Info For You Lot Tuareg People: Africa`S Blueish People Of The Desert
The Tuareg (Twareg or Touareg; endonym Imuhagh) are grouping of largely matrilineal semi-nomadic, pastoralist people of Berber extraction residing inwards the Saharan interior of North-Western Africa. The Tuaregs who are mostly Sunni Muslims descended from the Berber ("Amazigh branch") ancestors who lived inwards North Africa many years ago. Migdalovitz (1989) aver that "Garamante is believed to live the rootage of Tuaregs together with it was the predominant tribe inwards the S due west of Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya some fourth dimension earlier 1000 BC."
Beautiful veiled Tuareg adult woman from Libya. Eric Lafforgue
The Tuaregs alive inwards v principal north-western African countries, especially inwards southern Algeria, southwestern Libya, Mali, Niger together with Burkina Faso. Fewer numbers Republic of Chad together with Nigeria. The population distribution of Tuaregs is quite scanty, however, the unofficial estimates advise that their total number inwards the part of approximately 4.5 million. Out of this sum, 85% of them resides inwards Republic of Mali together with Niger together with the residuum betwixt People's Democratic Republic of Algeria together with Libya. And from the same estimates, they brand upward from 10% to 20% of the total population of Niger together with Mali.
Touaregs at the Festival au Desert close Timbuktu, Mali
The population of the Libyan Tuaregs is roughly 10,000 Ajjer Tuaregs. About 8,000 Ajjer alive along the Algerian edge patch the residuum (2,000) settles inwards the Oasis of Ghat inwards the S due west of Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Prasse (Ibid) together with Migdalovitz (1989). Tuaregs alive inwards desert areas stretching from the south, Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to northern Mali, inwards the Fezzan part of Libya; they are located inwards the Hoggar part of People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Veugdon. In Mali, at that topographic point are provinces of the Touareg together with Ozoad Adgag, but their presence inwards Niger is mainly inwards the part of Ayer.
Tuareg human being at Ubari Lakes, Libya
In desert terms, the Tuareg people inhabit a large area, roofing almost all the middle together with western Sahara together with the north-central Sahel. In Tuareg terms, the Sahara is non i desert but many, so they telephone band it Tinariwen ("the Deserts"). Among the many deserts inwards Africa, at that topographic point is the truthful desert Ténéré. Other deserts are to a greater extent than together with less arid, apartment together with mountainous: Adrar, Tagant, Tawat (Touat) Tanezrouft, Adghagh n Fughas, Tamasna, Azawagh, Adar, Damargu, Tagama, Manga, Ayr, Tarramit (Termit), Kawar, Djado, Tadmait, Admer, Igharghar, Ahaggar, Tassili n'Ajjer, Tadrart, Idhan, Tanghart, Fezzan, Tibesti, Kalansho, Libyan Desert, etc.
While at that topographic point is footling conflict virtually the driest parts of Tuareg territory, many of the H2O sources together with pastures they demand for cattle breeding larn fenced off past times absentee landlords, impoverishing some Tuareg communities. There is also an unresolved solid reason conflict virtually many stretches of farm solid reason precisely S of the Sahara. Tuareg often also claim ownership over these lands together with over the crop together with belongings of the impoverished Rimaite-people, farming them.
Tuareg has been, until recently, experts familiar with the sub-Saharan pathways past times helping the motion of convoys. They do these through their time-honored patience, courage together with noesis of the whereabouts of the H2O as good their command the stars that guides them. The clear desert skies allowed the Tuareg to live keen observers. Tuareg celestial objects include:
Azzag Willi (Venus), which indicates the fourth dimension for milking the goats
Shet Ahad (Pleiades), the vii sisters of the night
Amanar (Orion (constellation)), the warrior of the desert
Talemt (Ursa Major), the she-camel
Awara (Ursa Minor), the infant camel
Tuaregs from Libya
They Tuareg known internationally past times their pop cite "the Blue Men of the Sahara," "The Masked people" or "Men of the Veil," because of the indigo color of the veils together with other habiliment which their men wear, which sometimes stains the peel underneath. The men only have on this cloth together with non the women. Men start out wearing a veil at the historic period of time 25.
Touareg human being from Niger
Tuareg merchants were responsible for bringing goods from these cities to the north. From at that topographic point they were distributed throughout the world. Because of the nature of carry together with the express infinite available inwards caravans, Tuareg unremarkably traded inwards luxury items, things which took upward footling infinite together with on which a large turn a profit could live made.
Tuaregs inwards their desert environment,Timbuktu, Mali
Tuareg were also responsible for bringing enslaved people from the N to due west Africa to live sold to Europeans together with Middle Easterners. Many Tuareg settled into the communities with which they traded, serving as local merchants.
The Name Tuareg/Toureg
The cite Tuareg is an Standard Arabic term pregnant "abandoned past times God," "ways" or "paths taken". According to some researchers - the discussion Touareg is taken from the discussion "Tareka"/"Targa" a valley inwards the part of Fezzan inwards Libya. So the cite is of Berber rootage together with is taken from a topographic point inwards Libya, non the cite of the Muslim commander Tariq bin Ziyad, as some people claim. Thus cite Tuareg was borrowed from the Berbers living closer to the Mediterranean coast, together with was adopted from them into English, French together with High German during the colonial period. The Berber substantive targa way "drainage channel" together with past times extension "arable land, garden". It designated the Wadi al-Haya surface area betwixt Sabha together with Ubari together with is rendered inwards Standard Arabic as bilad al-khayr "good land".
In The Ottoman Empire the Tuareg were called Tevarikler, however, the Tuaregs telephone band themselves Imuhagh, or Imushagh (cognate to northern Berber Imazighen). Imuhagh is translated as 'free men," referring to the Tuareg "nobility", to the exclusion of the artisan customer castes together with slaves. The term for a Tuareg human being is Amajagh (var. Amashegh, Amahagh), the term for a adult woman Tamajaq (var. Tamasheq, Tamahaq, Timajaghen).
Tuareg human being with a sword
The spelling variants given reverberate the diversity of the Tuareg dialects, but they all reverberate the same linguistic root. Some Tuaregs preferred to live called Limajgn or Temasheq; together with were akin to Amazigh, pregnant gratis men, they became a hybrid past times combining inwards their blood with several races such as Targi, Standard Arabic together with Africans, due to the living with the Arabs inwards the N together with with the dark Africans inwards the South.
Also encountered inwards ethnographic literature of the early on 20th century is the cite Kel Tagelmust "People of the Veil" together with "the Blue People" (for the indigo color of their veils together with other clothing, which sometimes stains the peel underneath.
Tuareg men "the blueish people"
Tuareg Tribes (Cole)
Tuaregs discussion "Cole" which way "the people," is used for the identification of their tribal branches. at that topographic point are major tribal confederations divided geographically into 2 main groups, namely:
(1)Tuareg tribes inwards desert of southern People's Democratic Republic of Algeria together with the Fezzan inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has the most of import tribes together with they are as follows:
*Cole Hgar together with Cole Aaajer inwards the desert of Algeria,
*Limngazn ,Oragen together with Cole Aaajer inwards Fezzan together with the metropolis of Ghadames inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya at the confluence of the borders with Tunisia together with Algeria.
(2)Tuareg tribes of the coast, including:
*Cole Ayer together with Cole Lmadn inwards Niger.
*Cole Litram, Cole Adraaar, Cole Tdmokt , Cole Ansar ( El Ansar), together with Cole Alsswoq (traders) together with the other inwards the Republic of Mali.
Tuareg kids
Language
The Tuareg beak a Berber linguistic communication known as Tamajaq (also called Tamasheq or Tamahaq, according to the part where it is spoken), which appears to have got several dialects spoken inwards unlike regions (Greenberg, 1970). The linguistic communication is called Tamasheq past times western Tuareg inwards Mali, Tamahaq alongside Algerian together with Libyan Tuareg, together with Tamajaq inwards the Azawagh together with Aïr regions, Niger.
Tuareg adult woman from Timbuctu, Mali
The Tuareg distinguished themselves from other Berbers during their ancient times inwards Amazigh past times preserving the dialect of Tamazight "Hackler" together with they write their letters "Tifinagh" from correct to left together with from top to bottom together with vice versa. Tifinagh (also called Shifinagh together with Tifinar) is Tuareg Tamajaq writing system. The origins of "Tifinagh" remain unclear. An old version of Tifinagh, also known as Libyco-Berber, dates to betwixt the 3rd century BC together with the 3rd century AD inwards northwestern Africa (Gaudio, 1993).
Ancient Touareg Tifinagh script (tablet)
The Tuareg’s Tifinagh alphabet is composed of uncomplicated geometrical signs, it contains 21 to 27 signs, together with are used according to the region. The Tifinagh linguistic communication is written past times tradition on stones, trunks together with inwards the sand together with is really hard to read. French missionary Charles de Foucauld famously compiled a lexicon of the Tuareg language.
Nowadays i tin can reckon the Tifinagh’s letters soundless inwards the mountains together with caves, an archeological evidence to the existence of the Tuareg inwards the desert since ancient times. According to some sources, the Berber dialect they beak is already i of the ancient Standard Arabic dialects.
Though they retrieve of themselves as a large unity the Tuareg are divided into several tribes together with clans. Symbolizing their identity they telephone band themselves "Cole Tmashek“, the people who speaks Tamashek.
History
The rootage of Tuaregs who had gain the grapheme of «Lords of desert» due to their persistent powerfulness to facial expression upward together with challenge the circumstances of geography together with harsh climate is shrouded inwards mystery. No i knows the truthful rootage of the Tuareg, where they came from or when they arrived inwards the Sahara. There are many schools of thought virtually the origins of the Tuareg.
Touareg people of Mali.
Historically, the Tuareg were recorded past times the Greek historian Herodotus inwards the 5th Century BC inwards his travelogue during his travels to ancient Arab Republic of Egypt together with some parts of North Africa.
Ibn Battuta in his writings virtually his famous trips inwards Africa had this to say virtually the Tuareg: "They are Morabiteen province assets, together with mostly belong to the bulk of the Touareg tribes Sanhaja.” Ibn Khaldun called the Tuareg masked people and similar all Arab historians he classified them inwards the instant layer of the "Sanhaja" In his words at that topographic point are of many areas including "Kazolah", "Lamtonah", "Misratah" , "Laamtah" together with "Rikah ". Some historians also aver that Tuaregs are people of Berbers extraction who appeared inwards North Africa together with were i of the tribes of prehistoric races.
Frenchman Gustave Le Bon makes an interesting observation that the dark pilus Tuaregs were Berbers who migrated from the shores of the Euphrates together with N of the countries inhabited past times the Arabs, whilst the blond pilus together with blueish eyes Tuaregs migrated from as far as Europe together with were of Caucasoid blood. He postulated that the evidence could live found past times comparison the stone monuments inwards Africa together with the stone monuments discovered inwards northern Europe that shows same stone fine art of Tuaregs (Abual-Qasim Muhammad Crowe. Abdullah shareat. Dar Maghreb -Tunisia, p.12).
Tuareg girls
Abdul Qadir Jami Ferry said the discussion 'Touareg" is collection of the discussion Altargi, which is the cite that the Arabs called the proportion of the Berber tribes living inwards the desert (Targa areas) of the body of body of water (Atlantic) closed to Ghadames (Arabs Touareg of the Sahara, Akoshat Mohammed Said. Centre for Study together with Research on the Sahara, 1989, p.27).
Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, right, meets Touareg men inwards Ain Salah,Algeria
From their Oral history, when i inquire a Tuareg virtually their origin, they often assert that they originated from the Hamiriya inwards Yemen. From at that topographic point they came to settle at Tafilalt together with expanded southward from the Tafilalt part into the Sahel nether their legendary queen Tin Hinan, who is assumed to have got lived inwards the quaternary or 5th century. Tin Hinan is credited inwards Tuareg lore with uniting the ancestral tribes together with founding the unique civilization that continues to the acquaint day. At Abalessa, a grave traditionally held to live hers has been scientifically studied.
Tin Hinan Queen of Hoggar (today South Algeria)
However, the authentic information virtually the Tuareg rootage is the consensus past times historians who assert that Tuaregs descended from the Amazigh branch of Berber ancestors who lived inwards North Africa some centuries ago. This assertion that Tuaregs are of North African rootage is supported past times recent genetics studies into Tuareg`s Y-Chrosome deoxyribonucleic acid (Y chromosomes together with mtDNA of Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel) together with was published in European Journal of Human Genetics (2010). The studies found out that E1b1b1b (E-M81), the major haplogroup inwards Tuaregs, is the most mutual Y chromosome haplogroup inwards North Africa, dominated past times its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have got originated inwards North Africa 5,600 years ago.
The parent clade E1b1b originated inwards East Africa. Colloquially referred to as the Berber marking for its prevalence alongside Mozabite, Middle Atlas, Kabyle people together with other Berber groups, E-M81 is also predominant alongside other North African groups. It reaches frequencies of upward to 100 pct inwards some parts of the Maghreb.
Tuareg refugee army camp inwards Burkina Faso
Y-Dna haplogroups, passed on solely through the paternal line, were found at the next frequencies inwards Tuaregs:
The other major haplogroup is E1b1a mainly found inwards Sub-Saharan Africa.
Overall, a cline appears, with Algerian Tuaregs beingness closer to other Berbers together with Arabs, together with those from southern Republic of Mali beingness to a greater extent than similar to Sub-Saharan Africans, reckon also: Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage
So as it stands, prior to around 1200 B.C., the North African ancestors of the Tuareg lived on the northern fringes of the Sahara, similar most other Berber populations - but the introduction of the Equus caballus into North Africa inwards the mid-second millennium B.C. (and together with so the camel inwards the maiden of all century B.C.) enabled them to expand southwards across the desert. In medieval and early on modern times, they established a succession of powerful desert federations which clashed with each other together with with black-African states on the southern fringes of the Sahara.
By the tenth century A.D., the Tuareg had helped innovate Islam to West Africa, patch economically they prospered from their command of the trans-Saharan gold, tabular array salt together with slave trades. Indeed, Tuareg slave-raiding made them widely feared alongside sub-Saharan Africans.
But, precisely as the Tuareg had their powerful political structures together with identities, so did the black-African population of southern Mali, who established the medieval Songhai together with Republic of Mali empires - the latter cite beingness resurrected as the cite of the modern state.
Tuareg from Algeria
Tuareg territory covered (and soundless covers) non only northern Mali, but western Niger, southern People's Democratic Republic of Algeria together with southwest Libya. And yet - similar the Kurds together with the Lapps together with many other peoples - their solid reason is divided betwixt internationally recognized modern field states.
The "partition" of the Tuaregs' desert solid reason was carried out past times the French inwards the belatedly 19th together with early on 20th centuries. Their vast territory precisely formed the peripheral desert hinterlands of French coastal or riverine colonies inwards North together with West Africa. The French colonial authorities thought that the desert was economically worthless.
The Tuareg territory was organised into confederations, each ruled past times a supreme Chief (Amenokal), along with a counsel of elders from each tribe. These confederations are sometimes called "Drum Groups" after the Amenokal's symbol of authority, a drum. Clan (Tewsit) elders, called Imegharan (wisemen), are chosen to assist the main of the confederation. Historically, at that topographic point are vii recent major confederations:
Kel Ajjer or Azjar: centre is the oasis of Aghat (Ghat).
Kel Ahaggar, inwards Ahaggar mountains.
Kel Adagh, or Kel Assuk: Kidal, together with Tin Buktu
Iwillimmidan Kel Ataram, or Western Iwillimmidan: Ménaka, together with Azawagh part (Mali)
Iwillimmidan Kel Denneg, or Eastern Iwillimmidan: Tchin-Tabaraden, Abalagh, Teliya Azawagh (Niger).
Kel Ayr: Assodé, Agadez, In Gal, Timia together with Ifrwan.
Kel Gres: Zinder together with Tanut (Tanout) together with S into northern Nigeria.
Kel Owey: Aïr Massif, seasonally S to Tessaoua (Niger)
In the belatedly 19th century, the Tuareg resisted the French colonial invasion of their Central Saharan homelands. Tuareg broadswords were no tally for the to a greater extent than advanced weapons of French troops. After numerous massacres on both sides, the Tuareg were subdued together with required to sign treaties inwards Republic of Mali 1905 together with Niger 1917. In southern Kingdom of Morocco together with Algeria, the French met some of the strongest resistance from the Ahaggar Tuareg. Their Amenokal, traditional main Moussa ag Amastan, fought numerous battles inwards defence of the region. Finally, Tuareg territories were taken nether French governance, together with their confederations were largely dismantled together with reorganised
Economy
Subsistance together with Commercial Activities.
The Tuareg are a pastoral people, having an economic scheme based on livestock breeding, trading, together with agriculture.
Traditionally, occupations corresponded to social-stratum affiliation, determined past times descent. Tuareg are distinguished inwards their native linguistic communication as the Imouhar, pregnant the gratis people. Nobles controlled the caravan trade, owned most camels, together with remained to a greater extent than nomadic, coming into oases only to collect a proportion of the harvest from their customer together with servile peoples.
Here are unlike types of caravans:
caravans transporting food: dates, millet, dried meat, dried Tuareg cheese, butter etc.
caravans transporting garments, alasho indigo turbans, leather products, ostrich feathers,
caravans transporting salt: tabular array salt caravans used for commutation against other products.
caravans transporting nada but made to sell together with purchase camels.
Oasis In The Libyan Desert
Salt mines or salines inwards the desert.
Tin Garaban close Ghat inwards Azjar, Libya.
Amadghor inwards Ahaggar, Algeria.
Todennit inwards Tanezruft desert, Mali.
Tagidda N Tesemt inwards Azawagh, Niger
Fashi inwards Ténéré desert, Niger
Bilma inwards Kawar, Niger
Tributary groups raided together with traded for nobles together with also herded smaller livestock, such as goats, inwards usufruct relationships with nobles. Peoples of varying degrees of customer together with servile status performed domestic together with herding labor for nobles. Smiths manufactured jewelry together with household tools together with performed praise songs for noble patron families, serving as of import oral historians together with political intermediaries. Owing to natural disasters together with political tensions, it is at nowadays increasingly hard to brand a living solely from nomadic stockbreeding.
Thus, social stratum, occupation, together with socioeconomic status tend to live less coincident. Most rural Tareg today combine subsistence methods, practicing herding, oasis gardening, caravan trading, together with migrant labor. Nomadic stockbreeding soundless confers slap-up prestige, however, together with gardening remains stigmatized as a servile occupation. Other careers beingness pursued inwards the belatedly twentieth century include creating fine art for tourists, at which smiths are especially active, as artisans inwards towns, together with guarding houses, also inwards the towns. On oases, crops include millet, barley, wheat, maize, onions, tomatoes, together with dates.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 contemporary variant is occurring inwards northern Niger, inwards a traditionally Tuareg territory that comprises most of the uranium-rich solid reason of the country. The key authorities inwards Niamey has shown itself unwilling to cede command of the highly profitable mining to indigenous clans. The Tuareg are determined non to relinquish the prospect of substantial economical benefit. The French authorities has independently tried to defend a French firm, Areva, established inwards Niger for 50 years together with at nowadays mining the massive Imouraren deposit.
Additional complaints against Areva are that it is: "...plundering...the natural resources together with [draining] the fossil deposits. It is undoubtedly an ecological catastrophe". These mines yield uranium ores, which are together with so processed to create yellowcake, crucial to the nuclear powerfulness manufacture (as good as aspirational nuclear powers). In 2007, some Tuareg people inwards Niger allied themselves with the Niger Movement for Justice (MNJ), a rebel grouping operating inwards the N of the country. During 2004–2007, U.S. Special Forces teams trained Tuareg units of the Nigerien Army inwards the Sahel part as component of the Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Partnership. Some of these trainees are reported to have got fought inwards the 2007 rebellion inside the MNJ. The destination of these Tuareg appears to live economical together with political command of ancestral lands, rather than operating from religious together with political ideologies.
Despite the Sahara's erratic together with unpredictable rainfall patterns, the Tuareg have got managed to last inwards the hostile desert environs for centuries. Over recent years however, depletion of H2O past times the uranium exploitation procedure combined with the effects of climate alter are threatening their powerfulness to subsist. Uranium mining has diminished together with degraded Tuareg grazing lands. Not only does the mining manufacture create nuclear waste product that tin can contaminate crucial sources of basis H2O resulting inwards cancer, stillbirths, together with genetic defects but it also uses upward huge quantities of H2O inwards a part where H2O is already scarce.
This is exacerbated past times the increased charge per unit of measurement of desertification thought to live the outcome of global warming. Lack of H2O forces the Tuareg to compete with southern farming communities for scarce resources together with this has led to tensions together with clashes betwixt these communities. The precise levels of environmental together with social impact of the mining manufacture have got proved hard to monitor due to governmental obstruction.
Food
Taguella is a apartment staff of life made from millet, a grain, which is cooked on charcoals inwards the sand together with eaten with a heavy sauce. Millet porridge is a staple much similar ugali together with fufu. Millet is boiled with H2O to brand a pap together with eaten with milk or a heavy sauce.
Common dairy foods are goat's together with camel's milk, as good as cheese together with yogurt made from them. Eghajira is a thick potable boozer with a ladle. It is made past times pounding millet, caprine animal cheese, dates, milk together with saccharide together with is served on festivals similar Eid ul-Fitr together with Eid al-Adha. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 pop tea, gunpowder tea, is poured 3 times inwards together with out of a tea pot with mint together with saccharide into tiny glasses.
Preparation of communal repast for extended Tuareg family
Trade
The caravan trade, although today less of import than formerly, persists inwards the part betwixt the Air Mountains together with Kano, Nigeria. Men from the Aïr pass v to vii months each twelvemonth on camel caravans, traveling to Bilma for dates together with salt, together with and so to Kano to merchandise them for millet together with other foodstuffs, household tools, together with luxury items such as spices, perfume, together with cloth.
Division of Labor
Most camel herding is soundless done past times men; although women may inherit together with ain camels, they tend to ain together with herd to a greater extent than goats, sheep, together with donkeys. Caravan merchandise is solely conducted past times men. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 adult woman may, however, indirectly participate inwards the caravan merchandise past times sending her camels with a manlike someone relative, who returns with goods for her. Men flora together with irrigate gardens, together with women harvest the crops. Whereas women may ain gardens together with engagement palms, they leave of absence the operate of tending them to manlike someone relatives.
Gender Construction
The Tuareg are "largely matrilineal". Tuareg women have got high status compared with their Arab counterparts. They savor considerable independence, fifty-fifty if they are married they are entitled to go into business concern with or without their husbands permission.
They are gratis to engage inwards whatever shape of business, transact business concern with men together with fifty-fifty host their manlike someone friends together with business concern partners inwards the presence of their husbands inwards the house. As a outcome of this exercise some anthropologists considers the Touareg guild as a matriarchal guild that reveres together with honor women.
Amazigh Touaregs maintained this matriarchal characteristics fifty-fifty though most of other Berbers inwards the North African countries of Morocco, Algeria, Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya together with Tunisia practiced highly patriarchal culture. Touareg women do non set a mask on their faces, but their men do. The most famous figure inwards the history of the Touareg Berbers was a adult woman named Tin Henin, a leader who founded the Kingdom of slap-up OhakarAmazigh.
In the centre of the Tuareg tent is ever a little tabular array that is used to serve tea on. There is some other tabular array mostly allocated to guests together with passer-bys. It is their habits that when someone is visiting them inwards their houses women go exterior together with comes dorsum carrying vessels filled with camel milk. This is a sign 'To welcome the newcomers," whether he or she was a theater unit of measurement member, they reckon them as guests or visitors coming inwards after a long journey.
The Touareg follow their leader (head) of the tribe, called the «Omnwokl». And he ensures women have got special topographic point inwards the community. Apart from women having special topographic point inwards their communities, they savor slap-up liberty inwards matters such as choosing a life partner together with taking aid of habitation affairs. Polygamy is forbidden for women. Tuareg divorcee women often boast past times calling the human being the men they have got divorced as "Ohasis." it way “freed from whatever obligation!”
Kinship
Kin Groups together with Descent
The introduction of Islam inwards the 7th century a.d. had the long-term upshot of superimposing patrilineal institutions upon traditional matriliny. Formerly, each matrilineal clan was linked to a component of an animal, over which that clan had rights (Casajus 1987; Lhote 1953; Nicolaisen 1963; Norris 1975, 30).
Matrilineal clans were traditionally of import as corporate groups, together with they soundless exert varying degrees of influence alongside the unlike Tuareg confederations. Most Tuareg today are bilateral inwards descent together with inheritance systems (Murphy 1964; 1967). Descent-group allegience is through the mother, social-stratum affiliation is through the father, together with political office, inwards most groups, passes from manlike someone parent to son.
Kinship Terminology
Tuareg personal names are used most oftentimes inwards addressing all descendants together with kin of one's ain generation, although cousins oftentimes address i some other past times their respective classificatory kinship terms. Kin of the instant ascending generation may live addressed using the classificatory price anna (mother) together with abba (father), as may brothers together with sisters of parents, although this is variable.
Young Tuareg nomad
Most ascendants, especially those who are considerably older together with on the paternal side, are unremarkably addressed with the respectful term amghar (masc.) or tamghart (fem.). The most oftentimes heard kinship term is abobaz, denoting "cousin," used inwards a classificatory sense.
Tuareg savor to a greater extent than relaxed, familiar relationships with the maternal side, which is known as tedis, or "stomach" together with associated with emotional together with affective support, together with to a greater extent than reserved, distant relations with the paternal side, which is known as arum, or "back" together with associated with stuff suport together with ascendancy over Ego. There are joking relationships with cousins; relationships with affines are characterized past times extreme reserve. Youths should non pronounce the names of deceased ancestors.
Marriage together with Family
Marriage
Cultural ideals are social-stratum endogamy together with close-cousin marriage. In the towns, both these patterns are breaking down. In rural areas, grade endogamy remains strong, but many individuals get hitched with closed relatives only to delight their mothers; they afterward divorce together with get hitched with nonrelatives. Some prosperous gardeners, chiefs, together with Islamic scholars exercise polygyny, opposite to the nomadic Tuareg monogamous tradition together with opposite to many women's wishes; intolerant of co-wives, many women initiate divorces.
Tuareg Marriage ceremony
when a Tuareg swain admires immature young lady whom he want to marry, the swain selects a grouping of friends together with some theater unit of measurement members to accompany him off and pitch a army camp close the tent of the girl's family. The delegation of the swain together with so proceed to run across the girl`s manlike someone parent together with inquire virtually the immature lady inwards monastic tell to seek her mitt inwards marriage. If the girl`s manlike someone parent agree, he volition topographic point a dowry for the swain to pay.
The immature man`s delegation volition together with so homecoming to give him the message virtually the dowry. If the swain agrees to the dowry he volition appoint a proxy as custom requires inwards the Tuareg. For the groom cannot have got his bride until those closest to him carries dowry to where the wedlock is contracted. The dowry for the nobles is vii camels, together with for the "gor" (the slaves) 2 heads of goats.
After paying the dowry inwards full, the woman parent of the bride is given a gift called "Tagst." It is a bull or a camel, together with when offering these gifts, a grouping of women also start singing together with dancing together with demanding a gift of the groom. As customs demand, the groom gives them an oxen which together with so slaughtered inwards front end of all the women.
The nuptials ceremony of the Tuaregs lasts 3 days, together with after that the groom convey the residuum of his wedlock stuffs such as sugar, greenish tea together with shoes. The ceremony hold then for 3 to a greater extent than days. In this ceremony they distribute the gifts to the people of the district equally.
In the maiden of all nighttime of wedlock the groom considers his bride as his mother!! On the instant hateful solar daytime he considers his bride in the nighttime as his sister!! And on the tertiary nighttime the bride becomes his married adult woman together with he justify that past times making sugariness dearest to his bride together with also assuring her of a wonderful trip of a lifetime.
In the morn friends of the groom come upward to see him with the fatty hump of a camel. If the bride was a virgin they do non swallow the hump but they volition create it together with homecoming it to women amidst sounds of joy which indicates that the bride is a virgin. But if the bride was non virgin they swallow the hump of the camel together with the bride's theater unit of measurement would know that their immature lady is non a virgin. When such a thing occur the bride`s theater unit of measurement becomes engulfed inwards a total disgrace!
Tuareg bride together with the groom dancing during nuptials festivities, Mali
After this ritual, the nuptials celebration continues for a total calendar week where the bride goes out with her friends whilst the groom stays inwards the tent without seeing his manlike someone parent or mother.
Tuareg bride, Burkina Faso
Domestic Unit
Tuareg groups vary inwards postmarital-residence rules. Some groups exercise virilocal residence, others uxorilocal residence. The latter is to a greater extent than mutual alongside caravanning groups inwards the Aïr, such as the Kel Ewey, who adhere to uxorilocal residence for the maiden of all 2 to 3 years of marriage, during which fourth dimension the hubby meets the bride-wealth payments, fulfills obligations of groom-service, together with offers gifts to his parents-in-law.
Upon fulfillment of these obligations, the duet may pick out where to live, together with the immature married adult woman may disengage her animals from her herds together with construct a separate kitchen, apart from her mother's.
Inheritance
Patrilineal inheritance, arising from Islamic influence, prevails, unless the deceased indicated otherwise, earlier death, inwards writing, inwards the presence of a witness: two-thirds of the belongings goes to the sons, one-third to the daughters. Alternative inheritance forms, stemming from ancient matriliny, include "living milk herds" (animals reserved for sisters, daughters, together with nieces) together with various pre-inheritance gifts.
Socialization
Fathers are considered disciplinarians, yet other men, especially maternal uncles, often play together with joke with little children. Women who lack their ain daughters often adopt nieces to assist inwards housework. Although many men are often absent (while traveling), Tuareg children are nonetheless socialized into distinct, culturally defined masculine together with feminine gender roles because manlike someone ascendancy figures—chiefs, Islamic scholars, together with wealthy gardeners—remain at habitation rather than departing on caravans or engaging inwards migrant labor, together with these men exert considerable influence on immature boys, who attend Quranic schools together with assist inwards manlike someone tasks such as gardening together with herding. Young girls tend to remain nearer home, assisting their mothers with household chores, although women together with girls also herd animals.
Traditionally, Tuareg guild is hierarchical, with nobility together with vassals. Each Tuareg clan (tawshet) is made upward of several theater unit of measurement groups, each led past times its chief, the amghar. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 serial of tawsheten (plural of tawshet) may bond together nether an Amenokal, forming a Kel clan confederation.
Tuareg self-identification is related only to their specific Kel, which way "those of". E.g. Kel Dinnig (those of the east), Kel Ataram (those of the west). The topographic point of amghar is hereditary through a matrilineal principle, it is usual for the boy of a sis of the incumbent chieftain to succeed to his position. The amenokal is elected inwards a ritual which differs betwixt groups, the private amghar who Pb the clans making upward the confederation unremarkably have got the deciding voice.
Nobility together with vassals: The operate of pastoralism was specialized according to social class. Tels are ruled past times the imúšaÉ£ (Imajaghan, The Proud together with Free) nobility, warrior-aristocrats who organized grouping defense, livestock raids, together with the long-distance caravan trade. Below them were a number of specialised métier castes. The ÃmÉ£ad (Imghad, singular Amghid), the instant rank of Tuareg society, were gratis vassal-herdsmen together with warriors, who pastured together with tended most of the confederation's livestock. Formerly enslaved vassals of specific Imajaghan, they are said past times tradition to live descended from nobility inwards the distant past, together with thus maintain a grade of social distance from lower orders. Traditionally, some merchant castes had a higher status than all but the nobility alongside their to a greater extent than settled compatriots to the south. With time, the deviation betwixt the 2 castes has eroded inwards some places, next the economical fortunes of the 2 groups.
Imajaghan have got traditionally disdained certainly types of labor together with prided themselves inwards their warrior skills. The existence of lower servile together with semi-servile classes has allowed for the evolution of highly ritualised poetic, sport, together with courtship traditions alongside the Imajaghan. Following colonial subjection, independence, together with the famines of the 1970s together with 1980s, noble classes have got to a greater extent than together with to a greater extent than been forced to abandon their caste differences. They have got taken on labor together with lifestyles they mightiness traditionally have got rejected.
Touareg men at the Essakane Festival (Mali) inwards january 2007
Client castes: After the adoption of Islam, a separate grade of religious clerics, the Ineslemen or marabouts, also became integral to Tuareg social structure. Following the decimation of many clans' noble Imajaghan caste inwards the colonial wars of the 19th together with 20th centuries, the Ineslemen gained leadership inwards some clans, despite their often servile origins. Traditionally Ineslemen clans were non armed. They provided spiritual guidance for the nobility, together with received protection together with alms inwards return.
Inhædˤæn (Inadan), were a blacksmith-client caste who fabricated together with repaired the saddles, tools, household equipment together with other stuff needs of the community. They were often, inwards add-on to craftwork, the repository of oral traditions together with poetry. They were also often musicians together with played an of import purpose inwards many ceremonies. Their origins are unclear, i theory proposing an original Jewish derivation. They had their ain special dialect or surreptitious language. Because of their association with fire, atomic number 26 together with precious metals together with their reputation for cunning tradesmanship the ordinary Tuareg regarded them with a mixture of awe together with distrust.
Tuareg peasants: The people who farm oases inwards Tuareg-dominated areas shape a distinct grouping known as izeggaghan (or hartani inwards Arabic). Their origins are unclear but they often beak both Tuareg dialects together with Arabic, though a few communities are Songhay speakers. Traditionally they worked solid reason owned past times a Tuareg noble or vassal family, beingness allowed to hold a 5th component of their produce. Their Tuareg patrons were unremarkably responsible for supplying agricultural tools, seed together with clothing.
Bonded castes together with slaves: Like other major ethnic groups inwards West Africa, the Tuareg i time held slaves (éklan / Ikelan inwards Tamasheq, Bouzou inwards Hausa, Bella inwards Songhai). The slaves called éklan i time formed a distinct social grade inwards Tuareg society. Eklan formed distinct sub-communities; they were a grade held inwards an inherited serf-like condition, mutual alongside societies inwards precolonial West Africa.
When French colonial governments were established, they passed legislation to abolish slavery, but did non enforce it. Some commentators believe the French involvement was directed to a greater extent than at dismantling the traditional Tuareg political economy, which depended on slave labor for herding, than at freeing the slaves. Historian Martin Klein reports that at that topographic point was a large scale attempt past times French West African authorities to liberate slaves together with other bonded castes inwards Tuareg areas next the 1914–1916 Firouan revolt. Despite this, French officials next the Second World War reported at that topographic point were some 50,000 "Bella" nether direct command of Tuareg masters inwards the Gao–Timbuktu areas of French Soudan alone. This was at to the lowest degree 4 decades after French declarations of bulk liberty had happened inwards other areas of the colony. In 1946, a serial of bulk desertions of Tuareg slaves together with bonded communities began inwards Nioro together with later inwards Menaka, apace spreading along the Niger River valley. In the maiden of all decade of the 20th century, French administrators inwards southern Tuareg areas of French Sudan estimated "free" to "servile" Tuareg populations at ratios of 1 to 8 or 9. At the same fourth dimension the servile "rimaibe" population of the Masina Fulbe, roughly equivalent to the Bella, made upward betwixt 70% to 80% of the Fulbe population, patch servile Songhai groups around Gao made upward some 2/3 to 3/4 of the total Songhai population. Klein concludes that roughly 50% of the population of French Soudan at the showtime of the 20th century were inwards some servile or slave relationship.
While post-independence states have got sought to outlaw slavery, results have got been mixed. Traditional caste relationships have got continued inwards many places, including the establishment of slavery. According to the Travel Channel show, Bob Geldof inwards Africa, the descendants of those slaves known as the Bella are soundless slaves inwards all but name. In Niger, where the exercise of slavery was outlawed inwards 2003, a study found that almost 8% of the population are soundless enslaved.
Social Control
In the traditional segmentary system, no leader had powerfulness over his followers solely past times virtue of a topographic point inwards a political hierarchy. Wealth was traditionally plenty to guarantee influence. Nobles acted as managers of large firms together with controlled most resources, although they constituted less than 10 pct of the population.
Even traditionally, however, at that topographic point were no cut-and-dry gratis or slave statuses. Below the aristocracy were various dependents whose status derived from their topographic point inwards the larger organization (e.g., whether attached to a specific noble or noble section); they had varying degrees of freedom.
Tuareg assimilated outsiders, who formed the servile strata, on a model of fictive kinship: a noble possessor was expected to live "like a father" to his slave. Vestiges of one-time tribute together with client-patron systems persist today, but also encounter some resistance. On some oases, nobles soundless theoretically have got rights to dates from engagement palms inside gardens of one-time slaves, but nowadays the one-time slaves turn down to fetch them, obliging nobles to climb the trees together with collect the dates themselves.
Conflict
In principle, members of the same confederation are non supposed to raid each other's livestock, but such raids do occur (Casajus 1987). In rural areas today, many local-level disputes are arbitrated past times a council of elders together with Islamic scholars who apply Quranic law, but individuals have got the selection of taking cases to secular courts inwards the towns.
Malian soldier speaks with Tuareg men Seydou (C) together with Abdoul Hassan inwards the hamlet of Tashek, exterior Timbuktu,
Religious Beliefs
The local belief system, with its ain cosmology together with ritual, interweaves together with overlaps with Islam rather than standing inwards opposition to it. In Islamic observances, men are to a greater extent than consistent virtually maxim all the prescribed prayers, together with they employ to a greater extent than Standard Arabic loanwords, whereas women tend to usage Tamacheq terms.
There is full general understanding that Islam came from the West together with spread into Aïr with the migration of Sufi mystics inwards the 7th century (Norris 1975). Tuareg initially resisted Islam together with earned a reputation alongside North African Arabs for beingness lax virtually Islamic practices.
For example, local tradition did non require woman someone chastity earlier marriage. In Tuareg groups to a greater extent than influenced past times Quranic scholars, woman someone chastity is becoming to a greater extent than important, but fifty-fifty these groups do non seclude women, together with relations betwixt the sexes are characterized past times liberty of social interaction.
Religious Practitioners
In official religion, Quranic scholars, popularly called ineslemen, or marabouts, predominate inwards some clans, but anyone may go i through mastery of the Quran together with exemplary exercise of Islam. Marabouts are considered "people of God" together with have got obligations of generosity together with hospitality. Marabouts are believed to possess special powers of benediction, al baraka. Quranic scholars are of import inwards rites of passage together with Islamic rituals, but smiths often human activity inwards these rituals, inwards roles complementary to those of the Quranic scholars. For example, at babies' name-days, held i calendar week next a birth, the Quranic scholar pronounces the child's cite as he cuts the pharynx of a ram, but smiths grill its meat, denote the name-day, together with organize of import eve festivals next it, at which they sing praise songs. With regard to weddings, a marabout marries a duet at the mosque, but smiths negotiate bride-wealth together with preside over the eve festivals.
Ceremonies
Important rituals alongside Tuareg are rites of passage—namedays, weddings, together with memorial/funeral feasts—as good as Islamic holidays together with secular province holidays. In addition, at that topographic point is manlike someone circumcision together with the initial men's face-veil wrapping that takes topographic point around the historic period of time of eighteen years together with that is key to the manlike someone gender purpose together with the cultural values of reserve together with modesty.
Touaregs at the Festival au Desert close Timbuktu, Mali
There are also spirit-possession exorcism rituals (Rasmussen 1995). Many rituals integrate Islamic together with pre-Islamic elements inwards their symbolism, which incorporates references to matrilineal ancestresses, pre-Islamic spirits, the earth, fertility, together with menstruation.
Tuareg celebration inwards Sbiba. Most of the men are wielding the takouba, the Tuareg sword.
The Desert Festival inwards Mali's Timbuktu provides i chance to reckon Tuareg civilization together with trip the low-cal fantastic together with withdraw heed their music. Other festivals include:
Cure Salee Festival inwards the oasis of In-Gall, Niger
Sabeiba Festival inwards Ganat (Djanet), Algeria
Shiriken Festival inwards Akabinu (Akoubounou), Niger
Takubelt Tuareg Festival inwards Mali
The 19th Ghat Festival inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | Dec 2013 In the annual event, Tuareg tribes from the part together with tourists run across to celebrate Tuareg traditional culture, folklore together with heritage inwards the ancient metropolis of Ghat, lies inwards the south-west corner of Libya. Photos
Ghat Festival inwards Aghat (Ghat), Libya
Le Festival au Désert inwards Mali
Ghadames Tuareg Festival inwards Libya
Touaregs at the Festival au Desert close Timbuktu, Republic of Mali 2012
Arts.
In Tuareg culture, at that topographic point is slap-up appreciation of visual together with aural arts. There is a large body of music, poetry, together with vocal that is of key importance during courtship, rites of passage, together with secular festivals.
Tuareg human being with his sword during Fulani Gerewol festival
Men together with women of various social origins dance, perform vocal together with instrumental music, together with are admired for their musical creativity; however, unlike genres of music together with distinct dances together with instruments are associated with the various social strata. There is also the sacred liturgical music of Islam, performed on Muslim holidays past times marabouts, men, together with older women.
Tuareg Amulet Khomeissa on leather
Much Tuareg fine art is inwards the shape of metalwork (silver jewelry), dyed together with embroidered leatherwork together with metallic saddle decorations called trik, together with finely crafted swords. They also do some woodwork (delicately decorated spoons together with ladles together with carved camel saddles). The Inadan community makes traditional handicrafts.
Among their products are tanaghilt or zakkat (the 'Agadez Cross' or 'Croix d'Agadez'); the Tuareg sword (Takoba), many aureate together with silver-made necklaces called 'Takaza'; together with earrings called 'Tizabaten'.
All these industrial plant are specialties of smiths, who formerly manufactured these products solely for their noble patrons. In rural areas, nobles soundless committee smiths to brand these items, but inwards urban areas many smiths at nowadays sell jewelry together with leather to tourists.
Tuareg jewelry seller
Music
Traditional Tuareg music has 2 major components: the monochord violin anzad played often during nighttime parties together with a little tambour covered with goatskin called tende, performed during camel together with Equus caballus races, together with other festivities. Traditional songs called Asak together with Tisiway (poems) are sung past times women together with men during feasts together with social occasions. Another pop Tuareg musical genre is takamba, characteristic for its Afro percussions.
Vocal music
tisiway: poems
tasikisikit: songs performed past times women, accompanied past times tende, men on camel dorsum plough around
asak: songs accompanied past times anzad monocord violin.
tahengemmit: piece of cake songs sung past times elderberry men
Children together with youth music
Bellulla songs made past times children playing with the lips
Fadangama little monocord musical instrument for children
Odili flute made from torso of sorghum
Gidga little wooden musical instrument with irons sticks to brand strident sounds
Tuareg vocalizer Athmane Bali from Djanet, Algeria
Dance
One of the traditional dances of the nomadic Tuareg is the 'Tam Tam' where the men on camel circle the women patch they play drums together with chant.
tagest: trip the low-cal fantastic made patch seated, moving the head, the hands together with the shoulders.
ewegh: potent trip the low-cal fantastic performed past times men, inwards couples together with groups.
agabas: trip the low-cal fantastic for modern ishumar guitars: women together with men inwards groups.
Tuareg musicians of Amazigh
In the 1980s rebel fighters founded Tinariwen, a Tuareg band that fuses electrical guitars together with indigenous musical styles. Tinariwen is i of the best known together with authentic Tuareg bands. Especially inwards areas that were cutting off during the Tuareg rebellion (e.g., Adrar des Iforas), they were practically the only music available, which made them locally famous together with their songs/lyrics (e.g. Abaraybone, ...) are good known past times the locals.
They released their maiden of all CD inwards 2000, together with toured inwards Europe together with the U.S.A. inwards 2004. Tuareg guitar groups that followed inwards their path include Group Inerane together with Group Bombino. The Niger-based band Etran Finatawa combines Tuareg together with Wodaabe members, playing a combination of traditional instruments together with electrical guitars.
Many music groups emerged after the 1980s cultural revival. Among the Tartit, Imaran together with known artists are: Abdallah Oumbadougou from Ayr, Baly Othmany of Djanet.
Clothing
In Tuareg guild women do non traditionally have on the veil, whereas men do. The most famous Tuareg symbol is the Tagelmust (also called éghéwed), referred to as a Cheche (pronounced "Shesh"), an often indigo blue-colored veil called Alasho.
The men's facial roofing originates from the belief that such activeness wards off evil spirits. It may have got related instrumentally from the demand for protection from the harsh desert sands as well. It is a firmly established tradition, as is the wearing of amulets containing sacred objects and, recently, also verses from the Qur'an. Taking on the veil is associated with the rite of passage to manhood; men start out wearing a veil when they ambit maturity. The veil unremarkably conceals their face, excluding their eyes together with the top of the nose.
tagelmust: turban – men
alasho: blueish indigo veil – women together with men
bukar: dark cotton wool turban – men
tasuwart: women's veil
takatkat: shirt – women together with men
takarbast: brusque shirt – women together with men
akarbey: pants worn past times men
afetek: loose shirt worn past times women
afer: women's pagne
tari: large dark pagne for wintertime season
bernuz: long woolen cloth for winter
akhebay: loose brilliant greenish or blueish cloth for women
ighateman: shoes
iragazan: ruby-red leather sandals
ibuzagan: leather shoes
The Tuareg are sometimes called the "Blue People" because the indigo paint inwards the cloth of their traditional robes together with turbans stained their peel dark blue. The traditional indigo turban is soundless preferred for celebrations, together with mostly Tuareg have on habiliment together with turbans inwards a diversity of colors.
Adornments
The women have on anklets, bracelets, silverish beads together with other adornments. Girls often have on adornments from their relatives together with when they are married they tried to have got their own. They have got the correct to have on the anklets, together with the residuum of the decorations known to women inwards general.
The men have on loose sleeves with embroidered pocket, together with often possess a dagger or sword. The sword hilt is studded with silverish together with gold, precious stones together with carved past times the names of its owners.
Medicine
Health aid alongside Tuareg today includes traditional herbal, Quranic, together with ritual therapies, as good as Western medicine. Traditional medicine is to a greater extent than prevalent inwards rural communities because of geographic barriers together with political tensions. Although local residents want Western medicines, most Western-trained personnel tend to live non-Tuareg, together with many Tuareg are suspicious or shy of exterior medical practitioners (Rasmussen 1994). Therefore rural peoples tend to rely most upon traditional practitioners together with remedies.
For example, Quranic scholars cure predominantly men with verses from the Quran together with some psychological counseling techniques. Female herbalists cure predominantly women together with children with leaves, roots, barks, together with some holisitic techniques such as verbal incantations together with laying on of hands. Practitioners called bokawa (a Hausa term; sing. boka ) cure with perfumes together with other non-Quranic methods. In addition, spirit possession is cured past times drummers.
Tuareg drummers
Death together with Afterlife
In the Tuareg worldview, the soul (iman ) is to a greater extent than personalized than are spirits. It is seen as residing inside the living individual, except during sleep, when it may rising together with locomote about. The souls of the deceased are gratis to roam, but unremarkably do so inwards the vicinity of graves.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 dead soul sometimes brings word and, inwards return, demands a temporary nuptials with its client. It is believed that the hereafter may live foretold past times sleeping on graves. Tuareg offering libations of dates to tombs of of import marabouts together with saints inwards monastic tell to obtain the al-baraka benediction. Beliefs virtually the afterlife (e.g., paradise) arrange closely to those of official Islam.
Source: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Tuareg.aspx
Photosource:http://www.brentstirton.com/index.php#mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=55&p=16&a=3&at=0
Touareg sword dance
Tuareg women, Agadez,Niger
Amazigh Tuareg, Libya
Beautiful veiled Tuareg adult woman from Libya. Eric Lafforgue
The Tuaregs alive inwards v principal north-western African countries, especially inwards southern Algeria, southwestern Libya, Mali, Niger together with Burkina Faso. Fewer numbers Republic of Chad together with Nigeria. The population distribution of Tuaregs is quite scanty, however, the unofficial estimates advise that their total number inwards the part of approximately 4.5 million. Out of this sum, 85% of them resides inwards Republic of Mali together with Niger together with the residuum betwixt People's Democratic Republic of Algeria together with Libya. And from the same estimates, they brand upward from 10% to 20% of the total population of Niger together with Mali.
Touaregs at the Festival au Desert close Timbuktu, Mali
The population of the Libyan Tuaregs is roughly 10,000 Ajjer Tuaregs. About 8,000 Ajjer alive along the Algerian edge patch the residuum (2,000) settles inwards the Oasis of Ghat inwards the S due west of Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Prasse (Ibid) together with Migdalovitz (1989). Tuaregs alive inwards desert areas stretching from the south, Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to northern Mali, inwards the Fezzan part of Libya; they are located inwards the Hoggar part of People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Veugdon. In Mali, at that topographic point are provinces of the Touareg together with Ozoad Adgag, but their presence inwards Niger is mainly inwards the part of Ayer.
Tuareg human being at Ubari Lakes, Libya
In desert terms, the Tuareg people inhabit a large area, roofing almost all the middle together with western Sahara together with the north-central Sahel. In Tuareg terms, the Sahara is non i desert but many, so they telephone band it Tinariwen ("the Deserts"). Among the many deserts inwards Africa, at that topographic point is the truthful desert Ténéré. Other deserts are to a greater extent than together with less arid, apartment together with mountainous: Adrar, Tagant, Tawat (Touat) Tanezrouft, Adghagh n Fughas, Tamasna, Azawagh, Adar, Damargu, Tagama, Manga, Ayr, Tarramit (Termit), Kawar, Djado, Tadmait, Admer, Igharghar, Ahaggar, Tassili n'Ajjer, Tadrart, Idhan, Tanghart, Fezzan, Tibesti, Kalansho, Libyan Desert, etc.
While at that topographic point is footling conflict virtually the driest parts of Tuareg territory, many of the H2O sources together with pastures they demand for cattle breeding larn fenced off past times absentee landlords, impoverishing some Tuareg communities. There is also an unresolved solid reason conflict virtually many stretches of farm solid reason precisely S of the Sahara. Tuareg often also claim ownership over these lands together with over the crop together with belongings of the impoverished Rimaite-people, farming them.
Tuareg woman
Tuareg has been, until recently, experts familiar with the sub-Saharan pathways past times helping the motion of convoys. They do these through their time-honored patience, courage together with noesis of the whereabouts of the H2O as good their command the stars that guides them. The clear desert skies allowed the Tuareg to live keen observers. Tuareg celestial objects include:
Azzag Willi (Venus), which indicates the fourth dimension for milking the goats
Shet Ahad (Pleiades), the vii sisters of the night
Amanar (Orion (constellation)), the warrior of the desert
Talemt (Ursa Major), the she-camel
Awara (Ursa Minor), the infant camel
Tuaregs from Libya
They Tuareg known internationally past times their pop cite "the Blue Men of the Sahara," "The Masked people" or "Men of the Veil," because of the indigo color of the veils together with other habiliment which their men wear, which sometimes stains the peel underneath. The men only have on this cloth together with non the women. Men start out wearing a veil at the historic period of time 25.
Touareg human being from Niger
Tuareg merchants were responsible for bringing goods from these cities to the north. From at that topographic point they were distributed throughout the world. Because of the nature of carry together with the express infinite available inwards caravans, Tuareg unremarkably traded inwards luxury items, things which took upward footling infinite together with on which a large turn a profit could live made.
Tuaregs inwards their desert environment,Timbuktu, Mali
Tuareg were also responsible for bringing enslaved people from the N to due west Africa to live sold to Europeans together with Middle Easterners. Many Tuareg settled into the communities with which they traded, serving as local merchants.
The Name Tuareg/Toureg
The cite Tuareg is an Standard Arabic term pregnant "abandoned past times God," "ways" or "paths taken". According to some researchers - the discussion Touareg is taken from the discussion "Tareka"/"Targa" a valley inwards the part of Fezzan inwards Libya. So the cite is of Berber rootage together with is taken from a topographic point inwards Libya, non the cite of the Muslim commander Tariq bin Ziyad, as some people claim. Thus cite Tuareg was borrowed from the Berbers living closer to the Mediterranean coast, together with was adopted from them into English, French together with High German during the colonial period. The Berber substantive targa way "drainage channel" together with past times extension "arable land, garden". It designated the Wadi al-Haya surface area betwixt Sabha together with Ubari together with is rendered inwards Standard Arabic as bilad al-khayr "good land".
In The Ottoman Empire the Tuareg were called Tevarikler, however, the Tuaregs telephone band themselves Imuhagh, or Imushagh (cognate to northern Berber Imazighen). Imuhagh is translated as 'free men," referring to the Tuareg "nobility", to the exclusion of the artisan customer castes together with slaves. The term for a Tuareg human being is Amajagh (var. Amashegh, Amahagh), the term for a adult woman Tamajaq (var. Tamasheq, Tamahaq, Timajaghen).
Tuareg human being with a sword
The spelling variants given reverberate the diversity of the Tuareg dialects, but they all reverberate the same linguistic root. Some Tuaregs preferred to live called Limajgn or Temasheq; together with were akin to Amazigh, pregnant gratis men, they became a hybrid past times combining inwards their blood with several races such as Targi, Standard Arabic together with Africans, due to the living with the Arabs inwards the N together with with the dark Africans inwards the South.
Also encountered inwards ethnographic literature of the early on 20th century is the cite Kel Tagelmust "People of the Veil" together with "the Blue People" (for the indigo color of their veils together with other clothing, which sometimes stains the peel underneath.
Tuareg men "the blueish people"
Tuareg Tribes (Cole)
Tuaregs discussion "Cole" which way "the people," is used for the identification of their tribal branches. at that topographic point are major tribal confederations divided geographically into 2 main groups, namely:
(1)Tuareg tribes inwards desert of southern People's Democratic Republic of Algeria together with the Fezzan inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has the most of import tribes together with they are as follows:
*Cole Hgar together with Cole Aaajer inwards the desert of Algeria,
*Limngazn ,Oragen together with Cole Aaajer inwards Fezzan together with the metropolis of Ghadames inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya at the confluence of the borders with Tunisia together with Algeria.
(2)Tuareg tribes of the coast, including:
*Cole Ayer together with Cole Lmadn inwards Niger.
*Cole Litram, Cole Adraaar, Cole Tdmokt , Cole Ansar ( El Ansar), together with Cole Alsswoq (traders) together with the other inwards the Republic of Mali.
Tuareg kids
Language
The Tuareg beak a Berber linguistic communication known as Tamajaq (also called Tamasheq or Tamahaq, according to the part where it is spoken), which appears to have got several dialects spoken inwards unlike regions (Greenberg, 1970). The linguistic communication is called Tamasheq past times western Tuareg inwards Mali, Tamahaq alongside Algerian together with Libyan Tuareg, together with Tamajaq inwards the Azawagh together with Aïr regions, Niger.
Tuareg adult woman from Timbuctu, Mali
The Tuareg distinguished themselves from other Berbers during their ancient times inwards Amazigh past times preserving the dialect of Tamazight "Hackler" together with they write their letters "Tifinagh" from correct to left together with from top to bottom together with vice versa. Tifinagh (also called Shifinagh together with Tifinar) is Tuareg Tamajaq writing system. The origins of "Tifinagh" remain unclear. An old version of Tifinagh, also known as Libyco-Berber, dates to betwixt the 3rd century BC together with the 3rd century AD inwards northwestern Africa (Gaudio, 1993).
Ancient Touareg Tifinagh script (tablet)
The Tuareg’s Tifinagh alphabet is composed of uncomplicated geometrical signs, it contains 21 to 27 signs, together with are used according to the region. The Tifinagh linguistic communication is written past times tradition on stones, trunks together with inwards the sand together with is really hard to read. French missionary Charles de Foucauld famously compiled a lexicon of the Tuareg language.
Nowadays i tin can reckon the Tifinagh’s letters soundless inwards the mountains together with caves, an archeological evidence to the existence of the Tuareg inwards the desert since ancient times. According to some sources, the Berber dialect they beak is already i of the ancient Standard Arabic dialects.
Though they retrieve of themselves as a large unity the Tuareg are divided into several tribes together with clans. Symbolizing their identity they telephone band themselves "Cole Tmashek“, the people who speaks Tamashek.
Tuareg woman
History
The rootage of Tuaregs who had gain the grapheme of «Lords of desert» due to their persistent powerfulness to facial expression upward together with challenge the circumstances of geography together with harsh climate is shrouded inwards mystery. No i knows the truthful rootage of the Tuareg, where they came from or when they arrived inwards the Sahara. There are many schools of thought virtually the origins of the Tuareg.
Touareg people of Mali.
Historically, the Tuareg were recorded past times the Greek historian Herodotus inwards the 5th Century BC inwards his travelogue during his travels to ancient Arab Republic of Egypt together with some parts of North Africa.
Ibn Battuta in his writings virtually his famous trips inwards Africa had this to say virtually the Tuareg: "They are Morabiteen province assets, together with mostly belong to the bulk of the Touareg tribes Sanhaja.” Ibn Khaldun called the Tuareg masked people and similar all Arab historians he classified them inwards the instant layer of the "Sanhaja" In his words at that topographic point are of many areas including "Kazolah", "Lamtonah", "Misratah" , "Laamtah" together with "Rikah ". Some historians also aver that Tuaregs are people of Berbers extraction who appeared inwards North Africa together with were i of the tribes of prehistoric races.
Frenchman Gustave Le Bon makes an interesting observation that the dark pilus Tuaregs were Berbers who migrated from the shores of the Euphrates together with N of the countries inhabited past times the Arabs, whilst the blond pilus together with blueish eyes Tuaregs migrated from as far as Europe together with were of Caucasoid blood. He postulated that the evidence could live found past times comparison the stone monuments inwards Africa together with the stone monuments discovered inwards northern Europe that shows same stone fine art of Tuaregs (Abual-Qasim Muhammad Crowe. Abdullah shareat. Dar Maghreb -Tunisia, p.12).
Tuareg girls
Abdul Qadir Jami Ferry said the discussion 'Touareg" is collection of the discussion Altargi, which is the cite that the Arabs called the proportion of the Berber tribes living inwards the desert (Targa areas) of the body of body of water (Atlantic) closed to Ghadames (Arabs Touareg of the Sahara, Akoshat Mohammed Said. Centre for Study together with Research on the Sahara, 1989, p.27).
Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, right, meets Touareg men inwards Ain Salah,Algeria
From their Oral history, when i inquire a Tuareg virtually their origin, they often assert that they originated from the Hamiriya inwards Yemen. From at that topographic point they came to settle at Tafilalt together with expanded southward from the Tafilalt part into the Sahel nether their legendary queen Tin Hinan, who is assumed to have got lived inwards the quaternary or 5th century. Tin Hinan is credited inwards Tuareg lore with uniting the ancestral tribes together with founding the unique civilization that continues to the acquaint day. At Abalessa, a grave traditionally held to live hers has been scientifically studied.
Tin Hinan Queen of Hoggar (today South Algeria)
However, the authentic information virtually the Tuareg rootage is the consensus past times historians who assert that Tuaregs descended from the Amazigh branch of Berber ancestors who lived inwards North Africa some centuries ago. This assertion that Tuaregs are of North African rootage is supported past times recent genetics studies into Tuareg`s Y-Chrosome deoxyribonucleic acid (Y chromosomes together with mtDNA of Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel) together with was published in European Journal of Human Genetics (2010). The studies found out that E1b1b1b (E-M81), the major haplogroup inwards Tuaregs, is the most mutual Y chromosome haplogroup inwards North Africa, dominated past times its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have got originated inwards North Africa 5,600 years ago.
The parent clade E1b1b originated inwards East Africa. Colloquially referred to as the Berber marking for its prevalence alongside Mozabite, Middle Atlas, Kabyle people together with other Berber groups, E-M81 is also predominant alongside other North African groups. It reaches frequencies of upward to 100 pct inwards some parts of the Maghreb.
Tuareg refugee army camp inwards Burkina Faso
Y-Dna haplogroups, passed on solely through the paternal line, were found at the next frequencies inwards Tuaregs:
| Population | Nb | A/B | E1b1a | E-M35 | E-M78 | E-M81 | E-M123 | F | K-M9 | G | I | J1 | J2 | R1a | R1b | Other | Study |
| 1 Tuaregs from Libya | 47 | 0 | 42.5% | 0 | 0 | 48.9% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.4% | 2.1% | Ottoni et al. (2011) |
| 2 Tuaregs from Mali | 11 | 0 | 9.1% | 0 | 9.1% | 81.8% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Pereira et al. (2011) |
| 3 Tuaregs from Burkina Faso | 18 | 0 | 16.7% | 0 | 0 | 77.8% | 0 | 0 | 5.6% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Pereira et al. (2011) |
| 4 Tuaregs from Niger | 18 | 5.6% | 44.4% | 0 | 5.6% | 11.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.3% | 0 | Pereira et al. (2011) |
Overall, a cline appears, with Algerian Tuaregs beingness closer to other Berbers together with Arabs, together with those from southern Republic of Mali beingness to a greater extent than similar to Sub-Saharan Africans, reckon also: Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage
Tuareg girl
So as it stands, prior to around 1200 B.C., the North African ancestors of the Tuareg lived on the northern fringes of the Sahara, similar most other Berber populations - but the introduction of the Equus caballus into North Africa inwards the mid-second millennium B.C. (and together with so the camel inwards the maiden of all century B.C.) enabled them to expand southwards across the desert. In medieval and early on modern times, they established a succession of powerful desert federations which clashed with each other together with with black-African states on the southern fringes of the Sahara.
By the tenth century A.D., the Tuareg had helped innovate Islam to West Africa, patch economically they prospered from their command of the trans-Saharan gold, tabular array salt together with slave trades. Indeed, Tuareg slave-raiding made them widely feared alongside sub-Saharan Africans.
But, precisely as the Tuareg had their powerful political structures together with identities, so did the black-African population of southern Mali, who established the medieval Songhai together with Republic of Mali empires - the latter cite beingness resurrected as the cite of the modern state.
Tuareg from Algeria
Tuareg territory covered (and soundless covers) non only northern Mali, but western Niger, southern People's Democratic Republic of Algeria together with southwest Libya. And yet - similar the Kurds together with the Lapps together with many other peoples - their solid reason is divided betwixt internationally recognized modern field states.
The "partition" of the Tuaregs' desert solid reason was carried out past times the French inwards the belatedly 19th together with early on 20th centuries. Their vast territory precisely formed the peripheral desert hinterlands of French coastal or riverine colonies inwards North together with West Africa. The French colonial authorities thought that the desert was economically worthless.
The Tuareg territory was organised into confederations, each ruled past times a supreme Chief (Amenokal), along with a counsel of elders from each tribe. These confederations are sometimes called "Drum Groups" after the Amenokal's symbol of authority, a drum. Clan (Tewsit) elders, called Imegharan (wisemen), are chosen to assist the main of the confederation. Historically, at that topographic point are vii recent major confederations:
Kel Ajjer or Azjar: centre is the oasis of Aghat (Ghat).
Kel Ahaggar, inwards Ahaggar mountains.
Kel Adagh, or Kel Assuk: Kidal, together with Tin Buktu
Iwillimmidan Kel Ataram, or Western Iwillimmidan: Ménaka, together with Azawagh part (Mali)
Iwillimmidan Kel Denneg, or Eastern Iwillimmidan: Tchin-Tabaraden, Abalagh, Teliya Azawagh (Niger).
Kel Ayr: Assodé, Agadez, In Gal, Timia together with Ifrwan.
Kel Gres: Zinder together with Tanut (Tanout) together with S into northern Nigeria.
Kel Owey: Aïr Massif, seasonally S to Tessaoua (Niger)
In the belatedly 19th century, the Tuareg resisted the French colonial invasion of their Central Saharan homelands. Tuareg broadswords were no tally for the to a greater extent than advanced weapons of French troops. After numerous massacres on both sides, the Tuareg were subdued together with required to sign treaties inwards Republic of Mali 1905 together with Niger 1917. In southern Kingdom of Morocco together with Algeria, the French met some of the strongest resistance from the Ahaggar Tuareg. Their Amenokal, traditional main Moussa ag Amastan, fought numerous battles inwards defence of the region. Finally, Tuareg territories were taken nether French governance, together with their confederations were largely dismantled together with reorganised
As a result, 2 totally unlike governmental traditions developed inwards Republic of Mali - i inwards the to a greater extent than agricultural (black-African) S together with some other inwards the less valued desert (Tuareg) north. When African countries achieved widespread independence inwards the 1960s, the traditional Tuareg territory was divided alongside a number of modern nations: Niger, Mali, Algeria, Libya, together with Burkina Faso. Competition for resources inwards the Sahel has since led to conflicts betwixt the Tuareg together with neighboring African groups, especially after political disruption next French colonization together with independence. There have got been tight restrictions placed on nomadization because of high population growth. Desertification is exacerbated past times human activity i.e.; exploitation of resources together with the increased firewood needs of growing cities. Some Tuareg are thus experimenting with farming; some have got been forced to abandon herding together with seek jobs inwards towns together with cities.
In Mali, a Tuareg uprising resurfaced inwards the Adrar N'Fughas mountains inwards the 1960s, next Mali's independence. Several Tuareg joined, including some from the Adrar des Iforas inwards northeastern Mali. The 1960s' rebellion was a struggle betwixt a grouping of Tuareg together with the newly independent province of Mali. The Malian Army suppressed the revolt. Resentment alongside the Tuareg fueled the instant uprising.
This instant (or third) uprising was inwards May 1990. At this time, inwards the aftermath of a clash betwixt authorities soldiers together with Tuareg exterior a prison theater inwards Tchin-Tabaraden, Niger, Tuareg inwards both Republic of Mali together with Niger claimed autonomy for their traditional homeland: (Ténéré, uppercase Agadez, inwards Niger together with the Azawad together with Kidal regions of Mali). Deadly clashes betwixt Tuareg fighters (with leaders such as Mano Dayak) together with the state of war machine of both countries followed, with deaths numbering good into the thousands. Negotiations initiated past times French Republic together with People's Democratic Republic of Algeria led to peace agreements (January 11, 1992 inwards Republic of Mali together with 1995 inwards Niger). Both agreements called for decentralization of national powerfulness together with guaranteed the integration of Tuareg resistance fighters into the countries' respective national armies.
Major fighting betwixt the Tuareg resistance together with authorities safety forces ended after the 1995 together with 1996 agreements. As of 2004, sporadic fighting continued inwards Niger betwixt authorities forces together with Tuareg groups struggling for independence. In 2007, a novel surge inwards violence occurred.
Since the evolution of Berberism inwards North Africa inwards the 1990s, at that topographic point has also been a Tuareg ethnic revival.
Since 1998, 3 unlike flags have got been designed to stand upward for the Tuareg. In Niger, the Tuareg people remain diplomatically together with economically marginalized, remaining piteous together with non beingness represented inwards Niger's key government
Tuareg woman
Economy
Subsistance together with Commercial Activities.
The Tuareg are a pastoral people, having an economic scheme based on livestock breeding, trading, together with agriculture.
Traditionally, occupations corresponded to social-stratum affiliation, determined past times descent. Tuareg are distinguished inwards their native linguistic communication as the Imouhar, pregnant the gratis people. Nobles controlled the caravan trade, owned most camels, together with remained to a greater extent than nomadic, coming into oases only to collect a proportion of the harvest from their customer together with servile peoples.
Here are unlike types of caravans:
caravans transporting food: dates, millet, dried meat, dried Tuareg cheese, butter etc.
caravans transporting garments, alasho indigo turbans, leather products, ostrich feathers,
caravans transporting salt: tabular array salt caravans used for commutation against other products.
caravans transporting nada but made to sell together with purchase camels.
Oasis In The Libyan Desert
Salt mines or salines inwards the desert.
Tin Garaban close Ghat inwards Azjar, Libya.
Amadghor inwards Ahaggar, Algeria.
Todennit inwards Tanezruft desert, Mali.
Tagidda N Tesemt inwards Azawagh, Niger
Fashi inwards Ténéré desert, Niger
Bilma inwards Kawar, Niger
Tributary groups raided together with traded for nobles together with also herded smaller livestock, such as goats, inwards usufruct relationships with nobles. Peoples of varying degrees of customer together with servile status performed domestic together with herding labor for nobles. Smiths manufactured jewelry together with household tools together with performed praise songs for noble patron families, serving as of import oral historians together with political intermediaries. Owing to natural disasters together with political tensions, it is at nowadays increasingly hard to brand a living solely from nomadic stockbreeding.
Thus, social stratum, occupation, together with socioeconomic status tend to live less coincident. Most rural Tareg today combine subsistence methods, practicing herding, oasis gardening, caravan trading, together with migrant labor. Nomadic stockbreeding soundless confers slap-up prestige, however, together with gardening remains stigmatized as a servile occupation. Other careers beingness pursued inwards the belatedly twentieth century include creating fine art for tourists, at which smiths are especially active, as artisans inwards towns, together with guarding houses, also inwards the towns. On oases, crops include millet, barley, wheat, maize, onions, tomatoes, together with dates.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 contemporary variant is occurring inwards northern Niger, inwards a traditionally Tuareg territory that comprises most of the uranium-rich solid reason of the country. The key authorities inwards Niamey has shown itself unwilling to cede command of the highly profitable mining to indigenous clans. The Tuareg are determined non to relinquish the prospect of substantial economical benefit. The French authorities has independently tried to defend a French firm, Areva, established inwards Niger for 50 years together with at nowadays mining the massive Imouraren deposit.
Additional complaints against Areva are that it is: "...plundering...the natural resources together with [draining] the fossil deposits. It is undoubtedly an ecological catastrophe". These mines yield uranium ores, which are together with so processed to create yellowcake, crucial to the nuclear powerfulness manufacture (as good as aspirational nuclear powers). In 2007, some Tuareg people inwards Niger allied themselves with the Niger Movement for Justice (MNJ), a rebel grouping operating inwards the N of the country. During 2004–2007, U.S. Special Forces teams trained Tuareg units of the Nigerien Army inwards the Sahel part as component of the Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Partnership. Some of these trainees are reported to have got fought inwards the 2007 rebellion inside the MNJ. The destination of these Tuareg appears to live economical together with political command of ancestral lands, rather than operating from religious together with political ideologies.
Despite the Sahara's erratic together with unpredictable rainfall patterns, the Tuareg have got managed to last inwards the hostile desert environs for centuries. Over recent years however, depletion of H2O past times the uranium exploitation procedure combined with the effects of climate alter are threatening their powerfulness to subsist. Uranium mining has diminished together with degraded Tuareg grazing lands. Not only does the mining manufacture create nuclear waste product that tin can contaminate crucial sources of basis H2O resulting inwards cancer, stillbirths, together with genetic defects but it also uses upward huge quantities of H2O inwards a part where H2O is already scarce.
This is exacerbated past times the increased charge per unit of measurement of desertification thought to live the outcome of global warming. Lack of H2O forces the Tuareg to compete with southern farming communities for scarce resources together with this has led to tensions together with clashes betwixt these communities. The precise levels of environmental together with social impact of the mining manufacture have got proved hard to monitor due to governmental obstruction.
Food
Taguella is a apartment staff of life made from millet, a grain, which is cooked on charcoals inwards the sand together with eaten with a heavy sauce. Millet porridge is a staple much similar ugali together with fufu. Millet is boiled with H2O to brand a pap together with eaten with milk or a heavy sauce.
Common dairy foods are goat's together with camel's milk, as good as cheese together with yogurt made from them. Eghajira is a thick potable boozer with a ladle. It is made past times pounding millet, caprine animal cheese, dates, milk together with saccharide together with is served on festivals similar Eid ul-Fitr together with Eid al-Adha. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 pop tea, gunpowder tea, is poured 3 times inwards together with out of a tea pot with mint together with saccharide into tiny glasses.
Preparation of communal repast for extended Tuareg family
Trade
The caravan trade, although today less of import than formerly, persists inwards the part betwixt the Air Mountains together with Kano, Nigeria. Men from the Aïr pass v to vii months each twelvemonth on camel caravans, traveling to Bilma for dates together with salt, together with and so to Kano to merchandise them for millet together with other foodstuffs, household tools, together with luxury items such as spices, perfume, together with cloth.
Division of Labor
Most camel herding is soundless done past times men; although women may inherit together with ain camels, they tend to ain together with herd to a greater extent than goats, sheep, together with donkeys. Caravan merchandise is solely conducted past times men. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 adult woman may, however, indirectly participate inwards the caravan merchandise past times sending her camels with a manlike someone relative, who returns with goods for her. Men flora together with irrigate gardens, together with women harvest the crops. Whereas women may ain gardens together with engagement palms, they leave of absence the operate of tending them to manlike someone relatives.
Gender Construction
The Tuareg are "largely matrilineal". Tuareg women have got high status compared with their Arab counterparts. They savor considerable independence, fifty-fifty if they are married they are entitled to go into business concern with or without their husbands permission.
They are gratis to engage inwards whatever shape of business, transact business concern with men together with fifty-fifty host their manlike someone friends together with business concern partners inwards the presence of their husbands inwards the house. As a outcome of this exercise some anthropologists considers the Touareg guild as a matriarchal guild that reveres together with honor women.
Amazigh Touaregs maintained this matriarchal characteristics fifty-fifty though most of other Berbers inwards the North African countries of Morocco, Algeria, Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya together with Tunisia practiced highly patriarchal culture. Touareg women do non set a mask on their faces, but their men do. The most famous figure inwards the history of the Touareg Berbers was a adult woman named Tin Henin, a leader who founded the Kingdom of slap-up OhakarAmazigh.
In the centre of the Tuareg tent is ever a little tabular array that is used to serve tea on. There is some other tabular array mostly allocated to guests together with passer-bys. It is their habits that when someone is visiting them inwards their houses women go exterior together with comes dorsum carrying vessels filled with camel milk. This is a sign 'To welcome the newcomers," whether he or she was a theater unit of measurement member, they reckon them as guests or visitors coming inwards after a long journey.
The Touareg follow their leader (head) of the tribe, called the «Omnwokl». And he ensures women have got special topographic point inwards the community. Apart from women having special topographic point inwards their communities, they savor slap-up liberty inwards matters such as choosing a life partner together with taking aid of habitation affairs. Polygamy is forbidden for women. Tuareg divorcee women often boast past times calling the human being the men they have got divorced as "Ohasis." it way “freed from whatever obligation!”
Tuareg woman
Kinship
Kin Groups together with Descent
The introduction of Islam inwards the 7th century a.d. had the long-term upshot of superimposing patrilineal institutions upon traditional matriliny. Formerly, each matrilineal clan was linked to a component of an animal, over which that clan had rights (Casajus 1987; Lhote 1953; Nicolaisen 1963; Norris 1975, 30).
Matrilineal clans were traditionally of import as corporate groups, together with they soundless exert varying degrees of influence alongside the unlike Tuareg confederations. Most Tuareg today are bilateral inwards descent together with inheritance systems (Murphy 1964; 1967). Descent-group allegience is through the mother, social-stratum affiliation is through the father, together with political office, inwards most groups, passes from manlike someone parent to son.
Kinship Terminology
Tuareg personal names are used most oftentimes inwards addressing all descendants together with kin of one's ain generation, although cousins oftentimes address i some other past times their respective classificatory kinship terms. Kin of the instant ascending generation may live addressed using the classificatory price anna (mother) together with abba (father), as may brothers together with sisters of parents, although this is variable.
Young Tuareg nomad
Most ascendants, especially those who are considerably older together with on the paternal side, are unremarkably addressed with the respectful term amghar (masc.) or tamghart (fem.). The most oftentimes heard kinship term is abobaz, denoting "cousin," used inwards a classificatory sense.
Tuareg savor to a greater extent than relaxed, familiar relationships with the maternal side, which is known as tedis, or "stomach" together with associated with emotional together with affective support, together with to a greater extent than reserved, distant relations with the paternal side, which is known as arum, or "back" together with associated with stuff suport together with ascendancy over Ego. There are joking relationships with cousins; relationships with affines are characterized past times extreme reserve. Youths should non pronounce the names of deceased ancestors.
Marriage together with Family
Marriage
Cultural ideals are social-stratum endogamy together with close-cousin marriage. In the towns, both these patterns are breaking down. In rural areas, grade endogamy remains strong, but many individuals get hitched with closed relatives only to delight their mothers; they afterward divorce together with get hitched with nonrelatives. Some prosperous gardeners, chiefs, together with Islamic scholars exercise polygyny, opposite to the nomadic Tuareg monogamous tradition together with opposite to many women's wishes; intolerant of co-wives, many women initiate divorces.
Tuareg Marriage ceremony
when a Tuareg swain admires immature young lady whom he want to marry, the swain selects a grouping of friends together with some theater unit of measurement members to accompany him off and pitch a army camp close the tent of the girl's family. The delegation of the swain together with so proceed to run across the girl`s manlike someone parent together with inquire virtually the immature lady inwards monastic tell to seek her mitt inwards marriage. If the girl`s manlike someone parent agree, he volition topographic point a dowry for the swain to pay.
The immature man`s delegation volition together with so homecoming to give him the message virtually the dowry. If the swain agrees to the dowry he volition appoint a proxy as custom requires inwards the Tuareg. For the groom cannot have got his bride until those closest to him carries dowry to where the wedlock is contracted. The dowry for the nobles is vii camels, together with for the "gor" (the slaves) 2 heads of goats.
Tuareg couple
After paying the dowry inwards full, the woman parent of the bride is given a gift called "Tagst." It is a bull or a camel, together with when offering these gifts, a grouping of women also start singing together with dancing together with demanding a gift of the groom. As customs demand, the groom gives them an oxen which together with so slaughtered inwards front end of all the women.
The nuptials ceremony of the Tuaregs lasts 3 days, together with after that the groom convey the residuum of his wedlock stuffs such as sugar, greenish tea together with shoes. The ceremony hold then for 3 to a greater extent than days. In this ceremony they distribute the gifts to the people of the district equally.
Tuareg bride
In the maiden of all nighttime of wedlock the groom considers his bride as his mother!! On the instant hateful solar daytime he considers his bride in the nighttime as his sister!! And on the tertiary nighttime the bride becomes his married adult woman together with he justify that past times making sugariness dearest to his bride together with also assuring her of a wonderful trip of a lifetime.
Tuareg bride walking majestically on a mat
In the morn friends of the groom come upward to see him with the fatty hump of a camel. If the bride was a virgin they do non swallow the hump but they volition create it together with homecoming it to women amidst sounds of joy which indicates that the bride is a virgin. But if the bride was non virgin they swallow the hump of the camel together with the bride's theater unit of measurement would know that their immature lady is non a virgin. When such a thing occur the bride`s theater unit of measurement becomes engulfed inwards a total disgrace!
Tuareg bride together with the groom dancing during nuptials festivities, Mali
After this ritual, the nuptials celebration continues for a total calendar week where the bride goes out with her friends whilst the groom stays inwards the tent without seeing his manlike someone parent or mother.
Tuareg bride, Burkina Faso
Domestic Unit
Tuareg groups vary inwards postmarital-residence rules. Some groups exercise virilocal residence, others uxorilocal residence. The latter is to a greater extent than mutual alongside caravanning groups inwards the Aïr, such as the Kel Ewey, who adhere to uxorilocal residence for the maiden of all 2 to 3 years of marriage, during which fourth dimension the hubby meets the bride-wealth payments, fulfills obligations of groom-service, together with offers gifts to his parents-in-law.
Upon fulfillment of these obligations, the duet may pick out where to live, together with the immature married adult woman may disengage her animals from her herds together with construct a separate kitchen, apart from her mother's.
Inheritance
Patrilineal inheritance, arising from Islamic influence, prevails, unless the deceased indicated otherwise, earlier death, inwards writing, inwards the presence of a witness: two-thirds of the belongings goes to the sons, one-third to the daughters. Alternative inheritance forms, stemming from ancient matriliny, include "living milk herds" (animals reserved for sisters, daughters, together with nieces) together with various pre-inheritance gifts.
Socialization
Fathers are considered disciplinarians, yet other men, especially maternal uncles, often play together with joke with little children. Women who lack their ain daughters often adopt nieces to assist inwards housework. Although many men are often absent (while traveling), Tuareg children are nonetheless socialized into distinct, culturally defined masculine together with feminine gender roles because manlike someone ascendancy figures—chiefs, Islamic scholars, together with wealthy gardeners—remain at habitation rather than departing on caravans or engaging inwards migrant labor, together with these men exert considerable influence on immature boys, who attend Quranic schools together with assist inwards manlike someone tasks such as gardening together with herding. Young girls tend to remain nearer home, assisting their mothers with household chores, although women together with girls also herd animals.
Traditionally, Tuareg guild is hierarchical, with nobility together with vassals. Each Tuareg clan (tawshet) is made upward of several theater unit of measurement groups, each led past times its chief, the amghar. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 serial of tawsheten (plural of tawshet) may bond together nether an Amenokal, forming a Kel clan confederation.
Tuareg self-identification is related only to their specific Kel, which way "those of". E.g. Kel Dinnig (those of the east), Kel Ataram (those of the west). The topographic point of amghar is hereditary through a matrilineal principle, it is usual for the boy of a sis of the incumbent chieftain to succeed to his position. The amenokal is elected inwards a ritual which differs betwixt groups, the private amghar who Pb the clans making upward the confederation unremarkably have got the deciding voice.
Nobility together with vassals: The operate of pastoralism was specialized according to social class. Tels are ruled past times the imúšaÉ£ (Imajaghan, The Proud together with Free) nobility, warrior-aristocrats who organized grouping defense, livestock raids, together with the long-distance caravan trade. Below them were a number of specialised métier castes. The ÃmÉ£ad (Imghad, singular Amghid), the instant rank of Tuareg society, were gratis vassal-herdsmen together with warriors, who pastured together with tended most of the confederation's livestock. Formerly enslaved vassals of specific Imajaghan, they are said past times tradition to live descended from nobility inwards the distant past, together with thus maintain a grade of social distance from lower orders. Traditionally, some merchant castes had a higher status than all but the nobility alongside their to a greater extent than settled compatriots to the south. With time, the deviation betwixt the 2 castes has eroded inwards some places, next the economical fortunes of the 2 groups.
Imajaghan have got traditionally disdained certainly types of labor together with prided themselves inwards their warrior skills. The existence of lower servile together with semi-servile classes has allowed for the evolution of highly ritualised poetic, sport, together with courtship traditions alongside the Imajaghan. Following colonial subjection, independence, together with the famines of the 1970s together with 1980s, noble classes have got to a greater extent than together with to a greater extent than been forced to abandon their caste differences. They have got taken on labor together with lifestyles they mightiness traditionally have got rejected.
Touareg men at the Essakane Festival (Mali) inwards january 2007
Client castes: After the adoption of Islam, a separate grade of religious clerics, the Ineslemen or marabouts, also became integral to Tuareg social structure. Following the decimation of many clans' noble Imajaghan caste inwards the colonial wars of the 19th together with 20th centuries, the Ineslemen gained leadership inwards some clans, despite their often servile origins. Traditionally Ineslemen clans were non armed. They provided spiritual guidance for the nobility, together with received protection together with alms inwards return.
Tuareg girl
Inhædˤæn (Inadan), were a blacksmith-client caste who fabricated together with repaired the saddles, tools, household equipment together with other stuff needs of the community. They were often, inwards add-on to craftwork, the repository of oral traditions together with poetry. They were also often musicians together with played an of import purpose inwards many ceremonies. Their origins are unclear, i theory proposing an original Jewish derivation. They had their ain special dialect or surreptitious language. Because of their association with fire, atomic number 26 together with precious metals together with their reputation for cunning tradesmanship the ordinary Tuareg regarded them with a mixture of awe together with distrust.
Tuareg peasants: The people who farm oases inwards Tuareg-dominated areas shape a distinct grouping known as izeggaghan (or hartani inwards Arabic). Their origins are unclear but they often beak both Tuareg dialects together with Arabic, though a few communities are Songhay speakers. Traditionally they worked solid reason owned past times a Tuareg noble or vassal family, beingness allowed to hold a 5th component of their produce. Their Tuareg patrons were unremarkably responsible for supplying agricultural tools, seed together with clothing.
Bonded castes together with slaves: Like other major ethnic groups inwards West Africa, the Tuareg i time held slaves (éklan / Ikelan inwards Tamasheq, Bouzou inwards Hausa, Bella inwards Songhai). The slaves called éklan i time formed a distinct social grade inwards Tuareg society. Eklan formed distinct sub-communities; they were a grade held inwards an inherited serf-like condition, mutual alongside societies inwards precolonial West Africa.
When French colonial governments were established, they passed legislation to abolish slavery, but did non enforce it. Some commentators believe the French involvement was directed to a greater extent than at dismantling the traditional Tuareg political economy, which depended on slave labor for herding, than at freeing the slaves. Historian Martin Klein reports that at that topographic point was a large scale attempt past times French West African authorities to liberate slaves together with other bonded castes inwards Tuareg areas next the 1914–1916 Firouan revolt. Despite this, French officials next the Second World War reported at that topographic point were some 50,000 "Bella" nether direct command of Tuareg masters inwards the Gao–Timbuktu areas of French Soudan alone. This was at to the lowest degree 4 decades after French declarations of bulk liberty had happened inwards other areas of the colony. In 1946, a serial of bulk desertions of Tuareg slaves together with bonded communities began inwards Nioro together with later inwards Menaka, apace spreading along the Niger River valley. In the maiden of all decade of the 20th century, French administrators inwards southern Tuareg areas of French Sudan estimated "free" to "servile" Tuareg populations at ratios of 1 to 8 or 9. At the same fourth dimension the servile "rimaibe" population of the Masina Fulbe, roughly equivalent to the Bella, made upward betwixt 70% to 80% of the Fulbe population, patch servile Songhai groups around Gao made upward some 2/3 to 3/4 of the total Songhai population. Klein concludes that roughly 50% of the population of French Soudan at the showtime of the 20th century were inwards some servile or slave relationship.
While post-independence states have got sought to outlaw slavery, results have got been mixed. Traditional caste relationships have got continued inwards many places, including the establishment of slavery. According to the Travel Channel show, Bob Geldof inwards Africa, the descendants of those slaves known as the Bella are soundless slaves inwards all but name. In Niger, where the exercise of slavery was outlawed inwards 2003, a study found that almost 8% of the population are soundless enslaved.
Social Control
In the traditional segmentary system, no leader had powerfulness over his followers solely past times virtue of a topographic point inwards a political hierarchy. Wealth was traditionally plenty to guarantee influence. Nobles acted as managers of large firms together with controlled most resources, although they constituted less than 10 pct of the population.
Even traditionally, however, at that topographic point were no cut-and-dry gratis or slave statuses. Below the aristocracy were various dependents whose status derived from their topographic point inwards the larger organization (e.g., whether attached to a specific noble or noble section); they had varying degrees of freedom.
Tuareg assimilated outsiders, who formed the servile strata, on a model of fictive kinship: a noble possessor was expected to live "like a father" to his slave. Vestiges of one-time tribute together with client-patron systems persist today, but also encounter some resistance. On some oases, nobles soundless theoretically have got rights to dates from engagement palms inside gardens of one-time slaves, but nowadays the one-time slaves turn down to fetch them, obliging nobles to climb the trees together with collect the dates themselves.
Conflict
In principle, members of the same confederation are non supposed to raid each other's livestock, but such raids do occur (Casajus 1987). In rural areas today, many local-level disputes are arbitrated past times a council of elders together with Islamic scholars who apply Quranic law, but individuals have got the selection of taking cases to secular courts inwards the towns.
Malian soldier speaks with Tuareg men Seydou (C) together with Abdoul Hassan inwards the hamlet of Tashek, exterior Timbuktu,
Religious Beliefs
The local belief system, with its ain cosmology together with ritual, interweaves together with overlaps with Islam rather than standing inwards opposition to it. In Islamic observances, men are to a greater extent than consistent virtually maxim all the prescribed prayers, together with they employ to a greater extent than Standard Arabic loanwords, whereas women tend to usage Tamacheq terms.
There is full general understanding that Islam came from the West together with spread into Aïr with the migration of Sufi mystics inwards the 7th century (Norris 1975). Tuareg initially resisted Islam together with earned a reputation alongside North African Arabs for beingness lax virtually Islamic practices.
For example, local tradition did non require woman someone chastity earlier marriage. In Tuareg groups to a greater extent than influenced past times Quranic scholars, woman someone chastity is becoming to a greater extent than important, but fifty-fifty these groups do non seclude women, together with relations betwixt the sexes are characterized past times liberty of social interaction.
Religious Practitioners
In official religion, Quranic scholars, popularly called ineslemen, or marabouts, predominate inwards some clans, but anyone may go i through mastery of the Quran together with exemplary exercise of Islam. Marabouts are considered "people of God" together with have got obligations of generosity together with hospitality. Marabouts are believed to possess special powers of benediction, al baraka. Quranic scholars are of import inwards rites of passage together with Islamic rituals, but smiths often human activity inwards these rituals, inwards roles complementary to those of the Quranic scholars. For example, at babies' name-days, held i calendar week next a birth, the Quranic scholar pronounces the child's cite as he cuts the pharynx of a ram, but smiths grill its meat, denote the name-day, together with organize of import eve festivals next it, at which they sing praise songs. With regard to weddings, a marabout marries a duet at the mosque, but smiths negotiate bride-wealth together with preside over the eve festivals.
Ceremonies
Important rituals alongside Tuareg are rites of passage—namedays, weddings, together with memorial/funeral feasts—as good as Islamic holidays together with secular province holidays. In addition, at that topographic point is manlike someone circumcision together with the initial men's face-veil wrapping that takes topographic point around the historic period of time of eighteen years together with that is key to the manlike someone gender purpose together with the cultural values of reserve together with modesty.
Touaregs at the Festival au Desert close Timbuktu, Mali
There are also spirit-possession exorcism rituals (Rasmussen 1995). Many rituals integrate Islamic together with pre-Islamic elements inwards their symbolism, which incorporates references to matrilineal ancestresses, pre-Islamic spirits, the earth, fertility, together with menstruation.
Tuareg celebration inwards Sbiba. Most of the men are wielding the takouba, the Tuareg sword.
The Desert Festival inwards Mali's Timbuktu provides i chance to reckon Tuareg civilization together with trip the low-cal fantastic together with withdraw heed their music. Other festivals include:
Cure Salee Festival inwards the oasis of In-Gall, Niger
Sabeiba Festival inwards Ganat (Djanet), Algeria
Shiriken Festival inwards Akabinu (Akoubounou), Niger
Takubelt Tuareg Festival inwards Mali
The 19th Ghat Festival inwards Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | Dec 2013 In the annual event, Tuareg tribes from the part together with tourists run across to celebrate Tuareg traditional culture, folklore together with heritage inwards the ancient metropolis of Ghat, lies inwards the south-west corner of Libya. Photos
Ghat Festival inwards Aghat (Ghat), Libya
Le Festival au Désert inwards Mali
Ghadames Tuareg Festival inwards Libya
Touaregs at the Festival au Desert close Timbuktu, Republic of Mali 2012
Arts.
In Tuareg culture, at that topographic point is slap-up appreciation of visual together with aural arts. There is a large body of music, poetry, together with vocal that is of key importance during courtship, rites of passage, together with secular festivals.
Tuareg human being with his sword during Fulani Gerewol festival
Men together with women of various social origins dance, perform vocal together with instrumental music, together with are admired for their musical creativity; however, unlike genres of music together with distinct dances together with instruments are associated with the various social strata. There is also the sacred liturgical music of Islam, performed on Muslim holidays past times marabouts, men, together with older women.
Tuareg Amulet Khomeissa on leather
Much Tuareg fine art is inwards the shape of metalwork (silver jewelry), dyed together with embroidered leatherwork together with metallic saddle decorations called trik, together with finely crafted swords. They also do some woodwork (delicately decorated spoons together with ladles together with carved camel saddles). The Inadan community makes traditional handicrafts.
Tuareg beaded necklace
Among their products are tanaghilt or zakkat (the 'Agadez Cross' or 'Croix d'Agadez'); the Tuareg sword (Takoba), many aureate together with silver-made necklaces called 'Takaza'; together with earrings called 'Tizabaten'.
Tuareg AgathTelhakimt or Tanfouk, Agadez Cross, Ingall, Old African Ring
All these industrial plant are specialties of smiths, who formerly manufactured these products solely for their noble patrons. In rural areas, nobles soundless committee smiths to brand these items, but inwards urban areas many smiths at nowadays sell jewelry together with leather to tourists.
Tuareg jewelry seller
Music
Traditional Tuareg music has 2 major components: the monochord violin anzad played often during nighttime parties together with a little tambour covered with goatskin called tende, performed during camel together with Equus caballus races, together with other festivities. Traditional songs called Asak together with Tisiway (poems) are sung past times women together with men during feasts together with social occasions. Another pop Tuareg musical genre is takamba, characteristic for its Afro percussions.
Vocal music
tisiway: poems
tasikisikit: songs performed past times women, accompanied past times tende, men on camel dorsum plough around
asak: songs accompanied past times anzad monocord violin.
tahengemmit: piece of cake songs sung past times elderberry men
Children together with youth music
Bellulla songs made past times children playing with the lips
Fadangama little monocord musical instrument for children
Odili flute made from torso of sorghum
Gidga little wooden musical instrument with irons sticks to brand strident sounds
Tuareg vocalizer Athmane Bali from Djanet, Algeria
Dance
One of the traditional dances of the nomadic Tuareg is the 'Tam Tam' where the men on camel circle the women patch they play drums together with chant.
tagest: trip the low-cal fantastic made patch seated, moving the head, the hands together with the shoulders.
ewegh: potent trip the low-cal fantastic performed past times men, inwards couples together with groups.
agabas: trip the low-cal fantastic for modern ishumar guitars: women together with men inwards groups.
Tuareg musicians of Amazigh
In the 1980s rebel fighters founded Tinariwen, a Tuareg band that fuses electrical guitars together with indigenous musical styles. Tinariwen is i of the best known together with authentic Tuareg bands. Especially inwards areas that were cutting off during the Tuareg rebellion (e.g., Adrar des Iforas), they were practically the only music available, which made them locally famous together with their songs/lyrics (e.g. Abaraybone, ...) are good known past times the locals.
They released their maiden of all CD inwards 2000, together with toured inwards Europe together with the U.S.A. inwards 2004. Tuareg guitar groups that followed inwards their path include Group Inerane together with Group Bombino. The Niger-based band Etran Finatawa combines Tuareg together with Wodaabe members, playing a combination of traditional instruments together with electrical guitars.
Many music groups emerged after the 1980s cultural revival. Among the Tartit, Imaran together with known artists are: Abdallah Oumbadougou from Ayr, Baly Othmany of Djanet.
Clothing
In Tuareg guild women do non traditionally have on the veil, whereas men do. The most famous Tuareg symbol is the Tagelmust (also called éghéwed), referred to as a Cheche (pronounced "Shesh"), an often indigo blue-colored veil called Alasho.
Tuareg adult woman from Mali
The men's facial roofing originates from the belief that such activeness wards off evil spirits. It may have got related instrumentally from the demand for protection from the harsh desert sands as well. It is a firmly established tradition, as is the wearing of amulets containing sacred objects and, recently, also verses from the Qur'an. Taking on the veil is associated with the rite of passage to manhood; men start out wearing a veil when they ambit maturity. The veil unremarkably conceals their face, excluding their eyes together with the top of the nose.
tagelmust: turban – men
alasho: blueish indigo veil – women together with men
bukar: dark cotton wool turban – men
tasuwart: women's veil
takatkat: shirt – women together with men
takarbast: brusque shirt – women together with men
akarbey: pants worn past times men
afetek: loose shirt worn past times women
afer: women's pagne
tari: large dark pagne for wintertime season
bernuz: long woolen cloth for winter
akhebay: loose brilliant greenish or blueish cloth for women
ighateman: shoes
iragazan: ruby-red leather sandals
ibuzagan: leather shoes
The Tuareg are sometimes called the "Blue People" because the indigo paint inwards the cloth of their traditional robes together with turbans stained their peel dark blue. The traditional indigo turban is soundless preferred for celebrations, together with mostly Tuareg have on habiliment together with turbans inwards a diversity of colors.
Adornments
The women have on anklets, bracelets, silverish beads together with other adornments. Girls often have on adornments from their relatives together with when they are married they tried to have got their own. They have got the correct to have on the anklets, together with the residuum of the decorations known to women inwards general.
The men have on loose sleeves with embroidered pocket, together with often possess a dagger or sword. The sword hilt is studded with silverish together with gold, precious stones together with carved past times the names of its owners.
Medicine
Health aid alongside Tuareg today includes traditional herbal, Quranic, together with ritual therapies, as good as Western medicine. Traditional medicine is to a greater extent than prevalent inwards rural communities because of geographic barriers together with political tensions. Although local residents want Western medicines, most Western-trained personnel tend to live non-Tuareg, together with many Tuareg are suspicious or shy of exterior medical practitioners (Rasmussen 1994). Therefore rural peoples tend to rely most upon traditional practitioners together with remedies.
For example, Quranic scholars cure predominantly men with verses from the Quran together with some psychological counseling techniques. Female herbalists cure predominantly women together with children with leaves, roots, barks, together with some holisitic techniques such as verbal incantations together with laying on of hands. Practitioners called bokawa (a Hausa term; sing. boka ) cure with perfumes together with other non-Quranic methods. In addition, spirit possession is cured past times drummers.
Tuareg drummers
Death together with Afterlife
In the Tuareg worldview, the soul (iman ) is to a greater extent than personalized than are spirits. It is seen as residing inside the living individual, except during sleep, when it may rising together with locomote about. The souls of the deceased are gratis to roam, but unremarkably do so inwards the vicinity of graves.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 dead soul sometimes brings word and, inwards return, demands a temporary nuptials with its client. It is believed that the hereafter may live foretold past times sleeping on graves. Tuareg offering libations of dates to tombs of of import marabouts together with saints inwards monastic tell to obtain the al-baraka benediction. Beliefs virtually the afterlife (e.g., paradise) arrange closely to those of official Islam.
Source: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Tuareg.aspx
Photosource:http://www.brentstirton.com/index.php#mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=55&p=16&a=3&at=0
Touareg sword dance
Wonderful tones of the Tuareg women
Tuareg women do non have on a veil, withal the men hold their faces covered fifty-fifty when eating.
Tuareg men stand upward inwards front end of the Iharen peak close southern metropolis of Tamanrasset Reuters
Tuareg,Libya
Tuareg adult woman wearing ceremonial jewellery together with dress
Tuareg women dancing inwards the Sahara Desert, exterior Timbuktu, Mali
Tuareg, Algeria
Tuareg,Timbuctu, Mali
Tuareg women, Agadez,Niger
Portrait Of Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Young Woman
Tuareg,mali
Amazigh Tuareg, Libya
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