Info For Yous Kunama People: Eritrea`S Indigenous Matriarchal Tribe That Has Preserved Their Ancient Traditions (Andinnas) Together With Faced Persecutions Inward Their Homeland Equally A Effect Of Their Darker Peel Color
Kunama people of Eritrea faces persecution from their ain authorities simply similar how the Ethiopian rulers as well as Italian invaders did because they receive got darker skin, believe inwards their ancient traditional organized faith as well as cultural patterns as well as they similar to remain inwards their native lands to struggle for their rights.(see;http://assenna.com/recent-news-from-inside-eritrea-the-eritrean-dictatorial-regime-is-evicting-kunama-farmers-from-their-ancestral-farm-lands/)
Kunama people from Berentu,Eritrea at a Wedding
The Kunama people as well as the Nara are the 2 ancient tribes that domiciled inwards Eritrea before the coming of the dark light-skinned tribes to occupy their lands equally neighbors. In other words the Kunama as well as Nara are the master copy inhabitants of Eritrea that has been occupying southern component subdivision of western lowlands. The Kunama people,in particular, has been target of persecution from the ruling Ethiopian regimes as well as the Italians colonizers that invaded Eritrea.
The Ethiopian kings/elitist regime heads as well as the Italian invaders saw Kunama people equally backward pagans who worship deities as well as are non willing to alter their ways to conform their ways. They called them "Barias" (slaves) as well as made usage of the light-skinned Eritrean tribes inwards their divisive crusade of persecution past times pitching them against the Kunama inwards their tribal raids which includes rustling of Kunama cattle, capturing of Kunama tribes people as well as enslaving them. The light-skinned tribes were seen equally superior because they were already having either Islam or Christianity equally their faith. Those who were non yet believers readily became Christian as well as Muslim converts.
Ace Eritrean African Pop vocalist as well as Freedom fighter inwards Eritrean War of
Independence, Dehab Faytinga Neberi aka Faytinga is a fellow member of Kunama tribe
That same approach used past times both Ethiopian rulers as well as Italian invaders inwards persecuting Kunama people is nevertheless existence used past times the electrical flow Eritrean regime. Kunama people faces daily persecution for daring to utter against their authorities inwards defence of their the world as well as key human right. They are constantly targeted for bulk murder as well as some of them are either inwards refugee camps or receive got fled out of the province for their safety.
Below is the most authentic historical trouble organisation human relationship of Kunama people past times Dr Alexander Naty.
Kunama adult woman carrying charge inwards a unique way
"The diverse ethnic groups inwards Eritrea refer to the Kunama amongst unlike names. Their neighboring as well as culturally related Nara calls them Diila. The Tigre as well as the Hedareb refer them equally Bazen, a call that inwards recent
times has been inwards decline in all probability due to its historical implications to the Axumite Rex Bazen of ancient Abyssinia. The Kunama usage the call Kunama to telephone band themselves. The pregnant of the call has been
misunderstood. For example, the Italian Franciscan priest, Father Giuseppe Fermo (1950) who compiled a Kunama Italian lexicon associates the call to the Oromo word "konama", which agency "my people". The term Kunama agency natural.
Among the Kunama if an private misbehaves, oftentimes people would utter that that the someone is non behaving the "Kunama way" (i.e. the natural way). Similarly if you lot asking drinking H2O from a adult woman who has a
beer too, the adult woman would inquire you lot "bia Kunama henube aifa?" The pregnant of this disceptation is "do you lot desire natural H2O or beer?" In these 2 context the word Kunama is used to hateful natural.
Kunama Beauty from Eritrea
The Kunama are a sedentary agricultural people located inwards the quondam Gash-Setit region. The portion is at nowadays called Gash-Barka. They cultivate crops such equally sorghum, millet as well as varieties of legumes. The names Gash
and Setit derive from the names of 2 rivers (Gash as well as Setit) inwards the area. The Kunama refer to Gash as well as Setit rivers equally Sona as well as Tika respectively. The Italians as well as the Ethiopians adopted the call gash and
Setit. Currently the portion is called Gas-Barka, which includes the quondam Gash-Setit, Barka as well as some areas from the quondam Hamasien as well as Serae regions.
These regional groupings include, Marda, Barka, Aimasa, Tika, Taguda, Sokodasa, Ilita as well as Bitama. The dialects spoken amid the Ilita as well as Bitama are quite unlike from the others that in that location has been a tendency
to consider them equally 2 unlike ethnic groups. The Bitama (from the Kunama word "bia tama", which agency "fresh water" receive got intermarried amongst the Hedareb so much that they receive got adopted the language, civilization as well as organized faith of the latter.
In the past times the Kunama followed their traditional religion, but at nowadays some receive got adopted Christianity whereas a few converted to Islam. The exact number of the Kunama population is unknown because of the lack of census inwards the country. In 1984-85 the Central Statistical Authority of the Government of the Socialist Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conducted a census as well as according to this census the Kunama numbered nearly 100,000. Apparently this number, included the Kunama inwards Eritrea, Tigray as well as the Gonder province. According to the Eritrean authorities the Kunama constitute nearly 2% of the total population of the country.
Kunama girl
The Kunama receive got been organized along matrilineal clan social organisation. Individuals draw their descent through the mother's line. Alberto Pollera (1913; 1935) has reported that in that location are the next 4 clans amid the Kunama: Karaua, Shua, Semma as well as Gumma. These clans are limited exclusively inwards sure areas. They are found inwards Barka, Tike as well as Aimasa regions. These clans are referred to equally Kara, Nataka, Serma as well as Gurma respectively inwards marda. Among the Marda in that location are many clans that produce non be inwards other areas of the Kunama land. These clans include Kasara, Doba, Lakka, Momoda, Alaka as well as Shila. Some clans such equally the Kara, Nataka as well as Kasara amid the Marda receive got subdivisions. For example, kara as well as Nataka receive got 3 subdivisions whereas the Kasara clan has 2 subdivisions. The unlike clans that be inwards the guild receive got sure of import social as well as political roles. Some clans are responsible for bringing rain. Others are entrusted the purpose or warding off locusts as well as insects from damaging crops. In damage of political organizations, what Africanist anthropologists refer to equally stateless or acephalous political scheme characterizes the Kunama. H5N1 council of elders who know the customary laws administer the guild democratically. As a result, no inequality inwards ability relations developed amid the unlike segment of the community. Women inwards the society
had as well as nevertheless receive got a higher social status compared to others societies inwards Eritrea.
Before the advent of the Italian colonialism, the Kunama had hostile relations of the ethnic groups inwards their surroundings. There were raids from the Abyssinians. These raids were aimed at looting cattle as well as enslaving people. The Abyssinians enslaved the people without whatsoever compassion because the Kunama were non Christians at that time. In the eyes of the Abyssinians of the time, the enslaving of the "pagan" communities was acceptable. On their component subdivision the Kunama carried out counter raids against the Abyssinians. The Kunama raided also the Hedareb people of Eritrea.
The Kunama refer to these raids equally sakada masa or bada. Through such raids, they were able to convey women from other societies equally captives. By having them go through a ritual, (known equally kafala dora inwards Kunama), women were incorporated into the clans of their captor. In this way, the guild incorporated females from other neighboring groups equally machinery of multiplying members of the society. The lack of social discrimination against such individuals inwards guild facilitated a smooth integration of women inwards the society.
The existence of names of clans referring to some of the neighbouring societies amid the Kunama is an indication of the incorporation of members from other communities. The clan names Alaka as well as Shila hateful Tigrean as well as Tigre respectively. Originally members of Alaka as well as Shila clans must receive got come upward from the Tirgrean as well as Tigre ethnic groups.
about her pregnancy to her blood brother who did non desire his sister's death. They decided to flee to the the world of the Kunama ethnic group. The immature lady delivered her kid there. According to this Kunama oral tradition,
members of the Shila clan draw their descent to this legend.
Kunama oral history is total of stories nearly Abyssinian raids. The raids of ras Alula, a state of war full general of Emperor Yohannes as well as afterwards Menelik, inwards the belatedly nineteenth century are oftentimes remembered inwards the collective retention of the Kunama. The raids of ras Alula are commonly referred to equally Alula masa. During these raids a lot of cattle were looted from the Kunama (Haggai Erlich 1996; 101-106).
Indeed, the oral history shows that because of such looting in that location were no livestock inwards the society. As a
result, the Kunama had to adopt a scheme of tillage known equally gooso kooba equally a way of restructuring themselves to the previous situation. In this system, a human being, (usually a man) dragged the plough and
another someone plowed. The Kunama also abandoned the exercise of paying the bride-wealth inwards damage of cattle during marriage. The raid of Alula also took away many Kunama into slavery. Consequently the
population was significantly reduced. What was the reaction of the Kunama towards such raids? Adult men fought dorsum against the Abyssinians. Some Kunama (mostly children, elderly as well as women) took refuge into caves.
Kunama bride dancing at her traditional wedding ceremony ceremony
The Abyssinians piled upward firewood at the entrance of the caves as well as laid fire. They sprinkled chili known equally berbere inwards Tigrigna as well as Amharic. The suffocating outcome of the fume as well as the pepper forced the women to come upward out of the caves to live victims of the Abyssinian predators. The hostile relations of the Kunama amongst their neighboring ethnic groups are fifty-fifty reflected when an private curses some other someone such equally alake ebini, alghedenai ebini, shilai ebini, turukai ebini, which means, "I curse you lot that you lot volition live captured past times Abyssinian, Agheden Tigreand Turks respectively". All these forms of curse reverberate the historical animosity of the Kunama amongst the external forces.
Interestingly, the Kunama receive got a proverb that goes, alaka wa shokolana nibin nikonni, which means, "you cannot fifty-fifty capture a one-eyed Abissinian". This proverb is oftentimes uttered to imply that someone is coward.
Kunama ladies at a wedding
The traditional personal names amid the Kunama reverberate the names of places the raiders had gone inwards enemy territories. The Kunama receive got a tradition of naming babies after what they refer equally footsteps of the
warriors. There are names such equally Adwa, Makalle, Adarde as well as Darotai. Adwa as well as Makalle are names of localities inwards Tigray whereas Adarde as well as Darotai are names of places inwards Tigreland inwards Eritrea. These names are
often given to females. The initiation names of men also reverberate the history of raids against the neighboring groups. For example, the call of Asubab implies the raiding of enemy cattle piece they are drinking water
in the river. Similarly the call Ajjiuar denotes the assault of the enemy cattle piece they are sleeping inwards their cattle chemical compound at night. H5N1 to a greater extent than consummate listing of initiation names amongst their meanings appear inwards Renato
Aroro's (1974; 2124) article.
Has Anybody watched this documentary?
HOME ACROSS LANDS is a documentary that explores the journeying of resettlement-- it tells the even out of a little grouping of Kunama refugees as well as how they reestablish their sense of community inwards their novel domicile inwards America. Considered to live some of the master copy inhabitants of Eritrea, the Kunama people are a marginalized minority populating the remote as well as fertile regions close the edge of Ethiopia. In 1998, state of war betwixt Eritrea as well as Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia broke out inwards a conflict over these edge lands forcing over 4,000 Kunama to flee across the edge into Northern Ethiopia. In 2000, the state of war ended amongst the Eritrean authorities regaining command of the disputed area, separating thousands of Kunama from their homeland as well as way of life. Today the Kunama appear inwards desolation, 45 km from the disputed Eritrean/Ethiopian border, warehoused inwards the Shimelba Refugee Camp inwards Northern Ethiopia. Life inwards the army camp is hard as well as opportunities for a amend life are nonexistent, but the Kunama remain committed to their rigid sense of community as well as identify unit of measurement inwards spite of their displacement. Unwanted inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as well as unable to render to their homes safely, a little number of Kunama are given the chance for resettlement inwards the United States. HOME ACROSS LANDS chronicles the journeying of these newly arrived Kunama equally they strive to go self-reliant, invested participants inwards their novel home. Guiding their transition is the resettlement agency, International Institute of Rhode Island, that connects them to the resources they demand equally they go to constitute a novel community as well as amend life for their families.
Source:POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE KUNAMA PEOPLE:
By Dr. Alexander Naty. Part III (http://www.mesel-biherat.com/meselbiherat/resources/POLITICAL%20AND%20CULTURAL%20HISTORY%20OF%20THE%20KUNAMA%20PEOPLE.pdf)
Kunama tribe adult woman as well as a immature lady amongst a donkey.Courtesy Eric Lafforgue
Kunama spiritual tradition/religion has an enviable purpose for women who are mouthpiece of the gods as well as ancestral spirits. These women are called Andinnas,they are held inwards high esteem inwards Kunama society. Below is a write-ups past times Veleda who polished the go of Kunama Anthropology authorisation Gianni Dore on her page http://www.sourcememory.net/veleda/?p=87 about Andinnas.
Kunama Spiritual Andinna Matriarchs
The institution of Andinna is mutual as well as widespread amid the Kunama. This call tin live used inwards a broad sense for whatsoever adult woman who becomes entranced, as well as to a greater extent than specifically for the women (andinna shadia) who are chosen past times the ancestral spirits as well as are recognized equally called as well as formally initiated. Only women go entranced as well as larn into the sisterhood of Andinnas.
Andinna inwards majesty amongst sword as well as horned feathered headdress
According to Gianni Dore the term Andinna “may live related to andà, corking one, elder, ancestor… perhaps alluding to their business office of mediating amongst the world of spirits (inà is a suffix that indicates a character of of something).” Every year, the Andinnas autumn inwards trance inwards the dry out months of Dec as well as January, after the sorghum harvests. For 3 or 4 days upward to a fortnight, they roam across the land, across dry, oftentimes hard paths, visiting as well as existence ritually welcomed into villages, where they heal as well as perform divinations or channel the spirits of ancestors. They “cure amongst herbs, are able to drive away evil spirits as well as protect from misfortune.”
To laid about with, the Andinne undo their pilus as well as are anointed amongst butter. They encompass the forepart of their caput as well as sometimes 2 forelocks amongst a white, hornlike crown of sheep fat. [And, according to Frank-Wissman, the fatty is mixed amongst other sacred substances, perchance herbs.] They hang long dark feathers from their heads as well as concur poles, the senior Andinnas carryiing staffs amongst bells on top for calling the spirits.
“They assemble within a dagasà enclosure, unremarkably 4 or v of them amongst their apprentices, a small, promotion hoc feminine confraternity; they drinkable aifa, the local sorghum beer, they swallow valuable foods similar sesame as well as honey, burn downwards incense, concur a sword. They larn into trance to the accompaniment of music, singing inwards telephone band as well as response. They also limited themselves amongst masculine voices as well as bearing inwards world performances, as well as may threaten or pursue anyone who comes close…”
Portrait of a Kunama woman. Eritrea | © Elsa Gebre
The Andinna are said non to recollect what they say or produce during these trances. The words they utter are a mixture of Kunama amongst Standard Arabic as well as Tigrinya (a bulk linguistic communication inwards Eritrea), amongst glossalia (non-words) as well as infusions of Islamic words as well as place-names such equally Mecca as well as Medina. As an example, hither is an invocation past times the Andinna Ka_i_a Annè of Dagìlo:
“O-di-de-do ele-le-le the spirits come, raised/ the spirits come, O mother, O mother! H5N1 unmarried spirit comes from Mekkamedina! (…) Like a brigand o-di-de-do-oi-da-do prays inwards the evening, prays inwards the evening, I Kagigia I laid about to pray/ the spirit comes exclusively from me oi dabò.”
The women ship swords, lances, sticks, shields, feathers, as well as sheep fat, for ceremonial use; plants as well as roots for curing, as well as sacrificial animals. “Even the entranced movements inwards their strangeness as well as irregularity (such equally scrambling upward on the roof of a hut or into the trees) are codified… Spectators sometimes participate past times stepping upward to back upward the women when they autumn to their knees or into someone’s arms inwards deep trance.”
“The traumatic experiences of the andinna women create them agasè, intermediaries betwixt the living as well as dead. Immersed inwards the hurting of the living, they are called to resolve the sufferings of life; amongst their traveling equally shadows, hella, betwixt the earth, lagà, of the living as well as that of the dead, they reassure on the fact that the dead don’t receive got suspended accounts, but respond to the anxietes of the living on the fate of those whose decease is non certain.”
Andinnas amongst wands.
At the halt of the sacred period, the Andinnas go through ceremonies that render them to normality. Their relatives prepare sorghum beer as well as invite guests; the women oftentimes assemble together inwards a unmarried hut, fifty-fifty if in that location are diverse spirits, as well as they create sàmeda, the festival amongst the closing trip the lite fantastic equally the menstruum of trance ends.
The andinnas render as well as are greeted past times their relatives, who inquire “How was your journey? Are you lot well?” And then: “Have you lot seen our relatives? They response that they receive got met this i as well as that one. Various kinds of rites are performed. Some denote as well as prepare the ceremonies for the dead on behalf of the relatives. Others, the sasalilé, perform divinations, receiving questioners from behind a cloth, speaking inwards the phonation of a dead relative who asks for sacrifices. Pollera describes them existence wrapped inwards a futa on the ground, as well as hidden there, speaking inwards tongues.
This hiding of the entranced seer behind a veil or stuff appears inwards many places, including Indonesia, Philippines, Uganda, the beaded veils of the izangoma inwards South Africa as well as the machi inwards Chile.
Kunama adult woman dancing at her wedding ceremony ceremony
At the halt of their sacred journeying across the the world piece immersed inwards ancestral consciousness, the Andinnas render to their hamlet for the closing ceremonies. One Italian observer described how the women danced 4 times, as well as then returned inwards procession, amongst the caput Andinna coming last. They were joined past times 2 ex-andinnas who repeatedly cried out, “sullum, sadellà lilina ibba” (“goodbye, Father Sadallà, I go out you…”).
The women moved across the clearing, performing protective ritual theatre as well as offerings: “they turn, amongst weapons lowered, execute correct as well as left turns similar soldiers, cross arms, take their diadems of fat, scatter aifa-beer as well as milk to the 4 directions, saltation toward the east, hissing, as well as and then compose themselves. Finally they unopen amongst a sacrifical repast of chicken as well as injera.”
In Oganna, the procession ends upward inwards the lower component subdivision of the village, where the Andinna trip the lite fantastic on the in conclusion day. They human activity out raids amongst lances, chasing away spirits. H5N1 1966 description recounts that 3 andinnas sang to the audio of the stringed abankalà, ever played past times men (while exclusively women play the kubulà drum). [69-70] The Andinnas made 4 turns around the neñeda clearing amongst their lances, shouting, “Ussumullai, alanga, gasc, negusc, makkamedina, eliti, bitame!” They kissed the drawn sword, as well as then the lance. Each i sacrificed a hen as well as drank its blood. In the afternoon they acted out a cattle-raid. They started singing exterior the hamlet as well as reentered, shouting over as well as over “Sanni morò, sanni morò abbagarà naneto. Sanni morò.” Then they ate the sacrificed meat, washed themselves and, crying, went over to a infinite inwards forepart of the huts.
Kunama people from Berentu,Eritrea at a Wedding
The Kunama people as well as the Nara are the 2 ancient tribes that domiciled inwards Eritrea before the coming of the dark light-skinned tribes to occupy their lands equally neighbors. In other words the Kunama as well as Nara are the master copy inhabitants of Eritrea that has been occupying southern component subdivision of western lowlands. The Kunama people,in particular, has been target of persecution from the ruling Ethiopian regimes as well as the Italians colonizers that invaded Eritrea.
The Ethiopian kings/elitist regime heads as well as the Italian invaders saw Kunama people equally backward pagans who worship deities as well as are non willing to alter their ways to conform their ways. They called them "Barias" (slaves) as well as made usage of the light-skinned Eritrean tribes inwards their divisive crusade of persecution past times pitching them against the Kunama inwards their tribal raids which includes rustling of Kunama cattle, capturing of Kunama tribes people as well as enslaving them. The light-skinned tribes were seen equally superior because they were already having either Islam or Christianity equally their faith. Those who were non yet believers readily became Christian as well as Muslim converts.
Independence, Dehab Faytinga Neberi aka Faytinga is a fellow member of Kunama tribe
That same approach used past times both Ethiopian rulers as well as Italian invaders inwards persecuting Kunama people is nevertheless existence used past times the electrical flow Eritrean regime. Kunama people faces daily persecution for daring to utter against their authorities inwards defence of their the world as well as key human right. They are constantly targeted for bulk murder as well as some of them are either inwards refugee camps or receive got fled out of the province for their safety.
Below is the most authentic historical trouble organisation human relationship of Kunama people past times Dr Alexander Naty.
Kunama adult woman carrying charge inwards a unique way
"The diverse ethnic groups inwards Eritrea refer to the Kunama amongst unlike names. Their neighboring as well as culturally related Nara calls them Diila. The Tigre as well as the Hedareb refer them equally Bazen, a call that inwards recent
times has been inwards decline in all probability due to its historical implications to the Axumite Rex Bazen of ancient Abyssinia. The Kunama usage the call Kunama to telephone band themselves. The pregnant of the call has been
misunderstood. For example, the Italian Franciscan priest, Father Giuseppe Fermo (1950) who compiled a Kunama Italian lexicon associates the call to the Oromo word "konama", which agency "my people". The term Kunama agency natural.
Among the Kunama if an private misbehaves, oftentimes people would utter that that the someone is non behaving the "Kunama way" (i.e. the natural way). Similarly if you lot asking drinking H2O from a adult woman who has a
beer too, the adult woman would inquire you lot "bia Kunama henube aifa?" The pregnant of this disceptation is "do you lot desire natural H2O or beer?" In these 2 context the word Kunama is used to hateful natural.
The Kunama are a sedentary agricultural people located inwards the quondam Gash-Setit region. The portion is at nowadays called Gash-Barka. They cultivate crops such equally sorghum, millet as well as varieties of legumes. The names Gash
and Setit derive from the names of 2 rivers (Gash as well as Setit) inwards the area. The Kunama refer to Gash as well as Setit rivers equally Sona as well as Tika respectively. The Italians as well as the Ethiopians adopted the call gash and
Setit. Currently the portion is called Gas-Barka, which includes the quondam Gash-Setit, Barka as well as some areas from the quondam Hamasien as well as Serae regions.
Kunama adult man from Barentu,Eritrea amongst traditional scars on the face
© Eric Lafforgue
www.ericlafforgue.com
The Kunama linguistic communication belongs to the Nilo-Saharan linguistic communication family. Although nosotros utter of the Kunama equally a homogenous group, in that location are variations that manifest historical, linguistic as well as cultural differences.www.ericlafforgue.com
These regional groupings include, Marda, Barka, Aimasa, Tika, Taguda, Sokodasa, Ilita as well as Bitama. The dialects spoken amid the Ilita as well as Bitama are quite unlike from the others that in that location has been a tendency
to consider them equally 2 unlike ethnic groups. The Bitama (from the Kunama word "bia tama", which agency "fresh water" receive got intermarried amongst the Hedareb so much that they receive got adopted the language, civilization as well as organized faith of the latter.
In the past times the Kunama followed their traditional religion, but at nowadays some receive got adopted Christianity whereas a few converted to Islam. The exact number of the Kunama population is unknown because of the lack of census inwards the country. In 1984-85 the Central Statistical Authority of the Government of the Socialist Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conducted a census as well as according to this census the Kunama numbered nearly 100,000. Apparently this number, included the Kunama inwards Eritrea, Tigray as well as the Gonder province. According to the Eritrean authorities the Kunama constitute nearly 2% of the total population of the country.
Kunama girl
The Kunama receive got been organized along matrilineal clan social organisation. Individuals draw their descent through the mother's line. Alberto Pollera (1913; 1935) has reported that in that location are the next 4 clans amid the Kunama: Karaua, Shua, Semma as well as Gumma. These clans are limited exclusively inwards sure areas. They are found inwards Barka, Tike as well as Aimasa regions. These clans are referred to equally Kara, Nataka, Serma as well as Gurma respectively inwards marda. Among the Marda in that location are many clans that produce non be inwards other areas of the Kunama land. These clans include Kasara, Doba, Lakka, Momoda, Alaka as well as Shila. Some clans such equally the Kara, Nataka as well as Kasara amid the Marda receive got subdivisions. For example, kara as well as Nataka receive got 3 subdivisions whereas the Kasara clan has 2 subdivisions. The unlike clans that be inwards the guild receive got sure of import social as well as political roles. Some clans are responsible for bringing rain. Others are entrusted the purpose or warding off locusts as well as insects from damaging crops. In damage of political organizations, what Africanist anthropologists refer to equally stateless or acephalous political scheme characterizes the Kunama. H5N1 council of elders who know the customary laws administer the guild democratically. As a result, no inequality inwards ability relations developed amid the unlike segment of the community. Women inwards the society
had as well as nevertheless receive got a higher social status compared to others societies inwards Eritrea.
Before the advent of the Italian colonialism, the Kunama had hostile relations of the ethnic groups inwards their surroundings. There were raids from the Abyssinians. These raids were aimed at looting cattle as well as enslaving people. The Abyssinians enslaved the people without whatsoever compassion because the Kunama were non Christians at that time. In the eyes of the Abyssinians of the time, the enslaving of the "pagan" communities was acceptable. On their component subdivision the Kunama carried out counter raids against the Abyssinians. The Kunama raided also the Hedareb people of Eritrea.
Cunama (Kunama) Aimasa Man
More from i of my mother's old photograph albums from when she was inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia inwards 1947. These were in all probability taken past times a commercial lensman during the Italian Occupation
The existence of names of clans referring to some of the neighbouring societies amid the Kunama is an indication of the incorporation of members from other communities. The clan names Alaka as well as Shila hateful Tigrean as well as Tigre respectively. Originally members of Alaka as well as Shila clans must receive got come upward from the Tirgrean as well as Tigre ethnic groups.
Typical hair-style of the Kunama ethnic tribe, inwards Eritrea
Among the Kunama of Marda in that location is a legend that indicates that members of the Shila clan were originally Tigre. In the past times girls amid the Tigre were non supposed to larn pregnant unless they were married. Those girls who became pregnant without legal matrimony were killed. One would imagine that this exercise must receive got been adopted after the Tigre conversion to Islam. In whatsoever case, a immature lady became pregnant as well as she toldabout her pregnancy to her blood brother who did non desire his sister's death. They decided to flee to the the world of the Kunama ethnic group. The immature lady delivered her kid there. According to this Kunama oral tradition,
members of the Shila clan draw their descent to this legend.
Kunama oral history is total of stories nearly Abyssinian raids. The raids of ras Alula, a state of war full general of Emperor Yohannes as well as afterwards Menelik, inwards the belatedly nineteenth century are oftentimes remembered inwards the collective retention of the Kunama. The raids of ras Alula are commonly referred to equally Alula masa. During these raids a lot of cattle were looted from the Kunama (Haggai Erlich 1996; 101-106).
Indeed, the oral history shows that because of such looting in that location were no livestock inwards the society. As a
result, the Kunama had to adopt a scheme of tillage known equally gooso kooba equally a way of restructuring themselves to the previous situation. In this system, a human being, (usually a man) dragged the plough and
another someone plowed. The Kunama also abandoned the exercise of paying the bride-wealth inwards damage of cattle during marriage. The raid of Alula also took away many Kunama into slavery. Consequently the
population was significantly reduced. What was the reaction of the Kunama towards such raids? Adult men fought dorsum against the Abyssinians. Some Kunama (mostly children, elderly as well as women) took refuge into caves.
Kunama bride dancing at her traditional wedding ceremony ceremony
The Abyssinians piled upward firewood at the entrance of the caves as well as laid fire. They sprinkled chili known equally berbere inwards Tigrigna as well as Amharic. The suffocating outcome of the fume as well as the pepper forced the women to come upward out of the caves to live victims of the Abyssinian predators. The hostile relations of the Kunama amongst their neighboring ethnic groups are fifty-fifty reflected when an private curses some other someone such equally alake ebini, alghedenai ebini, shilai ebini, turukai ebini, which means, "I curse you lot that you lot volition live captured past times Abyssinian, Agheden Tigreand Turks respectively". All these forms of curse reverberate the historical animosity of the Kunama amongst the external forces.
Interestingly, the Kunama receive got a proverb that goes, alaka wa shokolana nibin nikonni, which means, "you cannot fifty-fifty capture a one-eyed Abissinian". This proverb is oftentimes uttered to imply that someone is coward.
Kunama ladies at a wedding
The traditional personal names amid the Kunama reverberate the names of places the raiders had gone inwards enemy territories. The Kunama receive got a tradition of naming babies after what they refer equally footsteps of the
warriors. There are names such equally Adwa, Makalle, Adarde as well as Darotai. Adwa as well as Makalle are names of localities inwards Tigray whereas Adarde as well as Darotai are names of places inwards Tigreland inwards Eritrea. These names are
often given to females. The initiation names of men also reverberate the history of raids against the neighboring groups. For example, the call of Asubab implies the raiding of enemy cattle piece they are drinking water
in the river. Similarly the call Ajjiuar denotes the assault of the enemy cattle piece they are sleeping inwards their cattle chemical compound at night. H5N1 to a greater extent than consummate listing of initiation names amongst their meanings appear inwards Renato
Aroro's (1974; 2124) article.
Has Anybody watched this documentary?
HOME ACROSS LANDS is a documentary that explores the journeying of resettlement-- it tells the even out of a little grouping of Kunama refugees as well as how they reestablish their sense of community inwards their novel domicile inwards America. Considered to live some of the master copy inhabitants of Eritrea, the Kunama people are a marginalized minority populating the remote as well as fertile regions close the edge of Ethiopia. In 1998, state of war betwixt Eritrea as well as Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia broke out inwards a conflict over these edge lands forcing over 4,000 Kunama to flee across the edge into Northern Ethiopia. In 2000, the state of war ended amongst the Eritrean authorities regaining command of the disputed area, separating thousands of Kunama from their homeland as well as way of life. Today the Kunama appear inwards desolation, 45 km from the disputed Eritrean/Ethiopian border, warehoused inwards the Shimelba Refugee Camp inwards Northern Ethiopia. Life inwards the army camp is hard as well as opportunities for a amend life are nonexistent, but the Kunama remain committed to their rigid sense of community as well as identify unit of measurement inwards spite of their displacement. Unwanted inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as well as unable to render to their homes safely, a little number of Kunama are given the chance for resettlement inwards the United States. HOME ACROSS LANDS chronicles the journeying of these newly arrived Kunama equally they strive to go self-reliant, invested participants inwards their novel home. Guiding their transition is the resettlement agency, International Institute of Rhode Island, that connects them to the resources they demand equally they go to constitute a novel community as well as amend life for their families.
Source:POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE KUNAMA PEOPLE:
By Dr. Alexander Naty. Part III (http://www.mesel-biherat.com/meselbiherat/resources/POLITICAL%20AND%20CULTURAL%20HISTORY%20OF%20THE%20KUNAMA%20PEOPLE.pdf)
Kunama tribe adult woman as well as a immature lady amongst a donkey.Courtesy Eric Lafforgue
Kunama spiritual tradition/religion has an enviable purpose for women who are mouthpiece of the gods as well as ancestral spirits. These women are called Andinnas,they are held inwards high esteem inwards Kunama society. Below is a write-ups past times Veleda who polished the go of Kunama Anthropology authorisation Gianni Dore on her page http://www.sourcememory.net/veleda/?p=87 about Andinnas.
Kunama Spiritual Andinna Matriarchs
The institution of Andinna is mutual as well as widespread amid the Kunama. This call tin live used inwards a broad sense for whatsoever adult woman who becomes entranced, as well as to a greater extent than specifically for the women (andinna shadia) who are chosen past times the ancestral spirits as well as are recognized equally called as well as formally initiated. Only women go entranced as well as larn into the sisterhood of Andinnas.
According to Gianni Dore the term Andinna “may live related to andà, corking one, elder, ancestor… perhaps alluding to their business office of mediating amongst the world of spirits (inà is a suffix that indicates a character of of something).” Every year, the Andinnas autumn inwards trance inwards the dry out months of Dec as well as January, after the sorghum harvests. For 3 or 4 days upward to a fortnight, they roam across the land, across dry, oftentimes hard paths, visiting as well as existence ritually welcomed into villages, where they heal as well as perform divinations or channel the spirits of ancestors. They “cure amongst herbs, are able to drive away evil spirits as well as protect from misfortune.”
To laid about with, the Andinne undo their pilus as well as are anointed amongst butter. They encompass the forepart of their caput as well as sometimes 2 forelocks amongst a white, hornlike crown of sheep fat. [And, according to Frank-Wissman, the fatty is mixed amongst other sacred substances, perchance herbs.] They hang long dark feathers from their heads as well as concur poles, the senior Andinnas carryiing staffs amongst bells on top for calling the spirits.
“They assemble within a dagasà enclosure, unremarkably 4 or v of them amongst their apprentices, a small, promotion hoc feminine confraternity; they drinkable aifa, the local sorghum beer, they swallow valuable foods similar sesame as well as honey, burn downwards incense, concur a sword. They larn into trance to the accompaniment of music, singing inwards telephone band as well as response. They also limited themselves amongst masculine voices as well as bearing inwards world performances, as well as may threaten or pursue anyone who comes close…”
The Andinna are said non to recollect what they say or produce during these trances. The words they utter are a mixture of Kunama amongst Standard Arabic as well as Tigrinya (a bulk linguistic communication inwards Eritrea), amongst glossalia (non-words) as well as infusions of Islamic words as well as place-names such equally Mecca as well as Medina. As an example, hither is an invocation past times the Andinna Ka_i_a Annè of Dagìlo:
“O-di-de-do ele-le-le the spirits come, raised/ the spirits come, O mother, O mother! H5N1 unmarried spirit comes from Mekkamedina! (…) Like a brigand o-di-de-do-oi-da-do prays inwards the evening, prays inwards the evening, I Kagigia I laid about to pray/ the spirit comes exclusively from me oi dabò.”
The women ship swords, lances, sticks, shields, feathers, as well as sheep fat, for ceremonial use; plants as well as roots for curing, as well as sacrificial animals. “Even the entranced movements inwards their strangeness as well as irregularity (such equally scrambling upward on the roof of a hut or into the trees) are codified… Spectators sometimes participate past times stepping upward to back upward the women when they autumn to their knees or into someone’s arms inwards deep trance.”
“The traumatic experiences of the andinna women create them agasè, intermediaries betwixt the living as well as dead. Immersed inwards the hurting of the living, they are called to resolve the sufferings of life; amongst their traveling equally shadows, hella, betwixt the earth, lagà, of the living as well as that of the dead, they reassure on the fact that the dead don’t receive got suspended accounts, but respond to the anxietes of the living on the fate of those whose decease is non certain.”
At the halt of the sacred period, the Andinnas go through ceremonies that render them to normality. Their relatives prepare sorghum beer as well as invite guests; the women oftentimes assemble together inwards a unmarried hut, fifty-fifty if in that location are diverse spirits, as well as they create sàmeda, the festival amongst the closing trip the lite fantastic equally the menstruum of trance ends.
The andinnas render as well as are greeted past times their relatives, who inquire “How was your journey? Are you lot well?” And then: “Have you lot seen our relatives? They response that they receive got met this i as well as that one. Various kinds of rites are performed. Some denote as well as prepare the ceremonies for the dead on behalf of the relatives. Others, the sasalilé, perform divinations, receiving questioners from behind a cloth, speaking inwards the phonation of a dead relative who asks for sacrifices. Pollera describes them existence wrapped inwards a futa on the ground, as well as hidden there, speaking inwards tongues.
This hiding of the entranced seer behind a veil or stuff appears inwards many places, including Indonesia, Philippines, Uganda, the beaded veils of the izangoma inwards South Africa as well as the machi inwards Chile.
Kunama adult woman dancing at her wedding ceremony ceremony
At the halt of their sacred journeying across the the world piece immersed inwards ancestral consciousness, the Andinnas render to their hamlet for the closing ceremonies. One Italian observer described how the women danced 4 times, as well as then returned inwards procession, amongst the caput Andinna coming last. They were joined past times 2 ex-andinnas who repeatedly cried out, “sullum, sadellà lilina ibba” (“goodbye, Father Sadallà, I go out you…”).
The women moved across the clearing, performing protective ritual theatre as well as offerings: “they turn, amongst weapons lowered, execute correct as well as left turns similar soldiers, cross arms, take their diadems of fat, scatter aifa-beer as well as milk to the 4 directions, saltation toward the east, hissing, as well as and then compose themselves. Finally they unopen amongst a sacrifical repast of chicken as well as injera.”
In Oganna, the procession ends upward inwards the lower component subdivision of the village, where the Andinna trip the lite fantastic on the in conclusion day. They human activity out raids amongst lances, chasing away spirits. H5N1 1966 description recounts that 3 andinnas sang to the audio of the stringed abankalà, ever played past times men (while exclusively women play the kubulà drum). [69-70] The Andinnas made 4 turns around the neñeda clearing amongst their lances, shouting, “Ussumullai, alanga, gasc, negusc, makkamedina, eliti, bitame!” They kissed the drawn sword, as well as then the lance. Each i sacrificed a hen as well as drank its blood. In the afternoon they acted out a cattle-raid. They started singing exterior the hamlet as well as reentered, shouting over as well as over “Sanni morò, sanni morò abbagarà naneto. Sanni morò.” Then they ate the sacrificed meat, washed themselves and, crying, went over to a infinite inwards forepart of the huts.
The traditional values of the Kunama are communal as well as strongly egalitarian inwards many ways. It is a civilization of sharing, costless of degree stratification or of i grouping lording it over another. Society is organized around the mother-kin, as well as nosotros receive got already seen the importance of the Andinna priestesses. However, Kunama women are subjected to woman someone genital excision as well as fifty-fifty infibulation. These may receive got been adopted from their patriarchal neighbors, who receive got invaded as well as raided as well as oppressed them for centuries. However it came to be, excision is at nowadays deeply embedded inwards the culture. H5N1 3rd of Kunama women endure the most severe form, known equally infibulation. In this extremely painful ordeal, the clitoris as well as entire vulva are amputated as well as the external labia are sewn together into a wall of flesh. Heterosexual intercourse tin select identify exclusively past times cutting the adult woman open. The Kunama receive got a name, koda, for the special relation betwixt 2 women who passed through infibulation together, their legs tied apart to each other. [Endnote 2, p 84]
In the documentary Sharifa’s Three Wishes (2000) the wishes of the deceased grandmother Sharifa all pertain to Kunama traditions. One her wishes is that a clitoridectomy should live performed on her youngest granddaughter, Geneth. “Agid, the woman parent of the child, tries to refuse. She would similar to protect her immature lady from this ordeal. Agid argues that inwards the metropolis many families don’t perform this ritual anymore. The old powerful women warn that an uncircumcised women volition live ostracized from the tribal society, won’t live able to inherit as well as volition non live buried inwards the identify unit of measurement grave. The primary threat is the ghost of the ancestors, which tin live terrible as well as tin convey tragedy over the entire family.” [Sharifa's Three Wishes]
As the grandmother’s call indicates, some Kunama receive got converted to Islam, as well as others to Christianity. The aboriginal civilization is buffeted past times exterior forces, equally it has been for centuries. In mixed marriages (aboriginal-faith to Christian or Muslim) contradictions arise. Dore tells how i Muslim married adult man took the approach equally the before missionaries: “I don’t desire to know nearly it.” He avoided his married adult woman when she entered trance as well as ordered non to fifty-fifty utter to him then. Yet the chants of the Andinnas reverberate rigid Islamic influence, amongst phrases similar Mekka-Madina as well as Salam appearing often. H5N1 Catholic priest told i immature lady who had been an Andinna’s student, “If you lot are an Andinna, you lot can’t live a Christian!” She responded, “Yes I know, at nowadays I’m a Muslim because I invoke Meccamedina!” [Dore, 67]
The transwoman oracle
European sources ever refer to the Kunama supreme Deity, Annà, equally “God,” but inwards i identify Dore indicates that the people saw Annà equally co-gendered. He describes the instance of a shepherd who took manful someone lovers, declared a woman someone identity, as well as became a sensation practicing divination, healing, as well as counter-sorcery a century ago. An Italian courtroom instance of 1903 says:
“a adult man dressed inwards women’s clothes, as well as wearing necklaces, went out inwards the province doing dances equally if possessed past times a spirit.” People gathered around him: “while nevertheless dancing, he told how Annà [god] had spoke to him inwards a dream, as well as had also changed his sex. This status was for him, a man, necessary to live recognized as well as bask the rights of Ascilminà, which are ever reserved to women. The people as well as then divided into 2 camps, most of them shouting at the imposter, other upholding the possible truth of his assertions. [He]… assumed the woman someone call Alima as well as contracted amongst corking pomp, as well as to the amazement of many as well as the mocking laughter of others, the kickoff matrimony amongst i of his shepherds.”
“But a crowd of people drove off the novel twain amongst sticks, as well as they had to displace to some other area. They settled inwards a remote locale, where people came kickoff out of curiosity as well as and then to consult him. People were of the view that Alima was hermaphroditic as well as thence similar God, equally they imagined Divinity to be, equally the unique source of the Kunama line.” [ emphasis added]
Alima’s call grew, s/he got followers as well as a court, as well as a hamlet grew upward around hir. S/he was called Annà as well as hir village Anne Suca (God’s country). Every dark s/he spoke amongst diverse dead people, relatives showing hir amongst abundant gifts, as well as to a greater extent than consultations followed. When the rains failed at Sogodas, a council was called, as well as an old adult man warned the assembly that they needed to uncovering the traitors who were hiding similar snakes inwards the country, who were using sorcery to halt the rain. People felt in that location was no fourth dimension to lose; the fields were baking, the witch must live found instantly if whatsoever of the crops were to live saved. They proposed to consult “Annà.”
So a grouping of elders went to hir amongst gifts as well as offerings. They told hir who they suspected; all were immigrants from other regions. Alima went into trance, named 3 of the unfortunates who had been suggested, as well as made recommendations on how they should pay for their sorcery. When hir pronouncements were brought dorsum to the assembly, a howl of loathe rose against the condemned. In vain, the 3 men protested their innocence as well as implored friends as well as relatives to protect them. H5N1 hundred hands attacked as well as threw them to the ground. They were killed on the spot. Alima afterwards implicated some other v men who were killed after existence tortured.
Dore speaks of the cross-dressing as well as assuming of feminine identity equally “a necessary human activity because he invades a territory belonging to the andinna or ascirminè women.” This implies that prophecy was a woman someone realm –incarnating spirits sure was — but inwards fact manful someone diviners also existed. The suli fada male diviners cast lots as well as oversaw ordeals of defendant sorcerers. [84, n. 5] The witch-finding of Alima fits the masculine image to a greater extent than closely than the feminine. There is no indication of this lonely oracular figure ever having been identified amongst the Andinnas, whose exercise is thoroughly communal. No i becomes an Andinna without existence initiated as well as taught, fifty-fifty though that happens after they are selected past times the spirits.
Kunama woman
Their ritual practices bear some resemblances to the zar religion, some other woman someone trance organized faith that originated inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and spread to Sudan, Egypt, Arabia as well as beyond. Both groups piece entranced smoke, brandish weapons, as well as manifest primarily masculine spirits, as well as oftentimes powerful foreigners equally well. There is something going on amongst ceremonially working the Other, equally Dore’s subtitle indicates: “Women as well as possession equally historical archive as well as sense of Otherness amid the Kunama of Eritrea.”
ERITREA'' (ERITREA,2003) @ [276k VBR]
FAYTINGA
''ERITREA''
(ERITREA,2003) @
Do you lot recollect comrades? ... "Monsieur Eh! Who sings Monsieur? Who is she?: Incredulously staring: appear resembles that of a Canis familiaris who saw meow: Aha-aha ...: is "# ¹ ♪ ♫ ♪ ♪ ♫ ♪ #" Monsieur! .. . the vecino of the instant 3rd is of the same ethnicity: neither topic you lot listen this music every solar daytime ... his fill upward "...
Well today nosotros volition run across that Eritrean singer, beautiful, amongst grapheme as well as amongst a phonation almost equally unique equally its history priopia.
"Faytinga is a fleck similar the equivalent of a fighter cmarada Charles de Gaulle gifted talent as well as Edith Piaf the beauty of Brigitte Bardot. " (La Grande Epoque), Release Eritrea. (Mondomix.com) online music magazine.
Born inwards 1963, the vocalist Faytinga an ethnic Kunama , i of the tribes of Eritrea where women as well as men receive got equal rights. His woman parent grew upward inwards the highlands of that nation, piece his manful someone parent was a revered figure amid the Kunama who fought for the independence of the country. So, the British administrators of the early on '50s had given him the nickname "Fighting gun" ("The revolver inwards battle") which inwards turn had taken its name, Faid Tinga
In 1978, at the historic menstruum of 14 Faytinga joins troops inwards the liberation struggle Kunama people as well as go a combatant until the in conclusion arrival of the issue as well as a in conclusion fragile Eritrean-Ethiopian state of war inwards 1991.
Dream Faytinga had ever been to live a singer, as well as sleep, equally sometimes happens wives, came truthful when she was sent to entertain the troops at the forepart amongst her songs equally a message of promise as well as determination.
She composes her ain songs as well as also interprets the go of renowned poets as well as composers inwards Eritrea equally Agostino Giles Arodi Tulli, or Petro Agostino. She sings poetically too, equally it is accompanied past times "krar" , a string musical instrument real similar to a little harp.
"Krar"
Consumada y elegante bailarina, así como talentosa cantante, Faytinga pronto se convirtió en una de las principales figuras y fuente de inspiración para los hombres y las mujeres de su país.
.Accomplished as well as elegant dancer as well as talented singer, Faytinga shortly became a leading figure as well as inspiration to men as well as women of their country.
All songs on this album are sung inwards ancient African linguistic communication Kunama as well as brain to your music volition recognize many ties, many similarities amongst other West African countries, as well as inwards some cases, to other to a greater extent than distant. Thus, nether Eritrean lute called "Wata" is remarkably similar to "Ngoni" of Mali. Another similarity amongst the music from across the continent is that many of the songs Faytinga are suggestions, tips, educational sayings such equally " Numey "(which means" Do non interrupt the narrator . ") However, the fragile phonation Faytinga is decidedly East African characteristic, so are letters that are stories, stories oftentimes truthful equally "Milomala" , a vocal nearly Eritrea's struggle for independence.
Wikipedia/Mondomix/Africolor
Fuente
****************
Biography
She is i of Eritrea's best known singers as well as her personal even out is a chapter inwards Eritrea's history. Her manful someone parent was a well-known someone amid the Kunama tribe.
She composes her ain songs as well as also interprets the go of renowned poets as well as composers inwards Eritrea equally Agostino Giles Arodi Tulli, or Petro Agostino. She sings poetically too, equally it is accompanied past times "krar" , a string musical instrument real similar to a little harp.
Consumada y elegante bailarina, así como talentosa cantante, Faytinga pronto se convirtió en una de las principales figuras y fuente de inspiración para los hombres y las mujeres de su país.
.Accomplished as well as elegant dancer as well as talented singer, Faytinga shortly became a leading figure as well as inspiration to men as well as women of their country.
in 1990 volition tour the U.S. as well as Europe amongst his band Eritrea master copy but non until 1995 that volition receive got the gamble to produce so, for the kickoff fourth dimension equally a soloist.
This happened after the issue of their kickoff album (on cassette tape). Thus, amongst increasing success amid its increasingly large following, both inwards Africa as well as beyond, inwards the twelvemonth 2000 comes to winning the sec prize inwards the ranking of East African woman someone singers inwards "Ma ' Africa "in Benoni, South Africa.
In 1999 acts past times the Parisian vocal duo Dire OUI inwards the festival "Africolor" inwards Seine Saint-Denis (France), simply before recording their kickoff album amongst international repercussions " Numey " .
Her instant album, Eritrea, was recorded amongst the complicity of older musicians Malka identify unit of measurement but the vocalist has managed to contain modern sounds as well as arrangements that create it deliciously unclassifiable.
On June 4, 2005, on the occasion of an particular gala-concert to produce goodness women as well as children affected past times HIV as well as AIDS, Faytinga Eritrea presented inwards i of the kickoff songs that straight address the number of these serious diseases, as well as that is a trouble solid commitment to back upward without taboos to those who suffer.
In an interview amongst The Voice Magazine 'in August 2004, described Faytinga concerns, objectives as well as why his music : " I sing nearly peace, love as well as unity. The state of war did non convey whatsoever positive alter for Africa but exclusively creates refugee crises, pain, distress, discomfort as well as hardship. I convey the music of promise for the people. "
Fuentes: Wikipedia/Mondomix/Africolor
Fuente
Biography
She is i of Eritrea's best known singers as well as her personal even out is a chapter inwards Eritrea's history. Her manful someone parent was a well-known someone amid the Kunama tribe.
During his many years of struggle for a costless Eritrea he gained the championship "Fighting Gun" - a call the British gave him early on inwards the 1950s - a play on the call "Faid Tinga". While her manful someone parent was of the Kunama people, her woman parent grew upward inwards the highlands as well as was of Tigray descent amongst grandparents from the Blen tribe. So Faytinga represents 3 of Eritrea's nine tribes.Faytinga herself participated inwards Eritrea's struggle for independence from the historic menstruum of fourteen, got her pedagogy via the struggle, as well as was a liberty fighter until Independence inwards 1991.
She has ever been interested inwards music as well as has developed her ain vogue "in the field" that is her ain blend of several traditional music forms.
Source
Quizás también
Kunama immature lady inwards the Valley of Obelisk of the western lowlands
kunama tribe boy
Kunama immature lady - Barentu Eritrea
Kunama immature lady from Berentu,Eritrea
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