollo Dak), were declared through a royal annunciation inwards the past times to live termed so. They are also known every bit Kwa-Mool (or Kwa-Nyimol) originating from rädh Diwaad wa Ocollo’s educational activity that “let the orphan-children study to me every morning”, inwards Collo language, “kopi Nywoli Wothonho Nyimool gen ya.”
Nyikang had developed a organisation where each clan inwards Collo ground has a specific role to play inwards the community, specially inwards the installation of the rädh in addition to the maintenance of the system. This ensured the unity of the Collo nation. Also the radh marries from all the clans except those descending from Nyikang. Thus, everybody has a stake inwards the rädhship.
The Radhship
The Collo land has a good organized organisation of regime dating dorsum to the fourth dimension of Nyikang. At the top of the hierarchy is the rädh. He is assisted past times chiefs in addition to elders who are inwards charge, respectively, of the villages in addition to homesteads all over the land. The chiefs are appointed past times the rädh in addition to are accountable to him.
The rädh himself is elected past times the council of chiefs (Jaagi Pa-Diwaad) from amidst the Nyirädhs. It is a status that the manful mortal parent of the candidate must have got been rädh installed according to the tradition. Previously, it was non uncommon that a powerful Nyirädh would occupy Fashoda or eliminate the reigning rädh in addition to assume rädhship, thus circumventing the election process. Presently, the rädhship rotates inwards plow betwixt the
3 remaining families (of rädhs: Papiti wa Yor, Aney wa Kur in addition to Dak wa Padyed).Thus, the contest is betwixt Nyirädhs of the same identify unit of measurement at whatsoever ane time.
The foremost rädh was Nyikang himself who ruled ca. 1527 to 1557 AD. The nowadays rädh (Kwongo Dak Padyed) is the thirty-fourth inwards line (see the attached listing of ror {radhs}). All rädhs have got been manful mortal except for rädh Abudhok nya Bwoc. She assumed rädhship because her blood brother Dhokoth was a minor. When he became of historic catamenia rädh Abudhok abdicated inwards his favour.
Fashoda was built past times rädh Tugo wa Dhokoth, the 10th rädh, every bit the majuscule of the Collo nation. Henceforth, installation of the rädh is concluded hither in addition to it is where the items connected alongside that tradition are kept. Although each rädh continued to select a hamlet where he reigned every bit was the instance inwards the past, Fashoda assumed a key role inwards consolidating the rädhship. The of import annual rituals, such every bit the incantations for
rains, are done hither nether the leadership of the rädh himself.
Collo women
Friction alongside the Outside World
Following the victory of Nyikang forces over the Apuny, the Collo ground witnessed a catamenia of relative calm in addition to stability. It was non till the fourth dimension of rädh Ocollo wa Dak, the 5th rädh, that battles alongside external forces were reported. It is reported that state of war broke out E of the White Nile alongside the Abeel. It would appear that radh Ocollo wanted to extendhis principle to that side of the White Nile. Although some Collo maintain that the Abeel are Anywaks, it is hard to convey that the Anywaks went that far northwards at that fourth dimension (ca 1597- 1617).
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| English: Shilluk warrior (Photo credit: Wikipedia) |
Furthermore, the Collo know the Anywaks in addition to would have got called them past times their name. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 to a greater extent than plausible interpretation would live that the Abeel are the inhabitants of the southern extremities of the Funj kingdom which past times that fourth dimension was soundless powerful. In this war, the Collo suffered a serial of defeats at the hands of the Abeel alongside heavy casualties including all the Nyirädhs salve for Diwaad wa Ocollo (paak Diwaad is dØng, pregnant remaining or left, belike because of that fact). As a result, the plans to expand E of the White Nile were abandoned for good.
The turn down of the Funj kingdom inwards the latter component of the eighteenth century resulted inwards the Dinka expansion inwards the expanse northward of the Sobat in addition to E of the White Nile. Hence, the Abialang pushed northward displacing the erstwhile Funj subjects. In 1821, the Blue Planet forces of Mohammed Ali Pasha, the viceroy of Arab Republic of Egypt which had invaded northward Sudan the previous year, engaged the Abialang Dinka at Renk in addition to afterward at the upper reaches of Khor Rau (Gleichen: 129). Thus, the Abialang were in that location inwards or before 1821.
It would seem that the expansion of the Collo northwards due west of the White Nile had continued without interruption. For instance, rädh Tugo’s son, Aba, owned the nowadays isle opposite Kosti bearing his holler (muj Aba , pregnant Aba island. In the latter component of the eighteenth century, the Collo worriors controlled the White Nile upward to Khartoum in addition to maybe beyond. In fact, the give-and-take itself could live Collo’s (Kier a tum), literally, rivers met, denoting the confluence of the Blue in addition to White Niles. It is also established that the Collo had a rigid presence at Alith (a Collo’s word), the nowadays Kawa inwards the White Nile State. Kaaw, which could have got been easily corrupted to Kawa, is the Collo’s give-and-take for paddles of canoes; quite relevant inwards sentiment of the importance of Alith those days for caravan crossing due west of the White Nile to Kordofan. The reign of rädh Tugo (ca 1672 –1692) coincided alongside the catamenia of the turn down of the Funj kingdom.
Shilluk tribesman. Location: Sudan Date taken: Nov 1950 Photographer: Eliot Elisofon
The subsequent retreat of the Collo’s northern frontier to the nowadays borders was alone made possible past times the exercise of firearms which were far to a greater extent than superior to their spears in addition to other items of war. The Collo resisted forces of the Turco-Egyptian rule, the Mahdiya and, to a lesser extent, the Condominium. In these wars, the Collo lost hundreds of thousands of its people including 4 rädhs (Kwadhker wa Akwod, Ajang wa Nyidhok, Kwikon wa Kwadhker in addition to Yor wa Akoc). Under pressure level from the Governor of Fashoda at that time, rädh Kwadhker retreated to Lwak (the southern component of Collo land) inwards 1869. Ajang wa Nyidhok was appointed rädh past times the Governor after having cabled Khartoum in addition to Cairo that rädh Kwadhker had died. When Samuel Baker was passing through the expanse inwards 1870 on his agency to Equatoria, he met rädh Kwadhker to his utter disbelief. He in addition to then arranged a surprise run across betwixt the ii antagonists at Tawfiqiyah, the
majuscule of the province. The run across was a bang-up embarrassment to the Governor in addition to turned out to live bitter in addition to acrimonious betwixt the two. After Samuel Baker left, the Governor made it a holler for to hunt Kwadhker down. Indeed, he succeeded to kill him that twelvemonth (Baker 1875).
Kur wa Nyidhok was deposed inwards 1903 past times the Administrator of Fashoda province, Mr. G.E. Matthews, the foremost activity of its form in addition to he was the bit in addition to in conclusion rädh after rädh Abudhok nya Bwoc in addition to radh Kwadhker wa Akwod to have got been live when the successor was chosen. In his exile inwards northern Sudan (Halfa), Kur was reported to have got expressed satisfaction when he heard that it was Padyed wa Kwadhker who was chosen past times the Council of Chiefs to succeed him every bit rädh. Kur wa Nyidhok, it volition live recalled, was
the rädh who welcomed the French expedition nether Major Marchand to Kal Dor(the nowadays Kodok town, in addition to then erroneously termed Fashoda) inwards 1898 in addition to signed a compact alongside the French. His activity was motivated past times his wish to counterpoise the Mahdist incursions into Collo land, which had devastated the province in addition to led to the beheading of his predecessor, rädh Yor wa Akoc. He, however, similar all Collo at the fourth dimension remained suspicious of Bwonyo (white or brown).
Shilluk tribesman dancing. Location: Sudan Date taken: June 1949 Photographer: Eliot Elisofon
Collo oral tradition contends that the Jikany Nuer passed through their territory inwards the class of their movements to the upper Sobat in addition to link these Jikany movements to the early on years of radh Awin’s reign. Thus, the most plausible fourth dimension arrive at for the Jikany migration would live betwixt 1827 in addition to 1828 (see later). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 issue of authors (Stigand, Bacon, Jackson, Johnson) concur on the route followed. Kelly (1985: 24) summarizes it every bit follows:
"The Jikany foremost proceeded northward to Jebel el-liri on the border of the Nuba territory and
thence along the border expanse betwixt the Nuba in addition to the Shilluk. They in addition to then cutting across
Shilluk territory inwards the vicinity of Melut in addition to crossed the Nile into Northern Dinka…After
fighting the Dinka in addition to reportedly capturing many of their cattle; the Jikany turned south
in addition to proceeded to the lower Sobat River, settling temporarily inwards the expanse betwixt Abwong
in addition to the border of Shilluk territory close the Nile. From hither they pushed upstream along
both sides of the Sobat to the vicinity of their nowadays territory.”
This work concern human relationship - at to the lowest degree the route upward to Melut area- is confirmed past times Collo’s history
specially the evidence inwards the expanse due west of Abuman hamlet of Abeinyayo chieftaincy
where traces of the in addition to then lean villages devastated past times the Jikany Nuer, e.g., Pa-Gaaw, are
extant. The Collo add together that it is they who dislodged the Jikany from the lower Sobat
forcing them to displace upstream. In general, the Jikany, who moved together alongside their
women, children in addition to cattle, sought to avoid conflict inwards their migration every bit evidenced by
taking a roundabout route which is 3 times the direct route to their destination.
Collo history also maintains that non long after the starting fourth dimension of the Jikany
migration, some other grouping of Nuer attempted to larn into Collo territory from the southwest
(i.e., Tonga area). They were met alongside rigid resistance from the Collo of Tonga forcing
them to cross the Bahr el-Jebel in addition to displace eastward.
This grouping must live the Lou in addition to Gawaar referred to past times Kelly (1985: 30). Again, these events took identify at the reign of radh Awin wa Yor. Collo folklore records these events vividly every bit the next verses of a pop vocal testify:
"Ya ka pac Langjok,
Awin nya Yor.
Ororo yi ka keny?
Nuar a tØng pac."
Which translates as:
"I am going to Langjok,
Oh Awin the boy of Yor.
Where are yous going, Oh Ororo?
The Nuer have got come upward to our land."
The Ororo clan provides the paramount main of Tungo (i.e., Tonga), ane of the ii of import chiefs of Collo extremities (Jaagi wathi tuung). The other is the main of Mwomo inwards the northward of Collo country. The vocal records a symbolic conversation betwixt the main of Tonga alongside rädh Awin. The foremost was reporting the incursion of Nuer into his territory in addition to wanting to go dorsum immediately. In fact, from that fourth dimension rädh Awin is reported to have got decreed that the people of Tonga live exempt from whatsoever role inwards the buildingof Fashoda (which is done past times all the Collo clans) so that they may pay total attending to the defense forcefulness of Collo’s southwestern border. This decree soundless holds upward to today. Fashoda is to a greater extent than than a hundred kilometers away from Tonga; a distance that volition convey many days to comprehend past times walking. Langjok is non a item identify but a agency of reporting the decease of Ororo clan. The Collo study decease euphemistically: it is “aketh log naam –gone across the river” for the radh, “apadh – fallen” for Nyiradhs in addition to Kwanyiradhs, etc.
Native missy of the Shilluk tribe wearing decorative beaded caput gearin the Sudd Region of the Upper Nile, Sudan. Location: Sudan Date taken: September 1947. Photographer: Eliot Elisofon
Internal friction amidst Nyiradhs
The contest betwixt Nyirädhs for the rädhship is the norm but this had been pushed to bloody heights inwards some episodes inwards Collo history. For instance, rädh Dekwor (well known every bit Nyadwai, after the holler of his mother, Adwai) wa Tugo, the 12th rädh, made it a holler for to eliminate all the Nyirädhs he could lay hands on except his sons. Thus, 3 of his sons (Muko, Waak in addition to Dyelguth (Nyatho) inwards that order) became rädhs at nowadays inwards succession after him. When Kudit wa Okon who managed to escape Dekwor’s vendetta came to power, he was already advanced inwards age.
It is reported that he had decreed that Dekwor’s identify unit of measurement volition no longer live entitled to larn rädh. Indeed, in that location has never since been a rädh from that family. However, it is also possible that the correct of that identify unit of measurement to the throne powerfulness have got exactly been eliminated past times sheer human historic catamenia every bit Yor(well known every bit Nyakwaci) wa Kudit who became rädh after his manful mortal parent ruled for nearly xl years. By the halt of his reign in that location exactly were no sons of Muko, Waak or Nyatho soundless live to vie for the seat of rädh.
Another instance inwards holler for is that of rädh Aney wa Yor who also made attempts to deny his half-brothers the run a jeopardy of becoming rädh past times removing their teeth.
Although he succeeded alongside Alipo, his other half-brothers Akwod in addition to Awin resisted him until they finally killed him. Akwod took over. It is to live noted that Akwod in addition to Awin were unopen friends. Their mothers were from the Jieng (Dinka) tribe; from the Nyiel in addition to Dingjol sections, respectively.
One to a greater extent than serious feud which brought the ii sections of Collo (Garr in addition to Lwak) to state of war happened at the fourth dimension of Akoc wa Akwod inwards relation to his differences alongside his halfbrothers in addition to cousins inwards Ogod.
Reth Ayang Anei Kor Nyedhok
The listing of Collo Radhs revisited
It volition live noted that the attached listing of the Collo rädhs carries dates dissimilar from those which have got been published so far. The deviation is inwards relation to the reigns of rädhs: Nyidhok wa Yor, Akoc wa Akwod in addition to Awin wa Yor. As a termination of the revision of dates connected alongside the three, the dates of before rädhs have got been adjusted accordingly. The revision is dictated past times the data available from other sources, specially inwards relation to Nuer migration. An explanation is necessary.
Nyidhok wa Yor was the rädh at the fourth dimension of Salim Qapudan’s Nile voyage on behalf of the viceroy of Arab Republic of Egypt (Collins: 21). He passed away inwards 1859. He was preceded past times rädh Akoc wa Akwod, who is believed to have got ruled for v years. Akoc took over from rädh Awin wa Yor who was inwards powerfulness for somewhat less than v years. The catamenia of reign ofthe 3 rädhs tin thus live established past times working backward from the fourth dimension of rädh Nyidhok’s succession to the business office of rädh which must live before 1839. The memoirs of a Collo soldier inwards the Egyptian Army, published inwards 1896, province that Nyidhok “was reth inwards 1836, in addition to that he ruled for xl years”. (Johnson: 686). The forty-year reign is improbable every bit it is non supported past times Collo’s oral history. In fact, Fr Crazzolara (1951: 137) who describes his reign every bit “long in addition to prosperous” gives him alone a duration of 18 years. The appointment 1836 is to a greater extent than likely to live reliable every bit the fourth dimension of ascension of
Nyidhok wa Yor to rädhship. It follows, therefore, that Nyidhok reigned from 1836 to 1859, Akoc held the seat from nearly 1831 to 1836 in addition to Awin was rädh from 1827 to 1831.
CØLLO RÄDHS (SHILLUK KINGS)
S/No. Name of Rädh Village Area Period
1. Nyikango Okwä Nyilwal Panyikango 1537 – 1567 = 30
2. Caal Nyikango Dinyo Tungo 1567 – 1582 = 15
3. Daag Nyikango Palo Panyidwäy 1582 – 1597 = 15
4. Nyidörø Nyikango Nyilyej Adhidhwøy 1597 - 1607 = 10
5. Ocøllø Daag Ditäng Obwä 1607 - 162 7 = 20
6. Diwääd Ocøllo Obudhyang Makaal 1627 – 1642 = 15
7. Bwøj Diwääd Pa-Örro Abyenyayo 1642 – 1652 = 10
8. Abudhög Bwøj Pa-Örro Thwøro 1652 – 1662 = 10
9. Dhøködh Bwøj Dhøkøngo Wadajwøk 1662 – 1682 = 20
10. Tugø Dhøködh Nyiwäjø Nyigiir 1682 – 1702 = 20
11. Okon Tugo Palääbo Pabur 1702 – 1707 = 5
12. Dikwör Tugo (Nyadwai) Dibwör Ködhøg 1707 – 1737 = 30
13. Mugø Dikwör Paabo Ködhøg 1737 – 1742 = 5
14. Waag Dikwör Pakïrro Burkyënyyï 1742 – 1752 = 10
15. Dyelgudh Dikwör Panyathø Waadmän 1752 – 1762 = 10
16. Kudïd Okon Paläbo Lul 1762 – 1772 = 10
17. Yör Kudïd Agwöj Lul 1772 – 1812 = 40
18. Anëy Yör Pandwøng Nyiwudo 1812 – 1817 = 5
19. Akwød Yör Dibaalo Ogød 1817 – 1827 = 10
20. Awin Yör Okwänpï Nyigiir 1827 – 1831 = 4
21. Aköj Akwød Anyiägo Ogød 1831 – 1836 = 5
22. Nydhög Yör Padwöl Waadmän 1836 – 1859 = 23
23. Kwadhkër Akwød Opädhiwän Ogød 1859 – 1870 = 11
24. Ajäng Nyidhög Räädileeb Waadmän 1869 - 1875 = 6
25. Kujkon Kwadhkër Apödho Ogød 1975 – 1881 = 6
26. Yör Aköc Bapi Ködhøg 1882 – 1892 = 10
27. Kur Nyidhög Akwajakwan Gøølo 1892 – 1903 = 11
28. Padyëd Kwadhkër Omøli Waw 1903 – 1917 = 14
29. Papïti Yör Aköj Abwögathø Golbänyo 1917 – 1944 = 27
30. Anëy Kur Nyidhög Gänawad Golbänyo 1944 – 1945 = 1
31. Daag Padyëd Kujo Panyidwäy 1945 – 1951 = 6
32. Kur Papiti Ywödo Ködhøg 1951 – 1974 = 23
33. Ayäng Anëy Kur Owiykyel Waadmän 1974 – 1992 = 18
34. Kwöngo Daag Alãgi Panyidwäy 1992 -
Settlements
The distribution of Shilluk communities has been likened to beads on a string, spread out on the banks of the White Nile, the ane separated from the side past times side past times a distance of from 180 meters to 1.5 kilometers. Settlements arrive at inwards size from hamlets made upward of the mud in addition to thatched-roof huts of a few families to villages of some ane hundred families. At roughly the view of Shilluk province is the hamlet of Pachoda, the residence of each succeeding Shilluk "king" (see "Sociopolitical Organization"). Population densities inwards Shilluk province overstep all others amidst the Nilotic-speaking peoples of the southern Sudan. Each hamlet is formed around a cluster of patrilineal kin who claim membership inwards a mutual clan. Individual clans are dispersed widely throughout Shilluk country. Postmarital residence is patrilocal, in addition to each homestead inside a hamlet consists of a hut for each adult homo every bit good every bit a separate identify for each of his wives.
Economy
The Shilluk maintain little herds of cattle, inwards add-on to larger flocks of sheep in addition to goats. Cattle are unremarkably used for nutrient alone inwards the context of ritual in addition to ceremonial occasions. In the evening, the cattle are tethered around dung fires inwards an travail to lessen the adverse effects of biting flies in addition to insects. Shilluk aggressively in addition to successfully exploit the rich resources of the White Nile in addition to regularly grab many species of fish alongside line-fishing nets in addition to spears. They also hunt hippopotamuses. Less frequently, little hunting parties are organized to pursue antelope, buffalo, in addition to giraffes. Hamlets are surrounded past times gardens of millet, maize, in addition to sesame, every bit good every bit other species introduced during the twentieth century. The Shilluk also cultivate tobacco for personal exercise in addition to for sale. Herding, hunting, in addition to spearfishing are primarily manful mortal activities; women traditionally have got manufactured cooking utensils, cultivated gardens, in addition to prepared food.
The Shilluk are adroit fishermen in addition to exploit alongside ease the fish resources of the Nile in addition to its numerous tributaries in addition to distributaries. Recent ecological changes inwards the Sudan have got made the Shilluk kingdom an of import producer of paste arabica. Petroleum is produced non real far from the Shilluk kingdom in addition to in that location could live stone oil reserves below its sub-soil.
Shilluk Society, Social Events, Attitudes, Customs in addition to Traditions
The Chollo land comprises of nearly 100 dissimilar ethnic communities in addition to clans: the indigenous people in addition to the Luo conquerors , who double upward every bit the most politically in addition to socially dominant. The other of import clans include kwa-Jullo kwa-Jwok (descendants of Ojwok - Nyikango’s cousin), kwa- Oboogo (Oboogo is said to have got volunteered to live sacrificed inwards monastic tell to opened upward up the weeds at the confluence of Nile in addition to Bahr el Ghazal to enable the entourage proceed alongside their journey).
Shilluk woman,South Sudan
The descendents of the assimilated Otango Dirim include: kwa-nyidwai, kwa-dway, kwa-nyidhiang, kwa-mal, kwa-man, kwa-nyudho, kwa-mang , etc. Latter additions to the kingdom are kwa-mwoy , kwa-jango . These serve every bit social identity every bit good every bit special functions at Pachodo. The clans intermarried amidst each other without distinction.
Shilluk people
However, tradition prohibits the Rath from taking every bit wife, a missy from amidst the kwa-Räth or kwa-Jullo. Each clan reproduces its ain self in addition to in that location is no run a jeopardy for ane clan changing to the other inwards spite of the extensive mixing resulting from marriages. However, a recalcitrant kwa-Räth clan could have got its royalty removed inwards a special raid overseen past times the reigning sovereign. They in addition to then larn ordinary Shilluk .
The Shilluk ascribe to an elaborate traditional system, orally transmitted from generation to the next, inwards which each in addition to every Shilluk clan, except the royals, has a defined role to play inwards the kingdom. They participate inwards the edifice in addition to repairs of shrines ; the installation of the Räth. Some Shilluk traditions in addition to customs have got lost their values or originality. Most archaic traditions have got been dropped, piece some have got lingered on although are transforming nether the pressure level of modernity.
Shilluk manful mortal parent in addition to son
Birth
The sexual practice of the novel born tin live easily determined past times the site of the bathing shade in addition to where the umbilical cord had been buried; correct or left of the doorway for manful mortal in addition to woman mortal respectively. The woman parent eats special foods to help inwards a quick in addition to piece of cake recuperation. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 adult woman who has latterly given nativity carries stock of sorghum when she goes out of the house; wears a cross marked alongside ash on her forehead.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 women soundless inwards early on pregnancy (1-2 months), her hubby or somebody who had exactly buried a relative are believed to live ceremonially polluted (rigen da biy). They are non allowed to inside 10 metres of the chemical compound of the newly delivered baby. There is no myth nearly twins but some elaborate rites are performed which go on until they are grown upward in addition to marry. However, giving nativity to triplets is considered abnormal in addition to this fact is reported to Pachodo without delay. The Räth blesses them in addition to offers each a milking cow.
Naming
Every Shilluk novel born is given milk holler the pregnant of which may relate to the sense or circumstance the parents or unopen relative. The prefix ''''nya '''' connotes usually a woman mortal but is sometimes shared past times male. Okach or Nyakach refers to famine; Oyoo or Nyayoo having been born on the road; Acwanyo refers to coinciding alongside the arrival of an of import mortal or relative; Ronyo or Aban coinciding alongside decease of somebody.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 kid could live named after some of import mortal including a departed Räth. In this instance the kid is taken in addition to offerings made on the on that person’s grave or shrine of Räth. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 grown upward mortal could adopt a trip the low-cal fantastic holler or may live given nick holler past times others. The Shilluk past times tradition don’t holler a kid after a living person.
Initiation into Adulthood
There is no elaborate ceremony to grade a girl’s initiation into adulthood. As before long every bit physiological transformation shows, she goes through elaborate cushioning past times the woman parent every bit to protect herself from boys in addition to men inwards general, inwards readiness for union .
The trip the low-cal fantastic ceremony for initiating boys into adulthood doubles upward every bit the formation of age-set is marked past times wearing for the foremost fourth dimension trip the low-cal fantastic regalia consisting of a leopard peel , wild-cat peel ; beads made from shells of ostrich eggs in addition to a necklace made from tail of giraffe . The man child graduant moves to literally bachelors quarters ; prepares for ain sorghum land in addition to prepares to marry.
Shilluk people,South Sudan
Marriage
Marriage is the ultimate goal of every adult manful mortal in addition to female. Courtship in addition to intimacy tin in conclusion for upward to a twelvemonth or more. Once union has been decided on, the missy informs her woman parent who in addition to then informs the manful mortal parent or paternal uncle inwards instance the manful mortal parent is deceased. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 shy boyfriend may inform his manful mortal parent through a friend, uncle or somebody he trusts.
Beautiful Shilluk bride at Juba, South Sudan
Marriage to blood relatives or in-laws is non permitted. Once the suitor has been accepted in addition to announced, the initial bride cost is paid. The Shilluk dowry is a minimum of 10 cows in addition to 30 sheep in addition to goats. The union human relationship does non expire or rust.
Shilluk bride in addition to groom
It tightly binds the ii families making divorce hard if non impossible unless in that location are spectacular reasons. In instance of divorce, the dowry is returned. The Shilluk do pawn-marriage fifty-fifty before the missy has been born. This is accepted inwards times of extreme stress in addition to difficulties.
Shilluk Political Organisation, Traditional Authority
The Chollo kingdom is made upward of ii principal political divisions : the northward (Gar) in addition to the S (Lwak). It is divided into xv provinces each nether the direction of a paramount main direct responsible to the Räth, believed to live the incarnation of Nyikango in addition to is sovereign combining political, administrative, judicial in addition to spiritual power. The chiefs of Tungu (south) in addition to Mwomo (north) are the most senior positions every bit they considered the fronts’ guards. The paramount main has nether his potency hamlet or clan chiefs (jagi myer or, jagi-nyiräth).
There are chiefs of special functions e.g. the chiefs of the hippo called kwa-wang situated inwards Tungu in addition to Mwomo ; the main of Nile called lechwe (jangi gyek) inwards Panyikango. In each province, a military machine commander - bany - emerges past times virtue of military machine prowess in addition to valour but has no administrative functions or authority.
Coronation of the Räth
The Chollo organisation does non tolerate a prolonged powerfulness vacuum (wangi-yomo) next the passing of the sovereign. He is the police in addition to monastic tell in addition to thence must live at nowadays replaced. The procedure of installation of the novel Rath begins at nowadays ane time the council of chiefs (jagiwipadiwad) have got met in addition to decided on a choice.
To live chosen, the prince should have got been born during the reign of his tardily father; should non have got scars whatsoever on his body; should non live known to live a coward every bit he grew upward nether the supervision of the main of the hamlet inwards which he was brought up. The Räth elect - ororo - prepares for wowo (last funeral rites) of the tardily Räth in addition to embarks on his ain installation process. Once all the ritual items (Jami kwer) have got been procured in addition to Nyikango has accented to the alternative of jagiwipadiwad, in addition to then the in conclusion stages of coronation (kwer rony) set about inwards earnest. It could convey upward to 3 months until the in conclusion 24-hour interval of the ceremony when all the chiefs pay their allegiance to the novel Räth, assures the Shilluk nation, in addition to and then set about his reign throughout the Chollo Kingdom.
The royal regalia include: throne (kwom), peel of Nile lechwe , giraffe mane (yar wir), 2 silverish bracelets (ateg), ostrich feathers (okwon wudo), royal spears, royal stick, beads made from ostrich shells (rek), in addition to many others some of which remain inwards the special room (kaano). Räth Kwongo Dak Padiet is the reigning sovereign. He was installed every bit 34th Shilluk Rath inwards 1992.
The Räth reigns for life from Pachodo - established inwards nearly 1690 – 1710 every bit the kingdom’s headquarters in addition to site for coronation of kings past times Tugo wad Dhakodh. However, the reigning sovereign is expected to found his ain village; in addition to comes to Pachodo alone when major decisions affecting the kingdom have got to live taken. There was alone ane adult woman Räth inwards Shilluk history – Abudhok nya Bwoch who reigned from Thworo village. She is said to have got decreed that no adult woman should e'er live installed Räth since women did non honour her court.
The Installation of Shilluk Chiefs
The Shilluk chiefs derive their potency (lawo) from Pachodo. They are responsible in addition to must study to Räth on all royal animate beingness in addition to birds, pertaining to their respective territories: human beingness if murdered (dhanho), Nile lechwe (gyek), crocodile (nyang), hippo (paar), giraffe (wir), elephant (liech), (yiel) leopard (kwach), ostrich (wudo), in addition to cerise oral cavity stock (owango). Chiefs tin live removed from office, every bit the seat is elective in addition to thereby opened upward to competition. Once the Rath realises in that location is rigid competition, he orders elections alongside alone manful mortal adults of that hamlet or province (podho) allowed to cast their votes - lothigen. As a principle ane tin larn a main alone after the decease of one’s father.
Shilluk man, South Sudan
Religion
Shilluk religious concepts are drawn into relief past times an emphasis on the creator-god or divinity/Supreme Being known every bit Juok (jwok ayimo), alongside his identify somewhere inwards the heaven (pa-jwok) where people don’t make evil. There is veneration of Nyikang through the persons who larn kings, in addition to the recognition of the ways inwards which the spirits of the deceased tin behaviour upon those who live them. Juok is a ubiquitous spirit, a phenomenon manifest inwards all places in addition to at all times. Juok tin live addressed through sacrifice of cattle, goats, in addition to sheep. Juok is also strongly associated inwards Shilluk idea alongside the river spirit that foremost gave nativity to Nyikang.
Most Western depictions of Shilluk faith have got been colored past times nineteenth-century visions of "primitive religion." The Shilluk figured prominently inwards evolutionary schemes pose frontwards to depict the class of religious evolution. Ironically, although the Shilluk have got larn good known inwards the anthropological literature, no prolonged inquiry has been carried out past times a trained observer inwards their settlements.
Most Shilluk have got converted to Christianity, piece some soundless follow the traditional faith or a mixture of the two; little numbers have got converted to Islam. The Shilluk pride them selves inwards beingness ane of the foremost Nilotic groups to convey Christianity. Such is the teaching of the Episcopal Church of the Sudan which dates the lawsuit to the tardily 19th Century when the Church Mission Society foremost began to shipping missionaries. Numerous colonial policies in addition to missionary movements have got divided Shilluk into betwixt the Catholic in addition to Protestant denominations.
The Catholic Church was historically assigned the western depository fiscal establishment of the Nile in addition to ran missions stations at Lul, Detwoc, Tonga in addition to Yoynyang, piece the American Inland Mission ran a mission station at Doleib Hill, located to the S of Malakal on the eastern side of the Nile, but situated on the Sobat river. The Shilluk were a minority inwards the SPLM faction for most of the Second Sudanese Civil War, their issue peaking inwards the tardily 1980s in addition to the pre-ceasefire fighting inwards 2004.
Shilluk Culture: Arts, Music, Literature in addition to Handicraft
The Shilluk fellowship has evolved a cloth in addition to political civilization expressed inwards the institutions of the kingdom in addition to the daily life activities, notwithstanding its oral nature. The kingdom rests on an elaborate organisation of traditions in addition to practices that go dorsum to a greater extent than than 500years. The royalty are addressed inwards a separate vocabulary.
The Shilluk are real item nearly trunk cleanliness; the pilus is constructed into ii structures that give the impression of plates of pilus on the head. They vesture beads, in addition to other ornament which include cutting dots on forehead in addition to tattooing on the body. The Shilluk have got developed music instruments: a form of guitar (thom), flute made fom the horns of kudu (kang), (adalo), in addition to drum (bul).
The Shilluk command in addition to defense forcefulness of the Nile channel promoted the development of a navy that used dug out canoes. They imported atomic issue 26 from the Nuba Mountains in addition to Funj Kingdom for making spears (tong), axes (doro), knives (paalo) in addition to hoes (kwer). The Shilluk have got developed several in addition to dissimilar types of dance: bul, thom, amagak, aya, etc., to grade dissimilar occasions. Their folklore is rich alongside fairy tales for children, quizzes, riddles, etc. Neighbours in addition to Foreign Relations in addition to Cooperation The Räth has had a moderating influence on the Shilluk in addition to the cordial relations in addition to mutual honour they have got evolved alongside their neighbours: Salem Arabs inwards the north, Nuba inwards the west, Nuer inwards the S in addition to Dinka in addition to Funj inwards the east.
Death
As the ultimate halt of every living mortal, the Shilluk convey in addition to honour death. It is celebrated when it is for an elderly mortal or an of import mortal passing. The caput is shaved in addition to the trunk is dressed according to status inwards society. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 kid or uninitiated manful mortal is buried without much ceremony.
An adult manful mortal is dressed inwards state of war regalia in addition to the burial is accompanied past times state of war trip the low-cal fantastic in addition to wailing past times women, usually alongside mock state of war against the ‘jwok’ that is assumed to have got ‘killed’ him. The main is buried inwards a hut. The Räth is buried alongside much to a greater extent than paraphernalia. All inwards all, the trunk is lowered, lying on the correct side alongside the caput pointing to the E facing the opened upward side of the grave, into a grove dug on the correct side of the grave.
The burial ceremony is followed after a few weeks past times a ritual which literally signifies removal of the holler from amidst the living. Three months later a funeral rite is performed followed years later, depending on the economical province of affairs of the family, past times the in conclusion funeral rites after which the mortal is considered to have got joined the ancestors. The funeral ceremony of the Räth is managed, performed in addition to led inside a few months past times the anointed in addition to succeeding Räth-elect.
Latest Developments
The location of the kingdom on the Nile has exposed the Shilluk to every danger that came alongside European in addition to Arab incursions in addition to aggression downwardly the Nile: slavery in addition to slave merchandise in addition to the so-called modernity - Christianisation in addition to Islamisation. Many have got converted to Christianity (south) in addition to Islam (north). Nevertheless, their allegiance remains alongside Pachodo. The state of war has displaced many Shilluk to northward Sudan. This poses a serious threat to Shilluk traditions.
Shilluk people
Diaspora
Small Shilluk communities have got sprung upward inwards USA, Canada, Great Britain in addition to Commonwealth of Australia every bit a termination of displacement past times war. Many are soundless inwards contact alongside their families dorsum home.
source:http://www.anyuakmedia.com/A_HISTORICAL_BACKGROUND_OF_THE_COLLO.pdf
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