Info For You Lot Kakwa People: African Nilotic Warrior Tribe That Bites Harder
The Kakwa people are sedentary agro-pastoralist in addition to Nilotic people of Karo ethnic sub-group residing inwards the northwestern Uganda, South Sudan, in addition to northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. They are portion of the Karo people (East Africa), who also include the Bari, Pojulu Mundari, Kuku in addition to Nyangwara. Their linguistic communication is called Kutuk na Kakwa, Eastern Nilotic language. Kakwa people are known to the world especially through the history of their son, General Idi_Amin Dada, sometime president of Uganda
Kakwa people from Yei County, South Sudan, performing traditional dance
The call 'Kakwa' comes after Yeki's 3rd son, Koza ku kala literally pregnant ‘bites with teeth’, a phrase
consisting of the verb transitive koza 'to bite', the conjunction ku 'with' in addition to the substantive kala 'teeth' (singular
keleyi). Later, the entire Kakwa nation, including all the 12 children of Yeki’s 6th in addition to lastly son, Zaki, also
adopted the plural cast of the agentive ka-kakwa 'the biters' or ‘those that bite.’ The Kakwa also refer to thorns as kakuwa (singular kokoti). In the other aspects of the Kakwa expressions, semantic idioms or proverbs, the intelligence ‘Kakwa’ translates into 'rebels', 'fulminating', 'harsh' or 'inimical'. From Mount Liru, Yeki had sent Koza ku kala to the nowadays expanse of Yei County to found the Kakwa people at that spot in addition to those inwards other Kakwa areas, such as the Kakwa County in addition to also Ko’buko District. The Kakwa people some times refer to themselves as "Kakwa Saliya Musala", a phrase they commonly utilisation to denote their 'oneness' though they are inwards 3 dissimilar countries. In Uganda, they known as Bakakwa.
Kakwa man child in addition to a girl
Kakwa Population
The average population density (which is population divided past times expanse of land) inwards much of the Kakwa ground is 10 to 20 persons per foursquare kilometre of ground area, but densities may vary from identify to identify in addition to from fourth dimension to time. Currently, for instance, the areas of heavy concentration of population are Yei Town, Nyarilo, Keri, Ora’ba, Ingbokolo, Morobu, Aru, Aba. The entire Kakwa people tin live estimated to live just nether 500,000 people.
Kakwa boys coming out of river Yei, South Sudan
The Kakwa County which is the main expanse where the Kakwa inhabitants of the Congo live, has been divided into 5 sub-counties as follows: (1) Rumu, (2) Inzi, (3) Kumuru, (4) Diso, in addition to (5) Adumi. The largest sub-county is Rumu. These 5 sub-counties are farther divided into silent smaller sub-sub-counties. This Kakwa County nicknamed Kakwa Inga, occupies an expanse of or so 975 foursquare kilometers within which alive or so 110,000 people (2000 estimate). It shares borders with the Yei County inwards the Sudan in addition to with Ko’buko District inwards Republic of Uganda to the northeast in addition to east, with the Kaliko County to the due west in addition to to the due south with the Zaki County.
Kakwa people at Yei town
Kakwa Ima are found inwards the town of Aba inwards the Faradje expanse of the Congo; inwards 1959, they numbered some 8,344 souls, in addition to occupied a ground expanse of some 476 foursquare kilometers.
Kakwa Dropa are found inwards the town of Aru.
Map showing where Kakwa people alive inwards Uganda,South Sudan in addition to DRCongo
Kakwa Neighbors
Kakwa lodge occupies the part bordering northwestern Uganda, Southern Sudan, in addition to northeastern Congo. The next are the tribes neighboring the Kakwa territories: Zaki, Logo, Baka, Mundu, Keliko, Nyangbara, Muru, Lugbara, Avukaya, Kuku, Aringa, Maracha, Terego, Kuku, Pojulu, Makaraka etc.
The Kakwa Language
The call of the Kakwa linguistic communication is also called Kutuk na Kakwa (Kakwa)— named after its people. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 linguistic communication inwards Kakwa is called lokuliye (masculine) or kutu (feminine). Hence, Lokuliye lo Kakwa agency the same thing as Kutu na kakwa—Kakwa language.
Kakwa’s Etymological Roots
The etymological roots of the Kakwa words usually consist of ii or 3 consonants. The roots themselves may live monosyllabic (in that most words inwards their simplest cast consist of 1 syllable i.e. a consonant combination in addition to a vowel as inwards le (feminine) ‘milk’ since at that spot are no codas inwards Kakwa. When you lot know a word, you lot know both its pronunciation in addition to its meaning—and, of course, also its writing or spelling. If you lot hear someone utter the sounds represented past times the string of letters in addition to don’t know that it agency sukuri
(feminine) ‘a chicken’ inwards Kakwa, you lot don’t know that word. Synonyms similar si’de (feminine) in addition to gbi’dikiye
(feminine) are ii words because their identical meanings ‘a chair’ or ‘a seat’ are represented past times two
dissimilar strings of sounds. On the other hand, ii words with dissimilar sounds may take hold same string of
letters (homograph) as inwards the personal pronoun nà ‘me’ or ‘I’, in addition to inwards the intimate genitive (possessive)
particle ná ‘of’ (feminine, singular).
Kakwa people
Each intelligence is a sound-meaning unit. Each intelligence listed inwards your mental lexicon must include other
data as well, such as whether it is a noun, a pronoun, a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a
preposition, a conjunction, etc. This phenomenon is called grammatical category or syntactic course of instruction or
parts of speech.
Kakwa linguistic communication is non superior to whatever other linguistic communication inwards a linguistic sense. Every grammer is equally
complex in addition to logical in addition to capable of producing an interplanetary space laid of sentences to limited whatever thought. If
something tin live expressed inwards 1 linguistic communication or dialect, it tin live as expressed inwards whatever other language
or dialect. It powerfulness involve dissimilar agency in addition to dissimilar words, but it tin live expressed. No grammar,
therefore, no linguistic communication is either superior or inferior to whatever other!
The Kakwa Writing System
Kakwa has no indigenous writing scheme of its ain but bases its writing scheme on the Roman alphabet. All
Kakwa forms cited inwards this mass appear inwards criterion orthography. The linguistic communication is Niloto-Hamitic indicating
that it has elements of the Nilotic in addition to Hamitic languages. But what exactly is meant past times Nilotic? Westermann
in addition to others take hold advanced criteria past times which for sure Sudanic languages are to live regarded as Nilotic, and
this Nilotic chemical constituent inwards the Kakwa linguistic communication is to live found almost solely inwards intelligence stems, in addition to rattling petty in
judgement construction. In Kakwa Grammar, the term Nilotic relates to the languages of Dinka, Shiluk,
Nuer, Acholi, Alur etc, in addition to all languages in addition to dialects closely related to whatever of these languages, in addition to its
presence inwards Kakwa is evidenced past times the surprising number of monosyllabic intelligence stems, both nouns and
verbs, mutual to Kakwa in addition to to the neighbouring Nilotic languages.
The Kakwa Orthography
Orthography is the laid of conventions for representing linguistic communication inwards written form. Kakwa employs the English
alphabetical orthography inwards which symbols are used to stand upwards for private vowel segments rather than
syllables or words. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 syllable is a unmarried alphabetic character or a grouping of letters that cast 1 audio Until the advent of the missionaries in addition to the colonialists, the Kakwa had no way for putting their thoughts into
writing inwards the same understanding nosotros take hold today. These foreigners introduced the Roman alphabet, with
some few characters borrowed from Greek or German, in addition to the final result was fairly satisfactory for producing
the firstly Bari Bible in addition to Christian songs inwards Bari. Later, the version of the Bari Bible translated into Kakwa
was called Likilimba or Bayibulu ku Kutu na Kakwa i.e. ‘Bible inwards the Kakwa Language.’
The firstly Bari alphabet was revised in addition to slightly changed at the Rejaff Language Conference of 1928. The
resultant code, through opened upwards to criticism, seems to fulfill the necessary conditions for practical orthography
for Bari speakers, including the Kakwa people. Elements of this Rejaff Language Conference alphabet are
used inwards Kakwa Grammar with additions inwards monastic enjoin to enable foreigners to acquire a improve understanding of Kakwa
Kakwa Mythology of Creation
This is how nosotros were created on this earth. Our great, keen granddaddy was Mungura. Mungura’s married adult woman was
called Muri. Together, they produced the firstly living things on this planet: wildlife plus domestic animals.
Next, Mungura in addition to Muri produced twins: these were considered a bad omen at that time, in addition to they were
handed over to a for sure Jongbo to throw them away into the bush. However, Jongbo remarked that these
twins who would 1 solar daytime live our fathers. So, she hid them at her identify in addition to nurtured them at that spot until they grew. Muri 1 time again became pregnant, in addition to this time, she delivered a infant who was cerebral palsy-like: without ears, without a neck, without a head, without hands, without legs. Cried Muri, “I take hold produced some other bad omen. Maa, come upwards in addition to send this thing into the bush. Take it into the swamp. It is bad. Leave it inwards the swamp.” Maaagreed but in addition to so abandoned the infant on a purugi, a termite-created bare patch of soil usually found inwards the bushes. This ‘baby’ turned out to live genuinely bad—an epidemic that gave rising to all the diseases in addition to illnesses.
Kakwa women . Circa 1889
As it lay on the prurugi, it 1 solar daytime flare-up inwards the sun’s heat, with a rattling loud noise! This bursting caused Mungurato go ill. Then Jongbo instructed Maa to see Ka’bili, the doctor, to regain out what was incorrect with Mungura. Maa, inwards his usual stubborn mood, was reluctant. Jongbo tried 1 time again but all inwards vain: Maa refused to listen. Then Jongbo, herself, ran to Ka’bili for help. She said to Ka’bili, “I had before sent Maa to consult with you lot inwards monastic enjoin to diagnose our father, Mungura’s illness since he is dying. Please regain a cure for him.”
Ka’bili examined the province of affairs in addition to and so declared that “Our manful someone parent is dying. If he dies, Maa volition chase him (the
spirit of Mungura) into the bush. The best thing is to laid upwards kilikize, create total it upwards with fresh milk, acquire meze or ‘ferric oxide solution’, in addition to identify this within the milk. When our manful someone parent dies, Maa volition run from the bush on hearing the wailing or crying of the mourners. So, live brave, gather plenty strength in addition to aim the kilikize at the middle of Maa’s head. When the kilikize breaks, boast that you lot take hold smashed him (Maa) inwards the brains. Say that you lot take hold pierced him so deeply that blood is at nowadays gushing out of his head. He volition wipe his caput in addition to the coagulated milk volition live similar his brains. He volition wipe his caput in addition to the meze volition live similar his blood. So, in addition to so it volition live him whowill run away instead of Mungura.” Jongbo did as instructed in addition to Maa ran away into the bush admitting that he was spoilt.
Kakwa girls showing their tribal trunk marks. Circa 1889
This was what in addition to so took place: Meko (Buffalo) said that he would follow Maa; Lo’ba (Jackson’s Hartebeest) said that he would follow Maa; the Branded Bushbuck said that he would follow Maa; ’Bo’bu, ‘the Waterbuck, said that he would follow Maa. Mungura’s identify was left for Yurukuti who said that she would stay with Jongbo. Kine (Goat) said that he would live with Jongbo. Kebilito (Sheep) said that he would live with Jongbo. Ka'bili, inwards person, said that she would stay with Jongbo.
After beingness for sometime with Jongbo, the children (twins) whom she had adopted, became seriously ill.
Jongbo in addition to so ran to Ka’bili saying, ‘I take hold my things hither in addition to that Ka’bili should regain out what was incorrect with them. After diagnosing, Ka'bili suggested that Jongbo sacrifice Yurukuti’s only kid as a cure.
The ritual of sacrificing started from there. Shortly afterwards, in addition to quickly, Jongbo carried out the sacrifice in addition to and so she hid the bones of the sacrificed kid inwards the backyard garden. When Yurukuti arrived, she did non regain her child. “Where is my child?” Jongbo replied that she had no idea. Yurukuti in addition to so called in addition to called. She threw herself. She threw herself all over the compound. Then, she ran to the backyard in addition to scooped the ashes onto her body. She scooped in addition to scooped. She presently scooped out her son’s bones.
“Why, Jongbo? I did non know what happened to my child. Now, I know that you lot are inwards fact, my enemy.
Jongbo, if you lot are my enemy similar this, for you, never speak again. You should audio as 'biyu-'biyu, at night.
Things should live thrown to you. And, for you lot Ka’bili, who calls herself as the expert. Now, tell things using your neck. Let pieces of stones live collected, in addition to these volition live named so in addition to so, so in addition to so. But, now, your cervix volition live cutting in addition to your caput thrown there. When it is at nowadays struggling, it volition disclose things using the severed neck.”
However, Jongbo shot dorsum saying, “You, Yurukuti! You, Yurukuti! I thought that these things (meaning the
twins) would inwards the hereafter live our keen parents. But since you lot are at nowadays cursing similar this, for you—never talk
again. You should audio similar this ‘alaallaaaalaaaaalaaaa!’ The cursing of each other originated from at that spot in addition to it affected those twin children Jongbo was raising.
Kakwa adult man playing horn lute
History
What the Kakwa telephone band ’dolowe agency 'the starting point' or 'the origin' or 'the source.' This betoken is variously
believed to live around the nowadays Ethiopia-Sudan border, around the Red Sea, or at Kapoeta (at the eastern shore of Lake Turkana). Here, the Nilotic Luo had arrived inwards sufficient numbers dispersing the ancestors of the Kakwa in addition to other Nilo-Hamitics. These Luo movements were spread over time—perhaps over 3 centuries pushing the entire Kakwa westwards, across the River Nile, around the 16th century, in addition to eventually they settled at Koro’be [Koru’be] Hill inwards the Yei County. From Koro’be, the Kakwa in addition to so spread over all the areas which they at nowadays occupy inwards Ko’buko District, inwards the Kakwa County in addition to inwards the Yei County.
Kakwa Contact with Foreigners. Virtually, nix was known or written most the Kakwa before the advent of Europeans inwards the 19th century.
The keen boy of Kakwa people, General Iddi Amin Dada Oumee, sometime president of Uganda
The firstly foreigners the Kakwa encountered were the slavers, explorers, hunters, missionaries, soldiers,
administrators, in addition to social anthropologists. The Arab slavers came from the due north spell the Europeans and
North Americans came through the Sudan (from the north), in addition to from the southeast—through Uganda. Some Europeans (Belgians in addition to French) came from the Congo (to the west). These people had multitudes of roles inwards the Kakwa territories: the occupier of 1 role ofttimes turned into another. For much of the menstruation betwixt the 1800s in addition to the 1900s, at that spot had been everlasting successions of devastation from slave raids, droughts, locust outbreaks, famines, population movements, rinderpest, meningitis, human in addition to livestock epidemics that afflicted the Kakwa people. This was also the menstruation of the Kakwa contact with peoples of radically dissimilar social, economical in addition to technological systems. The next is a brief historical presentation of some of the origins of the contacts with these foreigners.
Kakwa Settlement Patterns
The call for a theatre inwards Kakwa is kadi (feminine, plural kadi-zi). The call for identify is ’ba (masculine,
plural, ’beŋi) or gbiliŋe (feminine).
Kakwa’s traditional patterns of housing vary with contrasts inwards terrain, ecology, climate, weather, gradient of the
land, kinships, descent, political stability, etc. The most prevalent pattern has been that of dispersed villages
which, together with their extended families, are large plenty for diverse indigenous participation but are
rarely lasting because of the utilisation of short-lived edifice materials in addition to sometimes specifications for shifting
tillage in addition to grazing. Until recently, each Kakwa identify unit of measurement lived inwards a sort of community within a growing
stockade known as mari (feminine). The stockade had a gate which could live closed past times nighttime or when there
was danger from hyenas, lions or enemies. Today, however, families are clustered together thus constituting
a dissimilar sort of homestead.
There are separate houses for humans in addition to for animals. Human houses include:
• koku (feminine) or ‘the kitchen’;
• kadi-zi naga a totoye (feminine) ‘houses for sleeping’; these are usually separate for teenagers,
parents in addition to grandparents.
In addition, at that spot is a unique theatre known as lomore (feminine) that is entirely used as a invitee house.
Other structures typically found inwards a Kakwa homestead are:
• apa (feminine) (the nutrient storage structure);
• gugu (masculine) (granary);
• kadi nati (feminine) (the call for pit latrine);
• miŋe (feminine) (a special construction built to milk a moo-cow so that the moo-cow does non kicking away the milk or
the milker during the milking process;
• koko or mololo (feminine) (roofed chicken pen);
• mari (feminine) (kraal);
• kadi na lidi (feminine) (roofed in addition to sometimes walled goats' pen);
• kadi na kebiilizi (feminine) (roofed in addition to sometimes walled sheep’s house);
• ayiyi (masculine) (a nutrient storage facility);
• salo (feminine) (a low-walled theatre with a roof usually sited inwards the middle of the compound. It is used
as a sort of "common living room", especially valued past times the Kakwa of Congo;
• roboŋo (masculine) (shrine stones).
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Kakwa homestead is also ever located nigh a large evergreen tree that serves as parine (feminine)
nether which identify unit of measurement members tin savor tilimo (feminine) or shade. In the evenings, identify unit of measurement members spend
their fourth dimension around the communal opened upwards forcefulness out which is known as pudo (feminine) where the elders tell stories to
the younger grouping in addition to where the day's activities are discussed in addition to hereafter plans in addition to specific assignments
are made. Another rattling of import consideration inwards locating human dwellings is proximity to a clean,
permanent in addition to fairly unopen good inwards add-on to consideration of the distance to a communal grinding rock
surface or to the major farms.
From a Kakwa Family to Kakwa Society
Each of the nearly ii hundred or so dissimilar Kakwa clans, is built on a pyramidal model with the identify unit of measurement as
the lowest entity. Next inwards this social hierarchy is the extended identify unit of measurement which forms some other social organization
known as ketimi (feminine, plural, ketimi-to) or gurube (feminine). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ketimi may comprise of ii to a
dozen related villages. The concluding organizational unit of measurement is the whole ethnic Kakwa grouping that the colonialists
named a "tribe" but which is genuinely an "ethnic" or a linguistic communication group." Therefore, Kakwa the ethnic grouping is
composed of dissimilar clans which, inwards turn, are composed of assorted sub-clans which, inwards turn, are
composed of disparate villages in addition to families, which inwards turn, are composed of a few dozen to hundreds of
individuals.
The economic scheme of Kakwa people
The economic scheme of the Kakwa was mainly subsistence agriculture but some families also practiced mixed farming. They kept cattle, goats, in addition to sheep also agriculture. Millet has ever been their principal nutrient crop followed past times sorghum in addition to a type of edible bean called burusu.
These were the staple foods of the Kakwa. They take hold been supplemented past times pawpaws, maize in addition to cassava. Cassava is said to take hold come upwards with the advent of the Belgians in addition to the intrusion of the logo, an ethnic grouping from Zaire.Pawpaws are said to take hold been introduced past times the British.Millet, sorghum in addition to burusu were traditionally sown inwards a large land dug on a communal basis, known as vya or litika.
Women figured less prominently inwards the economic scheme of the Kakwa. Men dug the fields, sowed the seeds, tended the animals, built in addition to repaired the houses. Women would take the rubbish from the cultivated fields, would also create clean in addition to store the crops away inwards the granaries.The women engaged actively inwards handbasket weaving, tabular array salt making in addition to pottery.
Salt was made from indigenous plants known as morubo in addition to bukuli. These plants wound live burnt in addition to and so the ashes nosotros re pose inwards a container with many holes at the bottom; H2O would live poured on the ashes. The salty liquid would filter through the holes in addition to out into some other container at the bottom.
The Nyangaila clan specialized inwards Fe smelting, making spears, knives, hoes in addition to a diversity of other Fe implements.
Wealth alongside the Kakwa was measured inwards damage of “how many granaries total of foodstuff” 1 had inwards one’s chemical compound in addition to the number of the livestock inwards one’s kraal.In the trial of famine, in addition to this was common, people would migrate to some other expanse where at that spot was plenty of food.
Kakwa man, Idi Amin
Kakwa Culture
La’bi variant Uri
In the Kakwa language, the exact intelligence for civilization is la’bi or uri (masculine). Hence, la’bi lo Kakwa
translates as civilization of the Kakwa or Kakwa culture.
Kakwa Child Naming Ceremonies
Kakwa people do non usually call their children until the lastly slice of the remaining umbilical cord has
fallen off through the natural process. The naming ceremony usually occurs after 3 days if the kid is a
girl, in addition to after iv days if the kid is a boy. The naming ceremony requires first, the boiling of shelled laputu
(masculine) or Black-eyed peas inwards salt-free H2O in addition to the add-on of the traditional solution of the local salt,
kombo (feminine), mixed only inwards kemo na konyu (feminine) or simsim paste. Moreover, no frying
whatsoever, is entertained spell millet serves for the staple bread, ’dilo (feminine).
The infant to live ceremoniously named is brought exterior for the firstly fourth dimension inwards the fresh, mild morning time sun
known as a-igo (feminine). The elders in addition to so formally have the infant after each 1 of them has assembled
a number of names that he or she has kept undercover till the ceremonial time. Every call proposed is carefully
weighed in addition to discussed inwards the context of the circumstances surrounding the birth, the parents' marriage
history, in addition to what is happening inwards in addition to around the village, Kakwa society, in addition to boy on, or when that kid was
born. Separate names are given for boys in addition to girls each with a unique meaning. After choosing the
appropriate name, 1 elderberry (usually the eldest elderberry man) in addition to so formally presents the kid to Mount Liru by
pointing him or her toward the legendary mount with the pronouncement: Liru, ŋiro lolu ilo! (meaning,
"Liru, hither is a kid for you"--- if the infant is a boy), in addition to Liru, ŋiro nonu ina! (meaning, "Liru, hither is a child
for you" --- if the infant is a girl). Invoking the call of this famous Kakwa mount serves 3 major
purposes: (1) it formally reminds the kid in addition to those assembled that he or she is a Kakwa, in addition to (2) it makes
the kid strong, in addition to (3) it enables the kid to alive as long as Mount Liru. After this ceremony, the infant is
given dorsum to his or biological mother. From this betoken onwards, he or she is called past times the chosen call but
other informal names (including nicknames) tin silent live used inwards reference to him or her.
Kakwa Mourning Customs in addition to Rites
The Kakwa people refer to bereavement as gbiye (feminine) (literally, "crying"), in addition to sometimes as mute
(masculine) in addition to deliya (feminine). Until at that spot is decease of a unopen agnate or affine, Kakwa adults do not
usually vociferation but do so profusely in addition to instantaneously when that occurs. This physical care for is exacerbated past times the
presence of for sure individuals inwards the lodge in addition to hamlet who take hold distinguished themselves in addition to shriek in
rattling peculiar in addition to mournful ways to denote that decease has taken identify inwards the village. Such a traditional
shrieking audio is known as sire (sira) (feminine) in addition to is usually performed past times an adult male. Adult women may also take hold their ain way of shrieking which is referred to as gbililiza (feminine).
Kakwa Burial Rites
When decease occurs, the dead someone becomes known as opu (masculine) in addition to the burial physical care for is known
as nuga (feminine) or to a greater extent than fully, nuka na ŋutu (feminine) (that is, "burying of a person"), in addition to this normally
occurs inwards the evenings for ordinary people. However, for people known as Bura or Mata-ki ‘Chiefs’, the
burial ritual is complex in addition to it occurs at dawn. Before that, the dawn time, the Chief’s trunk is nursed inwards a
ritual known as muyu na mata (feminine). The burial physical care for is ever the piece of work of the men who dig gulo
(feminine, plural gulo-mo) (the grave) to a depth of at to the lowest degree ii meter in addition to breath of a meter in addition to a half, inwards a
chosen location. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 special hole (some sort of a mini-grave), the size of the actual body, is in addition to so dug 180
degrees within the deepest halt of the grave where the trunk volition live placed.
Usually 3 days after the burial, a special mourning feast called abujo (masculine) or adosu (masculine)
is organized. This feast involves the killing of an animal, usually a bull, ram or a he-goat, depending on the
status of the deceased or in addition to his or her family. The fauna thus killed is cooked in addition to distributed randomly
without whatever special consideration beingness given to what portion of the fauna should live consumed past times which clan
or lineage. Prior to this feast, the relatives of the dead someone in addition to well-wishers continuously render the
people who plow upwards for the funeral with costless nutrient in addition to drink.
Traditional Kakwa Concept of Religion
The Kakwa people take hold no temples for worship nor whatever written doctrines such as the Bible or the Qur’an
(Koran), or the Geeta (the Hindu Holy Book), nor full-time preachers, nor organized religion. However, they do take hold shrines or oracles that are collectively called uriya (masculine) in addition to these symbolize the spirits of
the dead. These uriya are usually symbolized either past times distinctive stones known as roboŋo (masculine) or
past times fig trees known as laru (masculine) where periodic sacrifices are made. The ritual of appeasing the dead
through the stones or the fig tree is known as i-ila na roboŋo (feminine) or i-ila na laru (feminine)
respectively.
The overall concept of religion, as expressed past times the uriya (masculine), is that the dead or ancestors can
communicate with the living. Accordingly, if these ancestors "notice" anything going astray alongside their living
kin, they take hold the obligation to react past times bringing signs that warn of eminent disaster in addition to fifty-fifty punish them
in addition to that something should live done to avoid the trial of farther punishment. The spirits of the ancestors
also human activeness similar angels that follow in addition to guide a living someone at all times in addition to places. Therefore, such a spirit can
in addition to should rescue 1 from a potential or a existent problem.
The Kakwa thought of a "supreme being" is what the people know or refer to as Mulete (masculine) whom they see as beingness the ultimate source of all powerfulness in addition to morale order. They conceive of him as having ii aspects,
1 transcendent in addition to the other immanent evil, an inversion. He is responsible for all forms of decease for
decease cannot live avoided. His volition is immutable .
Son of Idi Amin, Jaffar Amin dancing
Temezi
An elderly adult man inwards Kakwa is known as temezitiyo or Ŋutu logo. He carries a rattling of import in addition to envious
spot of power, influence, responsibilities in addition to wisdom. Every Kakwa ketimi (feminine) or gurube
(feminine) or clan, is usually headed past times an elder— usually the most senior person— inwards the clan past times virtue of
beingness the boy of the most senior adult woman ever married into that clan in addition to past times virtue of his longevity. He does
non automatically assume this championship but, he must earn it past times through active participation inwards clan activities. Such
activities include looking after the affairs of wedlock of the clan's daughters, expressing concerns inwards case
these daughters or whatever of their children are ill, barren or facing rattling jealousy co-wives. It is usually also
reserved to those men who past times virtue of genealogical spot inwards the lineage, take hold the custodianship of
for sure rites, such as: approbation hunters, approbation the firstly harvest, becoming Bura (rain-predictor), negotiating
tough issues, arriving at consensual agreements, etc. He also has some other score of office, the aruwe-ta
(masculine), the hereditary ceremonial stick that only the elders inwards his historic menstruation bracket are supposed to handle.
Kakwa marriage
Read most it here:http://www.yeda.org/booklet.pdf
Authority in addition to Respect inwards Kakwa Society
There is no universal ascendency over the way individuals should send themselves inwards the Kakwa society.
Unfortunately, modern governments, through puppet chiefs in addition to sub-chiefs, take hold meddled inwards their subjects'
affairs. These chiefs are mainly concerned with collecting taxes, labour, in addition to other services that were once
exterior the traditional everyday life for most Kakwa. Kakwa tradition holds that opened upwards violence is wrong
betwixt agnates in addition to unopen uterine. Women should observe their husbands in addition to children their parents.
Disputes over rights of land, women in addition to livestock occasionally occur at all levels of the lineage but are
settled differently, outset with the elderberry of each disputant. Inter-clan sexual relations, adultery in addition to fighting
an elderberry someone are considered incest which may live punished past times nyoka (feminine) or endless mystical
sanctions.
Where the human relationship is a petty distant, a demo of overt forcefulness or violence may live necessitated but this will
ultimately live settled peacefully because of the concept of lemi (masculine) in addition to agnatic relationships. For
Kakwa, the essence of the exercise of authority, whether betwixt agnates, cognates, affines or neighbours,
is for the human relationship to live 1 inwards which the junior obeys, fears or respects the senior. All these societal rules
are contained inwards the full general term kuga (feminine) (or respect).
Kakwa Rain Predictors
In Ko’buko District, the Kakwa clans of Bura, Ranju, Okube etc, are renown for beingness rain-predictors. These people also autumn inwards the category of ’buni or mentalist, shaman, traditional healer, traditional doctor,
witchdoctor, magician, psychic, exorcist, yakanye (feminine) spirit, medicine-men etc. As such they are both
revered in addition to respected inwards Kakwa society.
Adiyo: Ethnohistory or Events of the Past
Adiyo (masculine, singular adi), the events of the past, is a fairly long dictated genealogical give-and-take of
human relationship with others. This physical care for of conducting the give-and-take is referred to as ’doto na adiyo
(feminine) or tayi na adiyo (feminine) or kepo na adiyo (feminine). It is also a ritual address, a loud recital of the main facts of dissimilar cases in addition to genealogical in addition to wedlock relationships, in addition to is conducted during
funeral rites, wedlock ceremonies in addition to inwards communal feats. It is made to both the living in addition to the dead
ancestors of the group. These ritual addresses are ever much the same although each clan in addition to lineage
has its ain details, in addition to they all provide a focus for the solidarity of the assembled elders in addition to youngsters.
There is ever truth inwards these addresses for whatever lies are chop-chop corrected past times the assembled elders (who
Kakwa Art
Art ever represents something—communicates information—but this something is never represented inwards its
literal shape, sound, colour, movement, or feeling. Among the Kakwa, designs, stories, in addition to artifacts have
definite utilisation inwards day-to-day subsistence activities that are produced primarily for practical purposes or rarely
for commercial use. These forms of fine art are produced in addition to performed inwards consummate harmony with utilitarian
objectives. The Kakwa derive pleasance from playfully embellishing in addition to transforming the contours and
surfaces of pots, fabrics, wood in addition to metallic element products. They also recognize in addition to honor the fact that certain
individuals are to a greater extent than skilled than are others inwards making utilitarian objects in addition to inwards embellishing them with
pleasurable designs. Therefore, skilled wood carvers, basket-makers, granary-makers, potters, singers,
negotiators, weavers or arrow-makers are all artists.
Kakwa Music, Song, in addition to Dance
The full general call for dancing inwards Kakwa is gboja (or gboza) (feminine, plural gboja-zi) or yali (masculine).
Singing is termed as welo (feminine), in addition to the songs themselves are known as wiri-to or wiri-ta (singular,
masculine wiri).
In Kakwa society, the social functions of music, song, in addition to trip the low-cal fantastic are viewed inwards ways such as
• bringing prosperity (in harvesting in addition to hunting);
• celebrating a wedding;
• celebrating a triumphant hunting or defensive/offensive expedition;
• averting a calamity (famine, war, affliction epidemic, locusts);
• honouring Mulete or God;
• passing the time, especially when engaging inwards such routine activities as digging, building, weeding,
grinding grains etc;
• honouring an ancestor
• honouring a firstly harvest
• honouring a dead Mata lo ka (Rain-chief)
• recreation.
Kakwa Dancing Drums
The Kakwa names for their dancing drums include: buli (feminine) the bass drum’, liliru (feminine) the drum
with the highest pitch or the solo drum, in addition to the pipire (feminine) also known as pilipitimbi (feminine). In
add-on to the drums, at that spot is some other Kakwa dancing musical instrument known as yuge (masculine). This wooden
construction provides beat to the beat out of the drums inwards whatever dance. It is the main wooden trumpet which is
curved inwards 1 slice from a tree, in addition to is most 140 cm inwards length in addition to most 25 cm across the opened upwards lower end.
Its tip is crowned past times a knob inwards the shape of a truncated pyramid. The embourcument consists of a evidently hole
unopen to the tip but at that spot is no halt inwards the tip.
When a Kakwa man child passes the laminal youth stage, he develops sire or sira (feminine, plural, sire-si) which
is a possessed personal telephone band which is genuinely "a long falsetto whooping cry, the tune of which corresponds
to the tonal pattern of a intelligence phrase associated with the possessor. It is made inwards fourth dimension of danger, inwards fighting,
in addition to on formal occasions to demo the caller's identity. Men also telephone band their sire when returning identify drunk, lest
they live mistaken for strangers in addition to shot with arrows, in addition to to demo pride inwards themselves. It is ever made only
past times the owner at fifty-fifty at the times of decease or danger. To telephone band some other man's sira is to insult in addition to belittle
him. Another cast of personal identity is called u’duta (masculine) which is possessed past times both men and
women. This is usually made during dances inwards which the individuals praise themselves, their parents, clan
(lineage) or their grandparents in addition to ancestors. In its simplest form, u’duta is a serial of talks done inwards a funny
in addition to philosophical, controversial or proverbial way without beingness personally directed against anybody or
offending anyone. During dances, women ulate at the tops of their voices but inwards a jovial excitement. This
excitement is known as gbililiza (feminine).
Kakwa Men’s Costumes
• lo’bu (feminine, plural lo’bu-wa) is the call given to fauna peel which traditionally is worn only past times the men;
• bolo (feminine, plural buluzi or bolo-zika) is the quiver which is used both for dancing in addition to for storing arrows. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 typical Kakwa dancing bolo is made out of the hairy peel of the he-goat. This hairiness is known as punda;
• keye (masculine) is a sort of jazz which consists of a dried gourd which is in addition to so filled with seeds or
stones in addition to shaken to heighten the beat of the drums in addition to songs;
• diyeri (feminine) is a costume made out of an fauna tail;
• agbarala (masculine) in addition to ngbirila (masculine) are similar, in addition to they are metallic element dancing costumes
worn at the ankles.
Kakwa Women’s Costumes
The intelligence koropo (feminine, singular kuruputi) stands for leaves. Leaves are traditionally worn past times women
as clothing, usually around the waist in addition to roofing the forepart in addition to dorsum below the waist with the sides of the
thighs virtually bare. Despite these uses of organic habiliment (leaves in addition to skins), the Kakwa people take hold been
create clean in addition to sanitary inwards their habits in addition to habitats.
• nyoori (feminine) collectively, refers to traditional beads worn past times the women.
• ŋaliya (masculine) the ‘modern’ beads worn past times the women
• riye (feminine) diverse kinds of metallic element rings worn around the arms in addition to legs.
• meze (feminine) variant meje, is the solution of Fe oxide smeared to protect the trunk against the
elements in addition to to maintain beauty.
Kakwa Ornaments
Most of the Kakwa people do non to a greater extent than often than non adore ornaments except those used past times women to heighten their
beauty. Girls perforate both lobes of their ears at a younger in addition to tiny metals inwards the holes. Where at that spot are no
rings, they insert well-prepared grasses to maintain the holes intact in addition to to forbid infection. This process
perforating the ear is known as rumo na suwo (feminine) (literally, "piercing the ears"). In the olden days,
women used also to insert little bracelets through the lower lip in addition to had the cartilage of their noses pierced
for a ring. However, the most mutual ornaments for women, take hold been the colourful in addition to different
• ŋaliya (masculine, singular ŋalita) or are beads worn around the waists, ankles, wrists in addition to necks.
In add-on to the beads, at that spot were the next riye (feminine), most of which were metallic element ones worn on
the ankles in addition to wrists:
• riye nakpe (feminiine) is a collective call for ‘white rings’, such as silvery ornaments which were
considered of a higher lineament in addition to standard;.
• riye natoru (feminine) or ‘red metals’ include metals such as bronze, copper in addition to gold, all of are rare
inwards the Kakwa territories.
Kakwa Traditional Games in addition to Sports
There are dissimilar ways past times which the Kakwa maintain themselves fit, strong, good for you lot or entertained, including
farming, dancing, hunting or tree-cutting. However, at that spot are other mutual recreational activities which are
also initiational processes to adult life.
Concussion Rattle
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Kakwa concussion rattle consists of ii tiny in addition to circular fruit shells filled with dry out seeds in addition to joined past times a
chain or a slice of twisted cloth of most 10 cm inwards length. One shell is placed inwards 1 palm of the paw and
the other is allowed to hang downwardly loosely betwixt the pollex in addition to forefinger or betwixt the latter in addition to the
middle finger. The suspended shell is swung to brand rapid rhythmical motion of the arm in addition to paw in addition to to
strike against the fruit inwards the palm of the hand. The basic motion tin live varied in addition to the musical instrument becomes
capable of expressing intricate rhythmical patterns. Only girls utilisation the concussion rattle spell inwards the open
markets waiting for customers, or when on the journeying to in addition to from the market, or when going to pull H2O from the wells.
Togoda (feminine) agency hunting, in addition to it involves special talents in addition to skills. No distinct course of instruction of huntsmen
be alongside the Kakwa but at that spot are usually individuals inwards every clan who distinguish themselves out as
first-class hunters. In general, little game such as alu (masculine, plural alu-wo) (bush rat), muri (feminine,
plural muri-ŋo) (dikdik), ka’bo (feminine, plural ka’bu-zi) (waterbuck), nyamata (feminine, plural nyamaki)
(feminine) (a brownish antelope) in addition to other types of antelopes, are hunted for the sake of meat past times whatever adult man who wishes to do so at whatever fourth dimension of the year. However, a to a greater extent than full general communal hunting expanse is usually
designated: it is large, unsettled, ungrazed, in addition to isolated. These areas are known as carte du jour (feminine, plural
menu-wa). Each carte du jour is designated past times name; inwards Ko’buko District, they include Menu na Abundiri, Menu
na Moroto, in addition to Menu na Nyangbiri. These most pop ones are located at the remote corners of the Uganda-Sudan border, inwards Yei County in addition to inwards Amadi County.
Mbiyu (feminine) or the sling is a boy's game made from strings obtainable out of the barks of for sure special
plants. These strings are in addition to so twisted into convenient lengths in addition to roughly 5 mm inwards diameter. In the middle of
the sling is left a slot large plenty to choose a given size of rock. In monastic enjoin to aim at a target which may live an
fauna or a distant spot, the man child climbs on top of a stone or hillside or on top of a raised in addition to opened upwards ground.
Then he brings both ends of the string together in addition to spins the sling over in addition to circular his caput with the stone,
which acts as the bullet, located inwards its centre. The call mbiyu genuinely comes out of the whistling
mbiyuuuuu audio that the bullet makes as it is released in addition to travels inwards the air to its target. This is a very
competitive sport for immature boys, in addition to this contest starts from making the mbiyu itself to practicing with
the targets.
Turo (feminine) is the call given to the sport of distant shooting. In this sport, boys usually arm themselves
with bows in addition to arrows and, upon climbing upwards a loma or an anthill, shoot these arrows as far as possible. The
someone whose arrow reaches the furthest is the winner.
There are also target practices whereby arrows are shot at the smallest stem of a shrub or a tree from a
designated distance. The object is to see whose arrow reaches into, or closest to, the target or bull's eye.
This target tin ever live proven past times visual inspection or from some missing arrows which powerfulness take hold gone
right through such a target. Sometimes, instead of the truthful arrows, the younger boys utilisation indiripi
(masculine), which are arrows made from the stems of the Elephant grass. Other arrows known as
undurube (masculine) are made from the fresh stems of the sorghum plant.
Kupe, also known as unyaka (masculine) is a reference to wrestling where Kakwa boys develop to become
fighters in addition to to defend themselves. Such preparation is usually closely supervised in addition to monitored past times the olders
boys in addition to no boxing is allowed. Also boys of roughly the same age, weight in addition to summit are allowed to wrestle
alongside themselves. As the preparation progresses, 1 someone from the lower historic menstruation in addition to weight bracket powerfulness be
allowed to tackle a heavier in addition to older private inwards the other group. The object of wrestling is to take hold each
other breast to breast in addition to to squeeze these chests until 1 private becomes too weak to stand upwards it any
further. As presently as the weaker someone falls to the ground, the victor powerfulness prevarication on the defeated person’s chest
in addition to take hold his hands to forbid him from ever rising again. If he does maneuver his way to acquire upwards again, the
same physical care for is performed in addition to past times luck, the someone who vicious downwardly before powerfulness prevail inwards the subsequent
chances. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 tip to avoid beingness squeezed too hard is never to allow one’s breast to live too nigh that of the
opponent's, in addition to to always, to stand upwards with the legs well-spread out to secure some balance.
Another cast of wrestling is the 1 called unyaka (masculine) inwards which 1 someone attempts to
entanglement the other's legs so that remainder is difficult. Again, 1 tin avoid this entanglement past times having
the legs stretched away from those of the contrary person. Some boys who experience too immature in addition to too low-cal to
wrestle their opponents inwards the normal fashion, sometimes endeavour to accuse at their opponents from behind
in addition to without warning. This is non usually accepted.
Wowoki (feminine) is the full general call for all types of competitive races or relays which tin occur in
sandy places, inwards wooded areas, inwards nyamu-nyamu (masculine) (short, apartment in addition to fluffy grass), on the way to
in addition to from school, inwards schoolhouse play grounds or within water. To brand the sport to a greater extent than vibrant in addition to varied,
youngsters may do the following:
• run backwards
• run on 1 leg
• run spell asset a for sure object (water, fruits or rocks) inwards their hands;
• run with their eyes closed.
Golo (masculine) is the call for soccer or football game as it is popularly known locally. Various wild in addition to exotic
fruits serve for balls which are played bare human foot in addition to on whatever dry out surface (usually the compound, schoolhouse yards,
roads, abandoned gardens, paths, on the nyamu-nyamu (masculine), in addition to so on. One of the most popular
balls is made out of the dried fibres of banana stems which are in addition to so twisted circular in addition to circular inwards several
layers within a shallow in addition to circular hole; this eventually forms a ball capable of rolling in addition to beingness kicked
about. However, the most pop but rare organic ball is kulayi (masculine) (the bladder) which may be
obtainable from a slaughtered cow, bull or fifty-fifty a caprine animal or sheep. This organ is firstly carefully cutting off without
puncturing it, in addition to so it is rubbed on the ground with the feet to soften it. Finally, the kulayi is blown with the
oral cavity until it reaches a for sure pressure, shape, in addition to size when its oral cavity is tightly closed with a strong string
or a slice of plastic. This importance of kulayi has makes most Kakwa boys to ever hang around a killed
fauna (such as during feasts) just so that they tin gain access to the bladder which would otherwise be
thrown to the dogs since it is non edible whatever way. Various fruits of plants also serve as balls
Puu (feminine) is a sport inwards which bundles of fresh leaves are obtained, in addition to and so placed on a slanting rock
surface. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 someone or a grouping of someone sits on them in addition to slides downwardly the slanting stone surface. As the leaves
have on downwardly from the friction, to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than fresh ones are added to avoid beingness wound or abraded during the
sliding process.
Bego (masculine) resembles land hockey, in addition to it is where a circular wild fruit is rolled on the ground and
directed with sticks into the opponent's goal inwards monastic enjoin to score points.
‘Bito na pane (feminine) is an interesting sport similar cricket or baseball game but the details of how it is played are
sketchy.
The term ’dana (feminine) agency "to hide" or hiding, in addition to so, shroud in addition to seek activity is a sport of mainly the
children. It is done inwards the bushes, grasses, houses in addition to inwards the fields of crops past times all sexes. Hiding in addition to seeking
activity is especially mutual alongside the cattle-keeping boys in addition to girls looking for mushrooms, firewood,
in addition to wild vegetables.
The first-class Kakwa woodlands in addition to forests are dotted with for sure rattling lowly-branched, cool in addition to leafy trees or shrubs whose immediate surrounding is usually bare in addition to clean. Boys in addition to girls gather the stems of some creeping plants in addition to necktie these higher upwards a for sure summit from the ground onto tree branches to enable them to swing. This pendulum-like technique of using a string or a rope for swinging is known as kiyo-kiyo
(masculine).
Kakwa boys who aspire to go proficient drummers inwards their adulthood, usually larn the fine art of drumming
termed woko na leri (feminine) past times practicing on dry, hollow in addition to sonorous tree stems in addition to branches using
rocks. Except for the absence of drums in addition to songs, the rhythms of these resonant objects or surfaces are the
same as those of the truthful drums made of elephant skin, caprine animal skin, sheep peel or moo-cow hide.
Swimming, known as muza (feminine), is of import to learn. Except for the Congo in addition to the Sudan Kakwa,
at that spot are few large, safe, in addition to permanent H2O bodies of rivers prevalent inwards the Kakwa territories which
could offering opportunities for swimming. The spots, referred to as ko’bulu, are usually the deepest parts of
the river, but these may live too unsafe for swimming. Furthermore, some of the few available rivers are
either too rocky, too swift, or too remote to reach. Nevertheless, cattle-keeping boys take hold devised ways of
swimming fifty-fifty inwards the shallowest in addition to muddiest of the waters to cool themselves off spell the cattle rest
nearby.
Learning ethnohistory, learning songs, fables, in addition to learning relationships (through wedlock or past times decent),
are rattling strongly emphasized in addition to encouraged as a portion of the growing in addition to learning process.
Kakwa Mythology of Genealogy
The fraternal twin children Jongbo raised was called Biyu (the boy) in addition to Iba (the girl). The ii got together as married adult man in addition to married adult woman in addition to gave rising to our grandfather, Nyingbo. Loteleme followed Nyingbo as the minute child. When these children became of age, Biyu decided to give them a ‘test.’ He made a bow out of the pala flora for Loteleme in addition to a pike for Nyingbo. He instructed the children to shoot at a large target using their respective weapons. It was Nyingbo who was the firstly to start. But he failed to operate the spear. Next, Loteleme tried to operate the bow but he too, failed to operate it. Wondered Biyu, ‘What tin I do now? Okay, Here is the solution.’ He switched the pike to Loteleme in addition to the bow to Nyingbo. Now, Nyingbo was able to successfully operate the bow in addition to shoot at the target, as did Loteleme with the spear. Then Biyu allocated identical numbers of cattle each to Nyingbo in addition to to Loteleleme. He allocated identical numbers of goats for Nyingbo in addition to for Loteleme. He allocated an identical number of chickens for Nyingbo in addition to for Loteleme.
Now, during their hunting expeditions, Nyingbo would come upwards identify with a pheasant spell Loteleme came
without anything in addition to instead, would choice a chicken at identify for food. When Nyingbo returned identify with a
muri or Dik-dik, Loteleme would come upwards identify without anything in addition to instead he would choice a caprine animal at identify to eat. When Nyingbo came identify with a ’bo’bu or Waterbuck, Loteleme would come upwards empty-handed and, instead, he would choice a moo-cow from identify for consumption. This practise of Loteleme went on in addition to on until he eventually finished all the animals his manful someone parent had given him. Meanwhile, Nyingbo continued to choose goodness aid of his portion of the animals in addition to they continued to multiply. Loteleme continued to destination his until only 1 moo-cow was left.
Then, he thought of a bright idea—to need his brother’s cattle.
This activeness resulted inwards enmity betwixt the ii brothers in addition to they fought. Nyingbo ran with his children and
cattle—away from Loteleme, to a far away identify called Goroo, which was on the other side of a large river. On reaching that river, Nyingbo found that it was flooded to the brim. He in addition to so dropped his walking stick and
all of a abrupt the river opened upwards inwards the middle. Nyingbo in addition to his entourage rushed across the river, which quickly
closed up—shutting off Loteleme in addition to his children at the other shore of the Goroo. On settling down, Nyingbo started to make to a greater extent than children.
We, human beings, are the children of Nyingbo. The manful someone parent of Nyingbo was called Biyu. This is how our birth
has been. Nyingbo’s boy who singled himself out as Kakwa’s granddaddy was called Guki.
Hero Ancestor—Yeki
The Kakwa founder, Guki, is believed to take hold produced 3 sons: Yeki was the first-born, followed past times Okube (Wokube) in addition to Jamo. Only 1 daughter, called Lindo [song: Lindo na baazi da ya, Likiso na woro kuwaze, na lo yiki mugu, Iya diyo, Sase, Lindo na baazi da...!]. In for sure sections of Kakwa, Lindo is known past times the call of Apele. Guki in addition to Yeki looked after their cattle a kiyuka i.e. inwards turns or on option days. However, whenever Guki was inwards the bush with the cattle, he was beaten past times the rain. On the days that he was at home, Guki was also beaten past times the pelting fifty-fifty at home. One solar daytime Guki asked himself, Lo ŋiro de kokondra na de gbanda?” (‘Why is this man child mistreating me similar that?”). He in addition to so sought in addition to got the services of a native physician to punish Yeki. The native physician suggested a snake, scabies, smallpox, lightning, lions etc. But Guki refused all these forms of penalization against his eldest son. He insisted that the native physician hold back for something else.
Sure enough, the native physician said that he had come upwards up with something ‘small’ nye lo i riyozu bo na lepe na
“Something little that would acquire him (Yeki).” Indeed, 1 solar daytime when it was Yeki’s plow to hold back after the cattle, he was pierced inwards the human foot past times the dry out stump of the Elephant grass species known as galaka (feminine). When Yeki staggered identify with his human foot bleeding, Guki remarked: Waŋe ki’do! or ‘You [Yeki] sense of savour it!’ Eventually it was Dikilinya, the largest bull inwards the kraal that drove the cattle home. In those days, bulls were trained to, inwards the absence of the cattle-keeper, hold back after the entire herd in addition to fifty-fifty to corral in addition to atomic number 82 the cattle identify when the Sun set.
Still haemorrhage profusely, Yeki decided to go out his father’s home. His sister, Lindo, joined him in addition to together, they wandered due south in addition to southeast next the sources of the rivers in addition to avoiding crossing them. Eventually, he discovered Mt. Liru upon which he settled. Yeki called Mount Liru, Wo’dogo liyo pregnant or “My Anti-hill”.
Yeki had bled throughout the journeying in addition to he only found the cure for his wound after dipping his human foot inwards a special ‘medicinal’ in addition to ‘magical’ river nicknamed ‘Kakwa Iodine’ nigh Mount Liru. During his absence, a funeral rite was organized as it was thought that Yeki had died. Later, however, Yeki returned to his manful someone parent to study his regain of Mount Liru. “I take hold discovered an anthill over there, which is beautiful. In fact, spell our woman parent was pouring the ashes nether the banana plant, I was able to see that from the mountain. When she was giving you lot the porridge, I was able to see that. Our white rooster (cock) over here, I was able to see it. I did acquire this “anthill” which is rattling beautiful but at that spot are for sure “things” on it that speak a confused linguistic communication in addition to this has disturbed me.’ Yeki sought aid from Guki inwards monastic enjoin to drive away those “things” that had settled on the mount in addition to that were chatting similar Iriyaka or ‘Weaver birds.’ These iriyaka were genuinely people of a clan known as Kuludi. Guki sought a native doctor’s aid who instructed him to give Yeki the plants of pala, uka, in addition to lodore. Yeki was to choose these plants in addition to milkshake them on the parine—the communal identify which these strangers used for their recreational purposes. Yeki did as instructed in addition to the Kuludi were driven away from Mount Liru. In those days, people walked completely naked from the caput to the toe in addition to from the forepart to the back. So, whenever they sat, the irritants touched their skins instantly. This chased the Kuludi away from the mountain. However, 1 adult woman who had newly delivered a baby, remained. Yeki after adopted this woman’s son, in addition to named him Koyitagele.
After this event, Yeki—again—returned to his father’s identify to study on the results of his experiment on Mount
Liru. Soon after words, he requested to live given kapa or ‘things.’ These ‘things’ meant cattle, goats sheep,
chicken, etc. Then he requested that iv bachelors live given to him to drive these animals to his novel identify at
Mount Liru. These bachelors were drawn from the clans of Bonyo, Pere, Kaliwara, Patulu in addition to Dimu--- 5 of
them.
Before he left, Guki pleaded that Yeki firstly savor the feast on the bull Dikilinya, but Yeki insisted that he would rather choose his wealth to Liru before he could come upwards dorsum for the feast. His difference in addition to the journeying took iv days to attain Mount Liru in addition to some other iv days to homecoming for the feast—8 days total! Everyday that he was travelling, the brothers dorsum home, would cutting a slice of tree to count in addition to score the passage of that day. After iv days in addition to iv trees were cut, they reasoned that Yeki had reached his destination. Then on the 5th day, they began to count his homecoming journey—also past times cutting downwardly a tree on each day. On the 8th day, they prepared to kill Dikilinya. However, Yeki’s followers discovered that the liver had disappeared. When Yeki returned home, he placed his stick of honor in addition to wisdom into the dissected meat in addition to its liver all of a abrupt reappeared. This activeness has at nowadays prompted a rattling pop Kakwa in addition to strong swearing saying: Ki do liliŋikindro na kuliya kine, likini a munye na Dikilinya ... “If you lot prevarication to me, disappear similar the liver of Dikilinya!”
Kakwa tribe man, General Iddi Amin Dada, president of Republic of Uganda beingness bowed to past times unusual diplomats
Yeki’s Progeny
According to the Kakwa, Yeki married Gbele—and together, they produced 5 sons whose names were as follows:
••• Rigbo (the first-born) gave rising to the Rigbo people found nigh the River Nile inwards the West Nile District;
••• Gimara (the minute born) founded the Gimara people found nigh the River Nile inwards the West Nile District;
••• Koza-ku-Kala (the 3rd born) gave rising to some of the Kakwa of the Sudan in addition to parts of the Republic of Uganda Kakwa
in addition to of the Kakwa of the Congo;
••• Lugbare (the quaternary born) gave rising to for sure sections of the Lugbara people inwards the West Nile in addition to the
eastern Congo;
••• Biyo (the 5th born) gave rising to the Ole’ba people of the nowadays Maracha County inwards the West Nile Province.
Zaki (variant Jaki), was the 6th kid from a dissimilar woman parent called Ŋa’da of the Kupera clan. Yeki named
him Zaki because the kid was literally zazaki nye i.e.‘brought to him’ from Kupera after the woman parent had
delivered in addition to raised him for a spell within her Kupera clan. Zaki gave rising to most of the Kakwa of Uganda
in addition to to for sure clans alongside the Lugbara tribes of Republic of Uganda in addition to of parts of the northeast Congo.
Koyitagele, the adopted boy of Yeki from the Kuludi adult woman abandoned on Mount Liru, founded the clans of Nyaŋi, Tara, Robu, Lurujo etc. He remained with Zaki nigh Mount Liru in addition to acted as the older blood brother to Zaki. Wokube, the follower blood brother of Yeki, founded such clans as the rain-predicting Bura—now found around the source of the Keri River in addition to Keri town, in addition to others found all over the Kakwa territories.
Zakis’ Progeny
Zaki gave rising to 12 children, all males, as follows:
• So’dogele — remained at Mount Liru in addition to gave rising to the Yoŋosu clan
• Morobu — founded the Yumele clan
• Kembe — founded the clan of ’Dukuliya
• Abe — founded the clans of Matu in addition to Lobule
• Jamo — went to the Anzinzini Hill in addition to founded the clan of Nyaŋiliya
• Jambe — founded the clan of Kuriyo
• Soki — reached the River Nile in addition to founded the clan of Bura inwards the Rigbo area.
• A’dule —gave rising to the Lugbara clans of Paranga, Otoko, Bura in addition to Uka
• Dombu — gave rising to the Lugbara clans of Paranga, Otoko, Bura in addition to Uka
• Gbenyika — went to Lugeperi in addition to founded sections of the clan of Midiya
• Weri — went to Lugeperi in addition to founded sections of the clan Midiya
• Temeresu — founded the clan of Adibu, after beingness banished to the Ito Hill in addition to eventually reaching the Keri River. All the progenies of Yeki, Zaki, Kozakukala, Wokube, Koyitagele in addition to Zaki take hold multiplied to give rising to 200or so Kakwa Clans that at nowadays brand upwards the Kakwa Society, Kakwa Nation or Kakwa Tribe.
SOME IMPORTANT DATES IN KAKWA HISTORY
525 BC. The Persians nether Cambyses invade Egypt; during the reign of Justinian, many Sudanese kingdoms
are converted to Christianity in addition to churches dot the sweep of the Nile.
571-632 Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him] rises inwards Saudi Arabia.
622 The Moslem Era (Hegira) begins.
632-661 The outset of Orthodox Caliphate or Arab Empire.
635 Damascus is captured past times the invading Arabs.
635-641 Persia is conquered past times the invading Arabs.
646 Arab Republic of Egypt is conquered past times the invading Arabs.
661-750 Umayyad dynasty is setup past times the invading Arabs.
709 North Africa is conquered past times the invading Arabs.
713 Kingdom of Spain is conquered past times the invading the Arabs.
732 Charles Martel defeats Moslems at Tours, France.
750-1258 The Abbasid dynasty (Golden Age of Arab Empire) is established.
786-809 Harun al-Rashid rises to power.
900-1000 Arab dominion inwards Kingdom of Spain is at its highest; Cordova is the greatest intellectual centre inwards Europe.
15thC Islam begins to spread, displacing the Christian kingdoms dotted along the Nile
16thC Arabs constitute themselves inwards Dongola, Kordofan in addition to Darfur---located inwards the present
Western Sudan.
17thC Arabs brand upwards fifty-fifty portion of the Royal Fur Dynasty inwards the Darfur Region.
1797 Napoleon is victorious at the Battle of the Pyramids which shakes the powerfulness of the Mamelukes, the
Caucasian ruling course of instruction of Egypt, in addition to paves the way for the rising to powerfulness of the Albanian soldier of
fortune, Muhammad Mi.
1819 There is petty or no contact with the southern areas of the Sudan, the northern parts of Republic of Uganda in addition to the
northeast of the Congo until the 19th century. The Arab involvement inwards the due south receives its firstly real
impetus inwards when Mohammad Ali, Khedhive of Egypt, decides to invade the Sudan.
1821 Muhammad Mi sends his 3rd son, Ismail, at the caput of 10,000 men across the desert in addition to claims
key Sudan is his. For the firstly time, the call Sudan pregnant Land of Blacks begins to choose shape
as a political entity.
1841 One of the Khedhive’s expeditionists reaches Gondokoro, followed shortly past times the European explorers
Petherick in addition to Miani, who attain Nimule past times 1860.
1850 The firstly Austrian missionaries attain Rejaff, just eastward of the nowadays City of Juba.
1850s Arab Republic of Egypt controls the Sudan as far as Fazogoli, 120 miles due south of Khartoum. Meanwhile, merchants,
especially of Dongola stock, acquire arms in addition to penetrate southwards opening upwards stations for the merchandise in
ivory in addition to slaves. These trading stations go razzias (slave camps) inwards all directions with Khartoum
itself the centre of colossal slave trade.
1857 The contemporary Khedhive, Said Pasha, visits the Sudan inwards someone in addition to officially abolishes the slave
merchandise but his homecoming to Arab Republic of Egypt is but regarded as the signal for intensified slaving activity. Meanwhile,
the slave traders in addition to ivory merchants penetrate the northeast of the Congo through the Bahr el Ghazal.
1860 The Italian ivory trader, Giovanni Miani reaches the Unyama, on the Sudan side of the nowadays UgandaSudan border. Meanwhile, the Maltese trader, Andrea de Bono (Amabile), sets human foot on the Ugandan
territories in addition to establishes an ivory campsite on the eastward side of the Nile at Faloro, contrary the nowadays town
of Rhino Camp.
1863 Ismail Pasha becomes Khedive of Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to finds himself confronted past times a growing European public
persuasion inwards Europe over the slaving horrors of the Sudan.
1864 Sir Samuel Baker, travels upwards the Nile to Lake Albert.
1867 The Vatican founds the Instituto Veronese dei Figli dei S.Cuore di Gesu per Le Nissioni Africane. The
Comboni Mission works inwards Egypt, the Sudan in addition to Uganda, in addition to it decides to constitute itself firstly inwards the
Northern Sudan.
1868 The High German explorer, Schweinfirth, visits the Bahr el Ghazal in addition to Wele when the slave merchandise is at its
height.
1869 Ismail Pasha appoints the British, Sir Samuel Baker, Governor of the expanse due south of Gondokoro.
1871 Sir Samuel Baker officially proclaims the annexation of Equatoria in addition to the abolition of the slave trade— in addition to fifty-fifty proclaims the annexation of Bunyoro but owing to fiscal difficulties Arab Republic of Egypt cannot ratify.
1874 Charles Gordon becomes Governor General of the Equatoria Province succeeding Baker as Governor of Equatoria province of the Egyptian Sudan in addition to annexes the expanse of Lado District.
1874 In the Bahr el Ghazal, the greatest slaver, Zubeir, raises a private army, in addition to proclaims himself an
independent ruler, defeating a governmental forcefulness that is sent to quell him. Ironically, Ismail Pasha
later appoints Zubeir Governor of the Bahr el Ghazal.
1876 Arab Republic of Egypt is bankrupt.
1877 Khedive Ismail appoints Charles Gordon Governor General of the whole Sudan; Gordon presently faces
revolt, invasion in addition to disintegration in addition to fifty-fifty death.
1877 The explorers: Scweinfurth, Junker Wilhem, Charles Long, Emin Pasha, Cassati, Stanley and
others locomote due west of the River Nile fifty-fifty though, except for Junker, few of them genuinely do to a greater extent than than
skirt the boundaries of Kakwa. However, the solar daytime suspension of Nov 20, 1877, ultimately establishes
the firstly recorded incursion into the Kakwa territories past times foreigners. By Dec 21, 1877, Junker’s
raiding expedition has encamped along the boundary betwixt the Kakwa in addition to the Pojulu. Because
of the profitable nature of the raids inwards the Kakwa area, to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than others are organized with
disastrous results against those who resist the intrusion. Junker confesses: “These raids were
continued during the whole calendar month of Dec [1877]; as presently as the territories of 1 master copy was
completely plundered nosotros marched to the side past times side hamlets [small villages].”
Then, choosing a spot on the Gulumbi Hill (near Morobu inwards the nowadays Yei County), in addition to looking toward
the south, the High German scientist claims to take hold discovered mountains inwards the distance: "The 3 peaks I
named Jebel Gessi (Mount Liru sic], Jebel Gordon [Mount Wati sic] in addition to Jebel Baker [it is hard to
discern what exact nowadays mount or loma inwards Terego, Maracha or Ko’buko Jebel Baker stands for]. The
most distinct was Jebel Gordon; the ground gradually ascends to the lower hills before it. Other ranges lie
to the due south of the ii highest peaks of Jebel Gordon, beyond which is the grouping Jebel Baker. To the
due north of Jebel Gordon, the Jebel Gessi, a high conical stone on the mount ridge, tin easily live seen.’
What a confused description past times a scientist!
1870s The missionaries C.T. Wilson in addition to R.W. Felkin see the West Nile emphasizing the potential commercial importance of the slave trade.
1878 The commercial potential of the Congo-basin in addition to outlining regions is supported past times elaborate quotations from the early on European explorers, such as Schweithfurth, Junker, Stanley, Emin, Patherick, Cassati in addition to Gessi. This prompts King Leopold II of Kingdom of Belgium to mobilize a grouping of fiscal interests inwards studying trading prospects inwards Africa. The King creates the Comite d’Etudes du Haut Congo inwards 1878.
1879 King Leopold II pays all non-Belgian majuscule in addition to he consolidates his take hold on the Congo.
1879 Khedive Ismail is deposed in addition to his successor inwards Khartoum, Rauf Pasha, makes no endeavour to pose down
the slavery inwards the Sudan.
1880 Gessi resigns as Governor of the Bahr el Ghazal in addition to Lipton Bey is appointed Governor to supersede him.
1880 Emin Pasha is made Governor of the Equatoria in addition to Slatin Governor of Darfur.
1881 Salvation comes to the Sudan from the desert inwards the call of Muhammad Ahmad, the boy of a Dongola boat-builder. He grows into a soft-spoken mystic in addition to presently retires to Aba Island, 150 miles due south of Khartoum, to alive the life of a religious recluse, proclaiming himself to live the Mahdi, the minute great
prophet. As the Mahdi rises, Arab Republic of Egypt is inwards the throes of a fiscal crisis, bewildered past times the nationalistic
uprising nether Arabi Pasha on the 1 hand, in addition to past times the English linguistic communication in addition to French on the other. Both events
culminate inwards the bombardment of Alexandria inwards 1852.
1882 The venture Comite d'Etudes du Haut Congo is re-named Association International du Congo. Despite its international title, the company is neither international nor national. In fact, it is a springboard for
advancing the King Leopold II’s personal interests in addition to non fifty-fifty the interests of Belgium. In final result then,
Leopold II is the Association in addition to the Association is Leopold II who alone, nurtures it financially.
1883 Emin Pasha concentrates his forces around Lado (Juba) after abandoning 1 post after another. He
is joined past times Junker in addition to after past times Cassati, who take hold been exploring the province to the due west of the Nile,
including the Kakwa territories.
1884 The tribes of the Western Sudan rally to the Mahdi’s telephone band for a state of war against the infidels in addition to despots
and, early on inwards 1884, the Mahdi is master copy of all Sudan salve Khartoum. Britain, who meanwhile has
moves into Egypt, resolves that the Sudan cannot live held, in addition to sends General Charles Gordon to
evacuate Khartoum. No adult man could take hold been to a greater extent than ill-fitted for the job, in addition to after 317 days, the
Mahdi’s dervish hordes overrun the city’s defences in addition to raze Khartoum. Arab Republic of Egypt leaves the Sudan to
her fate, after appointing Gordon inwards 1884 to superitend the evacuation of the armed services in addition to civil
personnel inwards the Sudan. Five months after the autumn of Khartoum, the Mahdi dies of typhus; he is
succeeded past times Khalifa Abdallah. Hardly has he come upwards to powerfulness than the Sudan is plunged inwards a series
of civil wars.
1884 The Gedaref in addition to Bahr el Ghazal garrisons autumn to the Mahdists in addition to the Emir Karamalla sends Lipton to bring together Slatin inwards captivity. Karamalla at nowadays decides to capture Equatoria, in addition to marches southwards from
the Bahr el Ghazal.
1884-1885 The Berlin Conference is held. The scramble for Africa next this conference intensifies. Henceforth, competitor European powers, coming inland from eastward in addition to west, laid about to converge on the Congo-Nile watershed’s portion of which is the frontier at nowadays dividing the Kakwa into the Congo, the Sudan in addition to Uganda.
1885 Khartoum falls in addition to the Mahdists who take hold occupied Amadi, forcefulness Emin Pasha to retreat to Wadelayi
fort on the western side of the Nile.
1888 Emin Pasha is visited past times Sir Morton Stanley at Wadelayi in addition to the ex-Governor is rescued from the
Mahdists in addition to taken to the coast of the Indian Ocean.
1890 The Mahdist expedition, nether Omar Saleh, ultimately reaches Rejaff. The western outposts which also include the Kakwa territories, are past times at nowadays also nether Dervish (Mahdist) control.
1892 The Belgians are the firstly colonizing Europeans to go far to the Congo-Nile watershed, after the
inauguration of the Congo Free State (CFS) inwards 1885. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Belgian expedition, nether Van Kerckhoven, then
establishes itself on the Congo-Nile watershed. Van Kerckhoven dies hither but the ease of the expedition
nether his deputy, Miltz, advances to Wadelai where they pursuade the remnants of Emin Pasha’s
garrison to bring together the Belgian Headquarters at Wandi inwards the nowadays Terego County of the West Nile. From
there, they are sent on a disastrous expedition against the Mahdists at Rejaff, in addition to after left to their fate
as the Nubians!
1892 The Belgians advance from the Congo in addition to capture western Equatoria upwards to Mongalla. They establish
the Lado Enclave as portion of the Belgian Congo.
1892 The French, led past times Marchand, occupy large parts of due south Sudan (Bahr el Ghazal, western Upper Nile
upwards to Fashoda) in addition to past times 1896, they take hold established a theatre management inwards these areas.
1894 Britain proclaims a protectorate over Buganda
1894 (August 14), the Lado Enclave is created past times the Agreement betwixt French Republic in addition to King Leopold II. This is
to final result inwards the leasing of the West Nile to Leopold for his life time. It is designed on newspaper for reasons of
European in addition to non African interests. The Enclave is demarcated past times 5 degrees 30' North latitude (to the
north) thirty degrees West of the Greenwich (to the west), Congo-Nile watershed (to the south), in addition to on
the eastward past times the River Nile. King Leopold II, with pressure level from the French in addition to lacking sufficient
resources, takes effective command of the Enclave inwards 1897. In Feb 1897, Commander, Captain
Chatlin of Belgian Forces defeats the Mahdists at Rejaf in addition to Lado (Juba). Meanwhile, the French feel
costless to constitute a foothold on the Upper Nile as far as Fashoda. But when both French Republic in addition to Britain fail
to take hold on their respective spheres of influence, French Republic despatches a armed services expedition inwards 1896 to
gain command of the Upper Nile. The conflict attain a crisis plane inwards 1898 inwards what has at nowadays been dubbed
the Fashoda Incident, when the French commander, Marchand, was confronted past times an equally
determined General Kitchener, leading a contingent of British forces to Fashoda. General Kitchener,
fresh from defeating the Khalifates (as the followers of the Mahdists are in addition to so called after his death) in
the Battle of Omundurman of September 2, 1898.
1885 The African Inland Mission (A.I.M) is founded inwards the USA past times Arthur Pierson, Charles Hurlburt, Peter
Cameron Scott in addition to others.
1895-1896 The appearance of the Belgians inwards the Equatoria sets a phase to the eventual ending of the Mahdist rule. The Belgians consolidate their spot inwards the Uwelle expanse of northeast Congo in addition to inwards the nowadays West Nile in addition to Congo in addition to the Sudan Kakwa areas. King Leopold II in addition to so accelerates his anxiety to annex the territory due west of the Nile which coincided with a similar treaty he has signed with the Zande chief, Zamoyi, through whose territory the Belgian columns would march to run into the Mahdi’s followers at Rejaf. Armed with 1 Kurps cannon, the Belgians go out Dungu for the Nile on Dec thirteen 1886, nether the commands of Kops, Gehot, Debacker, Sarolea, Cajot, Dupont, Luplume, Gobel in addition to Dr. Rossington. The Belgians who take hold at nowadays aligned themselves with the Nubian Fadhil’s forces presently cutting off most supplies to the Mahdist rebels. Then they launch their concluding laid on against the Khalifa’s General Arabi inwards the famous Battle of Rejaf inwards 1897. This paves way for the King to administer as portion of the Congo, a department of the Southern Sudan known as the Lado Enclave.
1891 The British, Captain Lugard, recruits nearly 2,085 of Selim Bey's forces (and 6,000 dependents) to bring together the Imperial British East African Company (IBEAC) cause. These were the remnants who had served the British-Turkish Administration inwards the Sudan nether Emin Pasha These novel Sudanese or Nubian ground forces is
deployed to adult man a string of forts throughout the western in addition to southern Republic of Uganda in addition to to defend Buganda
against its master copy rival, Bunyoro.
1896 Britain proclaims a protectorate over Bunyoro through fearfulness of French encroachment from the west.
1896 From the Pennsylvania Bible Institute, in addition to the Central American Industrial Mission, the firstly 8 AIM missionaries, led past times Peter Cameron Scott go far inwards Mombasa, British East Africa. By the firstly Annual
General Meeting, missionaries had been placed alongside the Wakamba inwards Nzawi, Sakai, Kilungu, and
Kangundu inwards Kenya. Peter Cameron Scott dies of dark H2O fever on 8 December.
1896 Liotard, a French Commander overthrows the Dervish (Mahdist) dominion inwards a large portion of the Bahr el Ghazal.
1897 Another French expedition starts from Republic of Djibouti in addition to moves along the Baro in addition to Sobat Rivers inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia but fails to link upwards with the Fashoda Expedition. The French had wanted to annex the South Sudan.
However, an international conflict develops betwixt the British in addition to the French over South Sudan
commonly ain as the Fashoda Incident.
1897 Rejaff falls as it is ultimately stormed past times the Belgian Commander Chaltin, who thereupon occupies what is after known as the Lado Enclave. The limits of the Belgian expansion eastward are settled by
international understanding roughly the Congo-Nile watershed in addition to a strip of ground to Lake Albert inwards the
Mahagi region. Later, the Lado Enclave is leased to King Leopold II of Kingdom of Belgium for life!
1897 The French Commander, Marchand, leaves Congo Brazzaville to consummate the subjugation of the Bahr el Ghazal in addition to extend French ascendency as far as the Nile. An endeavour past times the British to rush Sudanese
troops from Republic of Uganda to the Juba River, through Somalia in addition to intercept a threatened coming together between
Marchand in addition to some other French Commander, de Bonchamps (operating from Abyssinia), leads to a
revolt that has its repercussions throughout Uganda, lasting till 1901!
1898 The lastly of the firstly 16 AIM missionaries leaves Africa. Of the original 16 3 had died, five
had left due to illness in addition to iv had resigned.
1898 September, the Anglo-Egyptian forcefulness led past times General Herbert Kitchener run into the Khalifa’s 60,000
warriors on an opened upwards evidently exterior Omdurman, the novel Sudanese metropolis built across the Nile. Khalifa’s
casualties comprise 10,800 killed in addition to 16,000 wounded, in addition to Kitchener enters Omdurman as a conqueror.
1899 (January 19), Britain in addition to Arab Republic of Egypt sign a condominium understanding nether which the Sudan is to be
administered jointly. In the twelve ensuing years, the Sudan’s revenue has increased seventeen fold,
its expenditure tripled, in addition to its budget reaches a balanced province which is to live maintained until 1960.
1899 (In March), concluding settlement of the Fashoda Incident is reached past times the Anglo-French Agreement when
the spheres of influence of both countries due north of the Congo Free State boundary are delimited as
lying respectively eastward in addition to due west of Congo-Nile divide. This limits whatever farther French claims to the Nile.
For its part, King Leopold II continues to actively encourage Belgian explorers to opened upwards up ever more
in addition to to a greater extent than river systems in addition to routes along Congo-Nile divide. His attending also turns for the possibility
of commercial in addition to political ambitions inwards the Bahr el-Ghazal Province. Iron, ostrich feathers, ebony,
timber, fibres, tamarind, gum, beloved wax in addition to rubber, are rumoured to abound inwards that region. Initially,
the Belgians erect administrative posts throughout the Lado Enclave, but they presently human face numerous
obstacles, the most of import of which are:
1899 Marchand, after an epoch-making march through a hostile province of the Upper Nile, reaches
Fashoda, at the same fourth dimension that an Anglo-Egyptian forcefulness nether Lord Kitchener has overthrown the
Mahdists at Khartoum killing the Mahdi himself. The coming together of these ii European Commanders in
the Shiluk province is to final result inwards rattling strained relations betwixt England in addition to French Republic to this period.
1899 French Republic withdraws her claims on Fashoda in addition to an Anglo-Egyptian regime or Condominium inwards the
Sudan was proclaimed. Since 1899, at that spot take hold been modest boundary adjustments betwixt Uganda
in addition to the Sudan on the 1 hand, in addition to Republic of Uganda in addition to Congo on the other. The most of import boundary
beingness the ceding of the Lado Enclave past times Kingdom of Belgium inwards 1908 next the decease of King Leopold II, and
of the Opari District past times Republic of Uganda inwards 1913 inwards homecoming for the nowadays West Nile District.
1899 The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium is established inwards the Sudan; inwards reality it is the British who dominion the
Sudan until 1956 when the Sudan becomes independent.
1899 At the outset of Condominium dominion inwards that year, the Verona Fathers Mission starts piece of work inwards the
Southern Sudan: Upper Nile Province (in 1901), Bahr el-Ghazal (in 1905) in addition to Equatorial Province (in
1913). Meanwhile, 3 Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) members go to the Mongalla Province
"following on the lines of the American in addition to Australian missionaries who are already inwards the Sobat
Valley, the Shiluk province in addition to the Bahr el-Ghazal."
1901 Bimbashi or Major Chauncy Hugh Stigand, a immature British officer, handles the occupation of the Lado
Enclave created past times the Condominium authorities. He introduces arbitrary boundaries to separate the
dissimilar tribes inwards the Sudan in addition to after inwards the West Nile. Stigand is Weatherhead’s mentor. He hunts
widely inwards the Enclave. He specializes inwards native administration. He dies inwards 1919, at the hands of the
Aliab department of the Dinka. His unfinished mass on the Lado (published posthumously as Stingand,
1923), provides an unparalleled motion painting of the Lado Enclave at the time. He describes many of the
tribes inwards Northern Republic of Uganda in addition to inwards the Southern Sudan in addition to fifty-fifty draws the tribal boundaries which be to this day. He also spends much of his fourth dimension hunting game. Theodore Roosevelt (who later
becomes America’s President after World War II) in addition to Carl Gustav-Jung see the West Nile expanse and
are influential contributors to the ivory trade
1902 (January 2), King Leopold II organizes his Compagnie des Fer du Congo Superieur aux Grands Lacs.
The prescribed majuscule of the society is 25 1000000 francs, designated to build ii railway lines: one
from Stanleyville (now Kisangani) to Mahagi on Lake Albert; in addition to the other, from Mahagi to the
navigable Nile at Rejaf or Lado.
1902 February, King Leopard II insists that the Lado Enclave volition only live forfeited after his decease in addition to that
whatever Congo-Nile railway through the Enclave live owned in addition to operated past times Belgians alone. To alive true
to his threats, he dispatches 3 large consignments of munitions, guns, in addition to equipment for a six
calendar month siege.
1902 The largest concentration of troops anywhere inwards Africa, except for the state of war inwards South Africa, is pose in
place. Collins (1968) reports that: "There were nearly 2,400 Native Congolese troops nether 60
European officers ready to defend the Enclave against Britain. The nowadays Southern Sudanese
Headquarters of Juba itself was defended with 3 Krupp cannon, 5 Nordenfelt guns, in addition to a
machine gun. In the interior, the Yei post was fortified with ii Nordenfelts in addition to a machine gun."
Thus, both the Fashoda Incident of 1898 in addition to Leopold’s ambitious defense of the Lado Enclave inwards the
middle of 1902, would take hold sparked World War I inwards Africa!
1906 The Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) starts piece of work at Malek inwards 1906, in addition to opens a Bush School in
Yei (in 1917), Juba (in 1920), Maridi in addition to Yambiyo (in 1921), in addition to inwards Lui (in 1924). The Rev. L. H.
Gwynne supervises the C.M.S. piece of work inwards the Southern Sudan in addition to at Khartoum. The girls’ schoolhouse which
opens at Maridi (a town inwards the nowadays Muru area), meets with to a greater extent than success than at Yambiyo (in the
Zande area). In fact, Maridi has been intended at an early on appointment to go the largest educational
centre inwards the South.
1907 The Belgian Administration at nowadays abandons many of its key posts inwards favour of those closest to the
accessible roads. The Congolese take hold only 5 stations scattered along the route from Congo-Nile
watershed (which runs from Keri Town, Baaze to Lasu) through the centre of the Enclave to the Nile
at Juba. That route roughly corresponds to the nowadays Aba-Lasu-Yei-Lainya-Juba road. Although
the Lado Enclave is denied of rubber, its wooded rolling hills separated past times well-watered streams
flowing amidst lush vegetation, is ideally suited for elephants. As Collins (1960:218) reports: "nowhere
inwards Africa were elephants inwards greater concentration than inwards Lado." Consequently, the expenses of the
Belgian management had to live offset past times Lado Enclave’s only major product--- ivory. Ivory continues
to live collected past times the Belgians as authorities monopolies as is done nether the Mudirs of the
Equatoria Province, such as Sir Samuel Baker, Gordon in addition to Emin Pasha. In fact, labour services
were committed to payment inwards the elephant tusks. Promotion is given to those Belgian officers who
are assiduous inwards its collection. Sometimes, only those hunters who firstly secure the proper elephant
hunting licences at Boma or Brussels are permitted to shoot legally inwards the Enclave. When the British
endeavour to persuade Leopold to abandon the Upper Nile in addition to the Lado Enclave sooner rather than
later, His Majesty is visibly upset. He tells his baron (the Belgian Foreign Minister), that the Enclave
"is my glory, [panache]; its line of piece of work has been my objective for years; I take hold dedicated my energies
to it; rather than renounce it, I volition resort to violence.”
1910 (June 16), at exactly 9:45 A.M., the sometime Lado Enclave ceases to exist. The ceremony declaring the halt of the enclave was held inwards Yei Town.
1912 Led past times John Stauffacher, the firstly A.I.M. missionaries settle inwards Kasengu, Belgian Congo, (now
Democratic Republic of Congo).The British Governor General of the Sudan at the time, Lord Cromer, assures the Arab North that no proselytism or conversions into other faiths would choose identify inwards the Muslim areas. He, therefore, considers that missionary societies would fulfill a to a greater extent than useful role inwards the Southern Sudan than inwards the Northern Sudan as follows:
1914 The British constitute Republic of Uganda Protectorate inwards West Nile. The firstly District Commissioner (DC) of
West Nile, is Alfred Evelyn Weatherhead (1914 to 1922). Before that, he was inwards South Africa. Jack H. Driberg, is the Assistant District Commissioner (ADC), as good as academic analyst in addition to anthropologist. Driberg dies inwards 1947 in addition to a friend describes him as ‘a romantic figure, gay, versatile, in addition to adventurous—an Elizabethan.’
1918 First A.I.M. missionaries attain to Mvara, Uganda, in addition to laid about preaching alongside iv unnamed unreached tribes.
1919 Kakwa’s, Rembi, leads the Allah Water or Yakanye uprising inwards the West Nile. The H2O is described past times the White-men as a hallucinogen, an aphrodisiac, a drug which raises previously teemed men to warfare,
vehement opposition to British violet dominion inwards West Nile. Ole’ba is the centre of Rembi’s activities. Anne King
(1970) gives the most extensive published historical business concern human relationship of the yakanye. Several West Nile puppet
Chiefs are believed associated with the yakanye, in addition to these are exiled to Ankole in addition to Masindi. Louise
Piroet, inwards his Historical Dictionary of Uganda, 1925) writes: ‘... the British officials were supposed to be
faced with possible widespread rebellion. Many chiefs were found to live implicated inwards yakanye in addition to were
believed to live involved inwards plotting against the government... At this stage, the cult appeared to pose a real
danger in addition to measures were taken against it. Several chiefs were exiled to Ankole until 1925, in addition to Rembi
himself was caught in addition to hanged’ (Piruet, 1995, p.3678).
1924 Mounting Egyptian nationalism inwards the menstruation after World War I culminates inwards the assassination, inwards the
streets of Cairo, of Sir Lee Stack, Governor-General of the Sudan; British reaction results inwards the expulsion
of all Egyptian officials from the Sudan.
1925 The firstly professional person labour recruiters (British in addition to Indians) go far inwards Arua, in addition to the firstly labour system
becomes established inwards West Nile.
1925 McConell does the firstly total length ethnographic essay on a West Nile tribe, the Lugbara. There are also articles on la Nigrizia, the internal periodical of the Catholic missionaries—the Comboni (Verona) Fathers on the Lugbara.
1930 The next parts of the Bible are firstly published inwards the Kakwa language: Kuu na’bo Naga Mako [The Gospel According to Mark inwards Kakwa of Congo] (Tentative Edition), London, British in addition to Foreign Bible Society, 1930, p. 63p; in addition to Jamet Lo’but/Gbeti Lo Luka [St. Luke inwards Bari (Kakwa)] (Tentative Edition),
London, British in addition to Foreign Bible Society, 1930, p. 96p.
1936 After the Anglo-Egyptian entente of this year, a few Egyptians are allowed to homecoming to the Sudan inwards modest posts. But the signing of the 1936 understanding stimulates Sudanese nationalists who object both to the
homecoming of the Egyptians in addition to to the fact that other nations are deciding their destiny. Expression of this
feeling is seen inwards the formation of the Graduates' Congress, nether the leadership of Ismail al-Azhari.
1942 First Ugandan ordinations past times the A.I.M. go to Reverends John Donyi in addition to Silvanus Wani—all of them
Kakwas!
1945 Two political parties emerge inwards the Sudan: the National Unionist Party (NUP) led past times Ismail al-Azhari, who demands union of the Sudan in addition to Egypt. It has the back upwards of Sayed Sir Ali al-Mirghani, caput of a
powerful religious sect. The Umma Party, backed past times Sayed Sir Abdur-Rahman al-Mahdi, demands
unqualified independence in addition to no links with Egypt
1949 Church Missionary Society (CMS) invites AIM to choose over Opari in addition to Torit inwards Sudan. Paul Buyse leads the firstly squad into southern Sudan.
1950s The social anthropologist John Middleton studies the Lugbara inwards Uganda.
1953 (February 12), Britain in addition to Arab Republic of Egypt sign an accord ending the Condominium Arrangement in addition to agreeing to grant the Sudan self authorities within 3 years. The understanding also provides for a Senate for the
Sudan, a Council of Ministers, in addition to a House of Representatives, elections to which are to live supervised
past times an international commission.
1953 Elections are held during Nov in addition to December, resulting inwards victory for the National Unionist Party
NUP, in addition to its leader, Ismail al-Aihari, becoming the Sudan’s firstly Prime Minister inwards Jan 1954. The
replacement of British in addition to Egyptian officers inwards the Sudanese civil service past times Sudanese nationals, follow
rapidly.
1955 (December 19), the British Parliament votes unanimously that the Sudan should go "a fully
independent sovereign state". British in addition to Egyptian troops go out the province on Jan 1, 1956; the same solar daytime a five-man Council of State is appointed to choose over the powers of the Governor General until a novel constitution is agreed. It is interesting to banking company complaint that all the Colonial Governors of the Sudan take hold been British Army Officers, in addition to they include:
• Lt. Colonel Sir Stewart Symas (January 10, 1934 - Oct 14, 1940)
• Major General Sir Hubert J. Huddlestone (October 15, 1940- Apr 7, 1947)
• Sir Robert G. Howe (April 8, 1947 - March 10, 1955)
• Sir A. Knox Helm (March 11, 1955 - Jan 1, 1956)
1956 Civil War breaks out inwards Sudan, forcing the missionaries to leave. The Sudanese Government takes over the mission schools.
1960s The anthropologist Aidan Southall studies the Alur inwards West Nile.
1960 (June 30), the Belgian Congo achieves independence nether the call of “Republic of Congo” or “Republic of the Congo” (Republic du Congo). The call “Congo” pregnant “hunter” is coined after the Bakongo ethnic group, living inwards the Congo River basin.
1960 (January 17), Patrice Lumumba, the Prime Minister of the Congo, is assassinated in addition to the province is thrown Into political in addition to social chaos.
1962 Sudan Government enacts Missionary Society Act which restricts activities of missionaries. And
expulsions commence.
1964 The Simba Rebellion inwards the Congo results inwards many Congo Kakwa feeling into Ko’buko in addition to Yei areas.
1966 Joseph Mobutu changes his country’s official call to “Democratic of the Congo”.
1971 President Mobutu renames his province the Republic of Zaire.
1971 President Joseph names his province “Zaire”, from the Portuguese mispronunciation of the Kikongo intelligence nzere or nzadi, which translates to “the river which swallows all rivers.”
1972 Joseph Mobutu renames himself Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga.
1972 A.I.M's International Council meets for the firstly time. Temporary cessation of state of war inwards Sudan permits AIM pastors to re-establish piece of work to East of Nile. AIM in addition to other missions laid upwards ACROSS to piece of work West of the Nile.
1972 (March 14, 10 A.M.) The firstly Cabinet of Amin’s Military Regime inwards Uganda, looks as follows:
Awoŋo (H.E. Idi Amin Dada), President in addition to Head of the Military Council.
1. Hon. J.M. Byagaire, Minister of Public Services in addition to Local Administration.
2. Hon. Y.A. Eŋur, Minister of Culture in addition to Community Development.
3. Hon. Dr. J.H. Gesa, Minister of Health.
4. Hon. A.K. Kironde, Minister of Planning in addition to Economic Development.
5. Hon. W.O. Lutara, Minister of Commerce, Industry in addition to Tourism.
6. Hon. W.L. Naburi, Minister of Information in addition to Broadcasting.
7. Hon. P.J. Nkambo Mugerwa, Attorney General.
8. Hon. Lt. Colonel O'bitre-Gama, Minister of Internal Affairs.
9. Hon. F.L. Okware, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry in addition to Co-operation.
10. Hon. E.W. Oryema, Minister of Mineral in addition to Water Resources.
11. Hon. E.B. Rugumayo, Minister of Education (he defected inwards 1973).
12. Hon. E.B. Wakhweya, Minister of Finance.
13. Hon. Wanume Kibedi, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Kibedi defected to London inwards 1973, in addition to Colonel
Michael Ondoga, formerly ambassador to Moscow inwards 1971, took over the post of the Foreign
Minister.
14. Hon. Engineer J.M.N. Zikusoka, Minister of Works, Communications in addition to Housing. The Military Police (MP) is headed past times the Baka man, Major Hussein Marella. The Public Safety Unit (PSU) is headed past times Ali Toweli. Mohammed Hussein is caput of the Criminal Investigations Unit (CID). The State Research Bureau (centre) is headed past times Lt. Colonel Francis Itabuka assisted past times Major Farouk Minawa.
1977 Ugandan bishops elect the Kakwa, Silvanus Wani, as the novel Archbishop replacing the Acholi-born,
Janun Luwum.
1979 (May) Wakombozi or so-called liberation forces from Tanzania, accompanied past times Ugandan exiles, go inwards West Nile inwards May 1979.
1979 (June 3, at most 4pm), the Wakombozi accompanied past times Ugandan exiles, officially go inwards Ko’buko, by
which fourth dimension nearly the whole of Ko’buko has emptied into Zaire (now Congo) in addition to into the Sudan, joined
past times thousands of other tribes-people as --- as Refugees.
1980s Harrel-Bond, a British sociologist, comes to the Yei River District to study ‘the West Nile Refugees‘
1983 The Southern Sudan Liberation Army (SPLA) plunges into the Kakwa expanse of Yei, next a menstruation of tremendous agony, suffering, loss of lives in addition to devastation of properties.
1990s Tim Allen comes to West Nile to study West Nile’s ‘Returnees’.
1997 (May 17), Laurent-Desire Kabila overthrows President Mobutu. He changes the call of his province dorsum to Democratic Republic of The Congo-Kinshasa (the majuscule of Congo/Zaire). His sometime allies presently plow against him, however, in addition to his regime is challenged past times a Rwandan in addition to Ugandan-backed rebellion in
August of 1988. Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Republic of Chad in addition to the Sudan intervene to back upwards the
novel regime inwards Kinshasa. From this appointment until 2006, much of the country’s eastern portion remains
insecure. In the ensuing confusion, the Kakwa territories are rendered a killing ground.
2001 (January 16) President Laurent Kabila is shot in addition to killed at his desk inwards the presidential palace. Later
twenty-six men re sentenced to decease for their portion inwards the killing, 64 have jail damage ranging from six
months to life, in addition to 45 are exonerated.
2006 Elections are held inwards the Congo-Kinshasa in addition to Joseph Kabila takes 45% of the votes in addition to his main opponent Jean-Pierre Bemba takes 20%. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 two-day struggle betwixt the ii camps ensues
in addition to inwards August inwards the streets of the capital, Kinshasa: 16 people driblet dead before police force in addition to the United Nations mission,
MONUC, takes command of the city.
2006 (October 29), a minute circular of elections betwixt Kabila in addition to Bemba is held in addition to Kabila triumphs
receiving 58% of the vote to Bemba’s 42% . Tensions silent stay rattling high inwards this volatile, vast and
mineral-rich country
SOURCE:http://www.kakwa.org/history.pdf
Kakwa people from Yei County, South Sudan, performing traditional dance
The call 'Kakwa' comes after Yeki's 3rd son, Koza ku kala literally pregnant ‘bites with teeth’, a phrase
consisting of the verb transitive koza 'to bite', the conjunction ku 'with' in addition to the substantive kala 'teeth' (singular
keleyi). Later, the entire Kakwa nation, including all the 12 children of Yeki’s 6th in addition to lastly son, Zaki, also
adopted the plural cast of the agentive ka-kakwa 'the biters' or ‘those that bite.’ The Kakwa also refer to thorns as kakuwa (singular kokoti). In the other aspects of the Kakwa expressions, semantic idioms or proverbs, the intelligence ‘Kakwa’ translates into 'rebels', 'fulminating', 'harsh' or 'inimical'. From Mount Liru, Yeki had sent Koza ku kala to the nowadays expanse of Yei County to found the Kakwa people at that spot in addition to those inwards other Kakwa areas, such as the Kakwa County in addition to also Ko’buko District. The Kakwa people some times refer to themselves as "Kakwa Saliya Musala", a phrase they commonly utilisation to denote their 'oneness' though they are inwards 3 dissimilar countries. In Uganda, they known as Bakakwa.
Kakwa man child in addition to a girl
Kakwa Population
The average population density (which is population divided past times expanse of land) inwards much of the Kakwa ground is 10 to 20 persons per foursquare kilometre of ground area, but densities may vary from identify to identify in addition to from fourth dimension to time. Currently, for instance, the areas of heavy concentration of population are Yei Town, Nyarilo, Keri, Ora’ba, Ingbokolo, Morobu, Aru, Aba. The entire Kakwa people tin live estimated to live just nether 500,000 people.
Kakwa boys coming out of river Yei, South Sudan
The Kakwa County which is the main expanse where the Kakwa inhabitants of the Congo live, has been divided into 5 sub-counties as follows: (1) Rumu, (2) Inzi, (3) Kumuru, (4) Diso, in addition to (5) Adumi. The largest sub-county is Rumu. These 5 sub-counties are farther divided into silent smaller sub-sub-counties. This Kakwa County nicknamed Kakwa Inga, occupies an expanse of or so 975 foursquare kilometers within which alive or so 110,000 people (2000 estimate). It shares borders with the Yei County inwards the Sudan in addition to with Ko’buko District inwards Republic of Uganda to the northeast in addition to east, with the Kaliko County to the due west in addition to to the due south with the Zaki County.
Kakwa people at Yei town
Kakwa Ima are found inwards the town of Aba inwards the Faradje expanse of the Congo; inwards 1959, they numbered some 8,344 souls, in addition to occupied a ground expanse of some 476 foursquare kilometers.
Kakwa Dropa are found inwards the town of Aru.
Map showing where Kakwa people alive inwards Uganda,South Sudan in addition to DRCongo
Kakwa Neighbors
Kakwa lodge occupies the part bordering northwestern Uganda, Southern Sudan, in addition to northeastern Congo. The next are the tribes neighboring the Kakwa territories: Zaki, Logo, Baka, Mundu, Keliko, Nyangbara, Muru, Lugbara, Avukaya, Kuku, Aringa, Maracha, Terego, Kuku, Pojulu, Makaraka etc.
Kakwa women
The Kakwa Language
The call of the Kakwa linguistic communication is also called Kutuk na Kakwa (Kakwa)— named after its people. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 linguistic communication inwards Kakwa is called lokuliye (masculine) or kutu (feminine). Hence, Lokuliye lo Kakwa agency the same thing as Kutu na kakwa—Kakwa language.
Kakwa’s Etymological Roots
The etymological roots of the Kakwa words usually consist of ii or 3 consonants. The roots themselves may live monosyllabic (in that most words inwards their simplest cast consist of 1 syllable i.e. a consonant combination in addition to a vowel as inwards le (feminine) ‘milk’ since at that spot are no codas inwards Kakwa. When you lot know a word, you lot know both its pronunciation in addition to its meaning—and, of course, also its writing or spelling. If you lot hear someone utter the sounds represented past times the string of letters in addition to don’t know that it agency sukuri
(feminine) ‘a chicken’ inwards Kakwa, you lot don’t know that word. Synonyms similar si’de (feminine) in addition to gbi’dikiye
(feminine) are ii words because their identical meanings ‘a chair’ or ‘a seat’ are represented past times two
dissimilar strings of sounds. On the other hand, ii words with dissimilar sounds may take hold same string of
letters (homograph) as inwards the personal pronoun nà ‘me’ or ‘I’, in addition to inwards the intimate genitive (possessive)
particle ná ‘of’ (feminine, singular).
Kakwa people
Each intelligence is a sound-meaning unit. Each intelligence listed inwards your mental lexicon must include other
data as well, such as whether it is a noun, a pronoun, a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a
preposition, a conjunction, etc. This phenomenon is called grammatical category or syntactic course of instruction or
parts of speech.
Kakwa linguistic communication is non superior to whatever other linguistic communication inwards a linguistic sense. Every grammer is equally
complex in addition to logical in addition to capable of producing an interplanetary space laid of sentences to limited whatever thought. If
something tin live expressed inwards 1 linguistic communication or dialect, it tin live as expressed inwards whatever other language
or dialect. It powerfulness involve dissimilar agency in addition to dissimilar words, but it tin live expressed. No grammar,
therefore, no linguistic communication is either superior or inferior to whatever other!
The Kakwa Writing System
Kakwa has no indigenous writing scheme of its ain but bases its writing scheme on the Roman alphabet. All
Kakwa forms cited inwards this mass appear inwards criterion orthography. The linguistic communication is Niloto-Hamitic indicating
that it has elements of the Nilotic in addition to Hamitic languages. But what exactly is meant past times Nilotic? Westermann
in addition to others take hold advanced criteria past times which for sure Sudanic languages are to live regarded as Nilotic, and
this Nilotic chemical constituent inwards the Kakwa linguistic communication is to live found almost solely inwards intelligence stems, in addition to rattling petty in
judgement construction. In Kakwa Grammar, the term Nilotic relates to the languages of Dinka, Shiluk,
Nuer, Acholi, Alur etc, in addition to all languages in addition to dialects closely related to whatever of these languages, in addition to its
presence inwards Kakwa is evidenced past times the surprising number of monosyllabic intelligence stems, both nouns and
verbs, mutual to Kakwa in addition to to the neighbouring Nilotic languages.
The Kakwa Orthography
Orthography is the laid of conventions for representing linguistic communication inwards written form. Kakwa employs the English
alphabetical orthography inwards which symbols are used to stand upwards for private vowel segments rather than
syllables or words. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 syllable is a unmarried alphabetic character or a grouping of letters that cast 1 audio Until the advent of the missionaries in addition to the colonialists, the Kakwa had no way for putting their thoughts into
writing inwards the same understanding nosotros take hold today. These foreigners introduced the Roman alphabet, with
some few characters borrowed from Greek or German, in addition to the final result was fairly satisfactory for producing
the firstly Bari Bible in addition to Christian songs inwards Bari. Later, the version of the Bari Bible translated into Kakwa
was called Likilimba or Bayibulu ku Kutu na Kakwa i.e. ‘Bible inwards the Kakwa Language.’
The firstly Bari alphabet was revised in addition to slightly changed at the Rejaff Language Conference of 1928. The
resultant code, through opened upwards to criticism, seems to fulfill the necessary conditions for practical orthography
for Bari speakers, including the Kakwa people. Elements of this Rejaff Language Conference alphabet are
used inwards Kakwa Grammar with additions inwards monastic enjoin to enable foreigners to acquire a improve understanding of Kakwa
Kakwa Mythology of Creation
This is how nosotros were created on this earth. Our great, keen granddaddy was Mungura. Mungura’s married adult woman was
called Muri. Together, they produced the firstly living things on this planet: wildlife plus domestic animals.
Next, Mungura in addition to Muri produced twins: these were considered a bad omen at that time, in addition to they were
handed over to a for sure Jongbo to throw them away into the bush. However, Jongbo remarked that these
twins who would 1 solar daytime live our fathers. So, she hid them at her identify in addition to nurtured them at that spot until they grew. Muri 1 time again became pregnant, in addition to this time, she delivered a infant who was cerebral palsy-like: without ears, without a neck, without a head, without hands, without legs. Cried Muri, “I take hold produced some other bad omen. Maa, come upwards in addition to send this thing into the bush. Take it into the swamp. It is bad. Leave it inwards the swamp.” Maaagreed but in addition to so abandoned the infant on a purugi, a termite-created bare patch of soil usually found inwards the bushes. This ‘baby’ turned out to live genuinely bad—an epidemic that gave rising to all the diseases in addition to illnesses.
Kakwa women . Circa 1889
As it lay on the prurugi, it 1 solar daytime flare-up inwards the sun’s heat, with a rattling loud noise! This bursting caused Mungurato go ill. Then Jongbo instructed Maa to see Ka’bili, the doctor, to regain out what was incorrect with Mungura. Maa, inwards his usual stubborn mood, was reluctant. Jongbo tried 1 time again but all inwards vain: Maa refused to listen. Then Jongbo, herself, ran to Ka’bili for help. She said to Ka’bili, “I had before sent Maa to consult with you lot inwards monastic enjoin to diagnose our father, Mungura’s illness since he is dying. Please regain a cure for him.”
Ka’bili examined the province of affairs in addition to and so declared that “Our manful someone parent is dying. If he dies, Maa volition chase him (the
spirit of Mungura) into the bush. The best thing is to laid upwards kilikize, create total it upwards with fresh milk, acquire meze or ‘ferric oxide solution’, in addition to identify this within the milk. When our manful someone parent dies, Maa volition run from the bush on hearing the wailing or crying of the mourners. So, live brave, gather plenty strength in addition to aim the kilikize at the middle of Maa’s head. When the kilikize breaks, boast that you lot take hold smashed him (Maa) inwards the brains. Say that you lot take hold pierced him so deeply that blood is at nowadays gushing out of his head. He volition wipe his caput in addition to the coagulated milk volition live similar his brains. He volition wipe his caput in addition to the meze volition live similar his blood. So, in addition to so it volition live him whowill run away instead of Mungura.” Jongbo did as instructed in addition to Maa ran away into the bush admitting that he was spoilt.
Kakwa girls showing their tribal trunk marks. Circa 1889
This was what in addition to so took place: Meko (Buffalo) said that he would follow Maa; Lo’ba (Jackson’s Hartebeest) said that he would follow Maa; the Branded Bushbuck said that he would follow Maa; ’Bo’bu, ‘the Waterbuck, said that he would follow Maa. Mungura’s identify was left for Yurukuti who said that she would stay with Jongbo. Kine (Goat) said that he would live with Jongbo. Kebilito (Sheep) said that he would live with Jongbo. Ka'bili, inwards person, said that she would stay with Jongbo.
After beingness for sometime with Jongbo, the children (twins) whom she had adopted, became seriously ill.
Jongbo in addition to so ran to Ka’bili saying, ‘I take hold my things hither in addition to that Ka’bili should regain out what was incorrect with them. After diagnosing, Ka'bili suggested that Jongbo sacrifice Yurukuti’s only kid as a cure.
The ritual of sacrificing started from there. Shortly afterwards, in addition to quickly, Jongbo carried out the sacrifice in addition to and so she hid the bones of the sacrificed kid inwards the backyard garden. When Yurukuti arrived, she did non regain her child. “Where is my child?” Jongbo replied that she had no idea. Yurukuti in addition to so called in addition to called. She threw herself. She threw herself all over the compound. Then, she ran to the backyard in addition to scooped the ashes onto her body. She scooped in addition to scooped. She presently scooped out her son’s bones.
“Why, Jongbo? I did non know what happened to my child. Now, I know that you lot are inwards fact, my enemy.
Jongbo, if you lot are my enemy similar this, for you, never speak again. You should audio as 'biyu-'biyu, at night.
Things should live thrown to you. And, for you lot Ka’bili, who calls herself as the expert. Now, tell things using your neck. Let pieces of stones live collected, in addition to these volition live named so in addition to so, so in addition to so. But, now, your cervix volition live cutting in addition to your caput thrown there. When it is at nowadays struggling, it volition disclose things using the severed neck.”
However, Jongbo shot dorsum saying, “You, Yurukuti! You, Yurukuti! I thought that these things (meaning the
twins) would inwards the hereafter live our keen parents. But since you lot are at nowadays cursing similar this, for you—never talk
again. You should audio similar this ‘alaallaaaalaaaaalaaaa!’ The cursing of each other originated from at that spot in addition to it affected those twin children Jongbo was raising.
Kakwa adult man playing horn lute
History
What the Kakwa telephone band ’dolowe agency 'the starting point' or 'the origin' or 'the source.' This betoken is variously
believed to live around the nowadays Ethiopia-Sudan border, around the Red Sea, or at Kapoeta (at the eastern shore of Lake Turkana). Here, the Nilotic Luo had arrived inwards sufficient numbers dispersing the ancestors of the Kakwa in addition to other Nilo-Hamitics. These Luo movements were spread over time—perhaps over 3 centuries pushing the entire Kakwa westwards, across the River Nile, around the 16th century, in addition to eventually they settled at Koro’be [Koru’be] Hill inwards the Yei County. From Koro’be, the Kakwa in addition to so spread over all the areas which they at nowadays occupy inwards Ko’buko District, inwards the Kakwa County in addition to inwards the Yei County.
Kakwa Contact with Foreigners. Virtually, nix was known or written most the Kakwa before the advent of Europeans inwards the 19th century.
The keen boy of Kakwa people, General Iddi Amin Dada Oumee, sometime president of Uganda
The firstly foreigners the Kakwa encountered were the slavers, explorers, hunters, missionaries, soldiers,
administrators, in addition to social anthropologists. The Arab slavers came from the due north spell the Europeans and
North Americans came through the Sudan (from the north), in addition to from the southeast—through Uganda. Some Europeans (Belgians in addition to French) came from the Congo (to the west). These people had multitudes of roles inwards the Kakwa territories: the occupier of 1 role ofttimes turned into another. For much of the menstruation betwixt the 1800s in addition to the 1900s, at that spot had been everlasting successions of devastation from slave raids, droughts, locust outbreaks, famines, population movements, rinderpest, meningitis, human in addition to livestock epidemics that afflicted the Kakwa people. This was also the menstruation of the Kakwa contact with peoples of radically dissimilar social, economical in addition to technological systems. The next is a brief historical presentation of some of the origins of the contacts with these foreigners.
Kakwa Settlement Patterns
The call for a theatre inwards Kakwa is kadi (feminine, plural kadi-zi). The call for identify is ’ba (masculine,
plural, ’beŋi) or gbiliŋe (feminine).
Kakwa’s traditional patterns of housing vary with contrasts inwards terrain, ecology, climate, weather, gradient of the
land, kinships, descent, political stability, etc. The most prevalent pattern has been that of dispersed villages
which, together with their extended families, are large plenty for diverse indigenous participation but are
rarely lasting because of the utilisation of short-lived edifice materials in addition to sometimes specifications for shifting
tillage in addition to grazing. Until recently, each Kakwa identify unit of measurement lived inwards a sort of community within a growing
stockade known as mari (feminine). The stockade had a gate which could live closed past times nighttime or when there
was danger from hyenas, lions or enemies. Today, however, families are clustered together thus constituting
a dissimilar sort of homestead.
There are separate houses for humans in addition to for animals. Human houses include:
• koku (feminine) or ‘the kitchen’;
• kadi-zi naga a totoye (feminine) ‘houses for sleeping’; these are usually separate for teenagers,
parents in addition to grandparents.
In addition, at that spot is a unique theatre known as lomore (feminine) that is entirely used as a invitee house.
Other structures typically found inwards a Kakwa homestead are:
• apa (feminine) (the nutrient storage structure);
• gugu (masculine) (granary);
• kadi nati (feminine) (the call for pit latrine);
• miŋe (feminine) (a special construction built to milk a moo-cow so that the moo-cow does non kicking away the milk or
the milker during the milking process;
• koko or mololo (feminine) (roofed chicken pen);
• mari (feminine) (kraal);
• kadi na lidi (feminine) (roofed in addition to sometimes walled goats' pen);
• kadi na kebiilizi (feminine) (roofed in addition to sometimes walled sheep’s house);
• ayiyi (masculine) (a nutrient storage facility);
• salo (feminine) (a low-walled theatre with a roof usually sited inwards the middle of the compound. It is used
as a sort of "common living room", especially valued past times the Kakwa of Congo;
• roboŋo (masculine) (shrine stones).
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Kakwa homestead is also ever located nigh a large evergreen tree that serves as parine (feminine)
nether which identify unit of measurement members tin savor tilimo (feminine) or shade. In the evenings, identify unit of measurement members spend
their fourth dimension around the communal opened upwards forcefulness out which is known as pudo (feminine) where the elders tell stories to
the younger grouping in addition to where the day's activities are discussed in addition to hereafter plans in addition to specific assignments
are made. Another rattling of import consideration inwards locating human dwellings is proximity to a clean,
permanent in addition to fairly unopen good inwards add-on to consideration of the distance to a communal grinding rock
surface or to the major farms.
From a Kakwa Family to Kakwa Society
Each of the nearly ii hundred or so dissimilar Kakwa clans, is built on a pyramidal model with the identify unit of measurement as
the lowest entity. Next inwards this social hierarchy is the extended identify unit of measurement which forms some other social organization
known as ketimi (feminine, plural, ketimi-to) or gurube (feminine). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ketimi may comprise of ii to a
dozen related villages. The concluding organizational unit of measurement is the whole ethnic Kakwa grouping that the colonialists
named a "tribe" but which is genuinely an "ethnic" or a linguistic communication group." Therefore, Kakwa the ethnic grouping is
composed of dissimilar clans which, inwards turn, are composed of assorted sub-clans which, inwards turn, are
composed of disparate villages in addition to families, which inwards turn, are composed of a few dozen to hundreds of
individuals.
The economic scheme of Kakwa people
The economic scheme of the Kakwa was mainly subsistence agriculture but some families also practiced mixed farming. They kept cattle, goats, in addition to sheep also agriculture. Millet has ever been their principal nutrient crop followed past times sorghum in addition to a type of edible bean called burusu.
These were the staple foods of the Kakwa. They take hold been supplemented past times pawpaws, maize in addition to cassava. Cassava is said to take hold come upwards with the advent of the Belgians in addition to the intrusion of the logo, an ethnic grouping from Zaire.Pawpaws are said to take hold been introduced past times the British.Millet, sorghum in addition to burusu were traditionally sown inwards a large land dug on a communal basis, known as vya or litika.
Women figured less prominently inwards the economic scheme of the Kakwa. Men dug the fields, sowed the seeds, tended the animals, built in addition to repaired the houses. Women would take the rubbish from the cultivated fields, would also create clean in addition to store the crops away inwards the granaries.The women engaged actively inwards handbasket weaving, tabular array salt making in addition to pottery.
Salt was made from indigenous plants known as morubo in addition to bukuli. These plants wound live burnt in addition to and so the ashes nosotros re pose inwards a container with many holes at the bottom; H2O would live poured on the ashes. The salty liquid would filter through the holes in addition to out into some other container at the bottom.
The Nyangaila clan specialized inwards Fe smelting, making spears, knives, hoes in addition to a diversity of other Fe implements.
Wealth alongside the Kakwa was measured inwards damage of “how many granaries total of foodstuff” 1 had inwards one’s chemical compound in addition to the number of the livestock inwards one’s kraal.In the trial of famine, in addition to this was common, people would migrate to some other expanse where at that spot was plenty of food.
Kakwa man, Idi Amin
Kakwa Culture
La’bi variant Uri
In the Kakwa language, the exact intelligence for civilization is la’bi or uri (masculine). Hence, la’bi lo Kakwa
translates as civilization of the Kakwa or Kakwa culture.
Kakwa Child Naming Ceremonies
Kakwa people do non usually call their children until the lastly slice of the remaining umbilical cord has
fallen off through the natural process. The naming ceremony usually occurs after 3 days if the kid is a
girl, in addition to after iv days if the kid is a boy. The naming ceremony requires first, the boiling of shelled laputu
(masculine) or Black-eyed peas inwards salt-free H2O in addition to the add-on of the traditional solution of the local salt,
kombo (feminine), mixed only inwards kemo na konyu (feminine) or simsim paste. Moreover, no frying
whatsoever, is entertained spell millet serves for the staple bread, ’dilo (feminine).
The infant to live ceremoniously named is brought exterior for the firstly fourth dimension inwards the fresh, mild morning time sun
known as a-igo (feminine). The elders in addition to so formally have the infant after each 1 of them has assembled
a number of names that he or she has kept undercover till the ceremonial time. Every call proposed is carefully
weighed in addition to discussed inwards the context of the circumstances surrounding the birth, the parents' marriage
history, in addition to what is happening inwards in addition to around the village, Kakwa society, in addition to boy on, or when that kid was
born. Separate names are given for boys in addition to girls each with a unique meaning. After choosing the
appropriate name, 1 elderberry (usually the eldest elderberry man) in addition to so formally presents the kid to Mount Liru by
pointing him or her toward the legendary mount with the pronouncement: Liru, ŋiro lolu ilo! (meaning,
"Liru, hither is a kid for you"--- if the infant is a boy), in addition to Liru, ŋiro nonu ina! (meaning, "Liru, hither is a child
for you" --- if the infant is a girl). Invoking the call of this famous Kakwa mount serves 3 major
purposes: (1) it formally reminds the kid in addition to those assembled that he or she is a Kakwa, in addition to (2) it makes
the kid strong, in addition to (3) it enables the kid to alive as long as Mount Liru. After this ceremony, the infant is
given dorsum to his or biological mother. From this betoken onwards, he or she is called past times the chosen call but
other informal names (including nicknames) tin silent live used inwards reference to him or her.
Kakwa Mourning Customs in addition to Rites
The Kakwa people refer to bereavement as gbiye (feminine) (literally, "crying"), in addition to sometimes as mute
(masculine) in addition to deliya (feminine). Until at that spot is decease of a unopen agnate or affine, Kakwa adults do not
usually vociferation but do so profusely in addition to instantaneously when that occurs. This physical care for is exacerbated past times the
presence of for sure individuals inwards the lodge in addition to hamlet who take hold distinguished themselves in addition to shriek in
rattling peculiar in addition to mournful ways to denote that decease has taken identify inwards the village. Such a traditional
shrieking audio is known as sire (sira) (feminine) in addition to is usually performed past times an adult male. Adult women may also take hold their ain way of shrieking which is referred to as gbililiza (feminine).
Kakwa Burial Rites
When decease occurs, the dead someone becomes known as opu (masculine) in addition to the burial physical care for is known
as nuga (feminine) or to a greater extent than fully, nuka na ŋutu (feminine) (that is, "burying of a person"), in addition to this normally
occurs inwards the evenings for ordinary people. However, for people known as Bura or Mata-ki ‘Chiefs’, the
burial ritual is complex in addition to it occurs at dawn. Before that, the dawn time, the Chief’s trunk is nursed inwards a
ritual known as muyu na mata (feminine). The burial physical care for is ever the piece of work of the men who dig gulo
(feminine, plural gulo-mo) (the grave) to a depth of at to the lowest degree ii meter in addition to breath of a meter in addition to a half, inwards a
chosen location. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 special hole (some sort of a mini-grave), the size of the actual body, is in addition to so dug 180
degrees within the deepest halt of the grave where the trunk volition live placed.
Usually 3 days after the burial, a special mourning feast called abujo (masculine) or adosu (masculine)
is organized. This feast involves the killing of an animal, usually a bull, ram or a he-goat, depending on the
status of the deceased or in addition to his or her family. The fauna thus killed is cooked in addition to distributed randomly
without whatever special consideration beingness given to what portion of the fauna should live consumed past times which clan
or lineage. Prior to this feast, the relatives of the dead someone in addition to well-wishers continuously render the
people who plow upwards for the funeral with costless nutrient in addition to drink.
Traditional Kakwa Concept of Religion
The Kakwa people take hold no temples for worship nor whatever written doctrines such as the Bible or the Qur’an
(Koran), or the Geeta (the Hindu Holy Book), nor full-time preachers, nor organized religion. However, they do take hold shrines or oracles that are collectively called uriya (masculine) in addition to these symbolize the spirits of
the dead. These uriya are usually symbolized either past times distinctive stones known as roboŋo (masculine) or
past times fig trees known as laru (masculine) where periodic sacrifices are made. The ritual of appeasing the dead
through the stones or the fig tree is known as i-ila na roboŋo (feminine) or i-ila na laru (feminine)
respectively.
The overall concept of religion, as expressed past times the uriya (masculine), is that the dead or ancestors can
communicate with the living. Accordingly, if these ancestors "notice" anything going astray alongside their living
kin, they take hold the obligation to react past times bringing signs that warn of eminent disaster in addition to fifty-fifty punish them
in addition to that something should live done to avoid the trial of farther punishment. The spirits of the ancestors
also human activeness similar angels that follow in addition to guide a living someone at all times in addition to places. Therefore, such a spirit can
in addition to should rescue 1 from a potential or a existent problem.
The Kakwa thought of a "supreme being" is what the people know or refer to as Mulete (masculine) whom they see as beingness the ultimate source of all powerfulness in addition to morale order. They conceive of him as having ii aspects,
1 transcendent in addition to the other immanent evil, an inversion. He is responsible for all forms of decease for
decease cannot live avoided. His volition is immutable .
Son of Idi Amin, Jaffar Amin dancing
Temezi
An elderly adult man inwards Kakwa is known as temezitiyo or Ŋutu logo. He carries a rattling of import in addition to envious
spot of power, influence, responsibilities in addition to wisdom. Every Kakwa ketimi (feminine) or gurube
(feminine) or clan, is usually headed past times an elder— usually the most senior person— inwards the clan past times virtue of
beingness the boy of the most senior adult woman ever married into that clan in addition to past times virtue of his longevity. He does
non automatically assume this championship but, he must earn it past times through active participation inwards clan activities. Such
activities include looking after the affairs of wedlock of the clan's daughters, expressing concerns inwards case
these daughters or whatever of their children are ill, barren or facing rattling jealousy co-wives. It is usually also
reserved to those men who past times virtue of genealogical spot inwards the lineage, take hold the custodianship of
for sure rites, such as: approbation hunters, approbation the firstly harvest, becoming Bura (rain-predictor), negotiating
tough issues, arriving at consensual agreements, etc. He also has some other score of office, the aruwe-ta
(masculine), the hereditary ceremonial stick that only the elders inwards his historic menstruation bracket are supposed to handle.
Kakwa marriage
Read most it here:http://www.yeda.org/booklet.pdf
Authority in addition to Respect inwards Kakwa Society
There is no universal ascendency over the way individuals should send themselves inwards the Kakwa society.
Unfortunately, modern governments, through puppet chiefs in addition to sub-chiefs, take hold meddled inwards their subjects'
affairs. These chiefs are mainly concerned with collecting taxes, labour, in addition to other services that were once
exterior the traditional everyday life for most Kakwa. Kakwa tradition holds that opened upwards violence is wrong
betwixt agnates in addition to unopen uterine. Women should observe their husbands in addition to children their parents.
Disputes over rights of land, women in addition to livestock occasionally occur at all levels of the lineage but are
settled differently, outset with the elderberry of each disputant. Inter-clan sexual relations, adultery in addition to fighting
an elderberry someone are considered incest which may live punished past times nyoka (feminine) or endless mystical
sanctions.
Where the human relationship is a petty distant, a demo of overt forcefulness or violence may live necessitated but this will
ultimately live settled peacefully because of the concept of lemi (masculine) in addition to agnatic relationships. For
Kakwa, the essence of the exercise of authority, whether betwixt agnates, cognates, affines or neighbours,
is for the human relationship to live 1 inwards which the junior obeys, fears or respects the senior. All these societal rules
are contained inwards the full general term kuga (feminine) (or respect).
Kakwa Rain Predictors
In Ko’buko District, the Kakwa clans of Bura, Ranju, Okube etc, are renown for beingness rain-predictors. These people also autumn inwards the category of ’buni or mentalist, shaman, traditional healer, traditional doctor,
witchdoctor, magician, psychic, exorcist, yakanye (feminine) spirit, medicine-men etc. As such they are both
revered in addition to respected inwards Kakwa society.
Adiyo: Ethnohistory or Events of the Past
Adiyo (masculine, singular adi), the events of the past, is a fairly long dictated genealogical give-and-take of
human relationship with others. This physical care for of conducting the give-and-take is referred to as ’doto na adiyo
(feminine) or tayi na adiyo (feminine) or kepo na adiyo (feminine). It is also a ritual address, a loud recital of the main facts of dissimilar cases in addition to genealogical in addition to wedlock relationships, in addition to is conducted during
funeral rites, wedlock ceremonies in addition to inwards communal feats. It is made to both the living in addition to the dead
ancestors of the group. These ritual addresses are ever much the same although each clan in addition to lineage
has its ain details, in addition to they all provide a focus for the solidarity of the assembled elders in addition to youngsters.
There is ever truth inwards these addresses for whatever lies are chop-chop corrected past times the assembled elders (who
Kakwa Art
Art ever represents something—communicates information—but this something is never represented inwards its
literal shape, sound, colour, movement, or feeling. Among the Kakwa, designs, stories, in addition to artifacts have
definite utilisation inwards day-to-day subsistence activities that are produced primarily for practical purposes or rarely
for commercial use. These forms of fine art are produced in addition to performed inwards consummate harmony with utilitarian
objectives. The Kakwa derive pleasance from playfully embellishing in addition to transforming the contours and
surfaces of pots, fabrics, wood in addition to metallic element products. They also recognize in addition to honor the fact that certain
individuals are to a greater extent than skilled than are others inwards making utilitarian objects in addition to inwards embellishing them with
pleasurable designs. Therefore, skilled wood carvers, basket-makers, granary-makers, potters, singers,
negotiators, weavers or arrow-makers are all artists.
Kakwa Music, Song, in addition to Dance
The full general call for dancing inwards Kakwa is gboja (or gboza) (feminine, plural gboja-zi) or yali (masculine).
Singing is termed as welo (feminine), in addition to the songs themselves are known as wiri-to or wiri-ta (singular,
masculine wiri).
In Kakwa society, the social functions of music, song, in addition to trip the low-cal fantastic are viewed inwards ways such as
• bringing prosperity (in harvesting in addition to hunting);
• celebrating a wedding;
• celebrating a triumphant hunting or defensive/offensive expedition;
• averting a calamity (famine, war, affliction epidemic, locusts);
• honouring Mulete or God;
• passing the time, especially when engaging inwards such routine activities as digging, building, weeding,
grinding grains etc;
• honouring an ancestor
• honouring a firstly harvest
• honouring a dead Mata lo ka (Rain-chief)
• recreation.
Kakwa Dancing Drums
The Kakwa names for their dancing drums include: buli (feminine) the bass drum’, liliru (feminine) the drum
with the highest pitch or the solo drum, in addition to the pipire (feminine) also known as pilipitimbi (feminine). In
add-on to the drums, at that spot is some other Kakwa dancing musical instrument known as yuge (masculine). This wooden
construction provides beat to the beat out of the drums inwards whatever dance. It is the main wooden trumpet which is
curved inwards 1 slice from a tree, in addition to is most 140 cm inwards length in addition to most 25 cm across the opened upwards lower end.
Its tip is crowned past times a knob inwards the shape of a truncated pyramid. The embourcument consists of a evidently hole
unopen to the tip but at that spot is no halt inwards the tip.
When a Kakwa man child passes the laminal youth stage, he develops sire or sira (feminine, plural, sire-si) which
is a possessed personal telephone band which is genuinely "a long falsetto whooping cry, the tune of which corresponds
to the tonal pattern of a intelligence phrase associated with the possessor. It is made inwards fourth dimension of danger, inwards fighting,
in addition to on formal occasions to demo the caller's identity. Men also telephone band their sire when returning identify drunk, lest
they live mistaken for strangers in addition to shot with arrows, in addition to to demo pride inwards themselves. It is ever made only
past times the owner at fifty-fifty at the times of decease or danger. To telephone band some other man's sira is to insult in addition to belittle
him. Another cast of personal identity is called u’duta (masculine) which is possessed past times both men and
women. This is usually made during dances inwards which the individuals praise themselves, their parents, clan
(lineage) or their grandparents in addition to ancestors. In its simplest form, u’duta is a serial of talks done inwards a funny
in addition to philosophical, controversial or proverbial way without beingness personally directed against anybody or
offending anyone. During dances, women ulate at the tops of their voices but inwards a jovial excitement. This
excitement is known as gbililiza (feminine).
Kakwa Men’s Costumes
• lo’bu (feminine, plural lo’bu-wa) is the call given to fauna peel which traditionally is worn only past times the men;
• bolo (feminine, plural buluzi or bolo-zika) is the quiver which is used both for dancing in addition to for storing arrows. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 typical Kakwa dancing bolo is made out of the hairy peel of the he-goat. This hairiness is known as punda;
• keye (masculine) is a sort of jazz which consists of a dried gourd which is in addition to so filled with seeds or
stones in addition to shaken to heighten the beat of the drums in addition to songs;
• diyeri (feminine) is a costume made out of an fauna tail;
• agbarala (masculine) in addition to ngbirila (masculine) are similar, in addition to they are metallic element dancing costumes
worn at the ankles.
Kakwa Women’s Costumes
The intelligence koropo (feminine, singular kuruputi) stands for leaves. Leaves are traditionally worn past times women
as clothing, usually around the waist in addition to roofing the forepart in addition to dorsum below the waist with the sides of the
thighs virtually bare. Despite these uses of organic habiliment (leaves in addition to skins), the Kakwa people take hold been
create clean in addition to sanitary inwards their habits in addition to habitats.
• nyoori (feminine) collectively, refers to traditional beads worn past times the women.
• ŋaliya (masculine) the ‘modern’ beads worn past times the women
• riye (feminine) diverse kinds of metallic element rings worn around the arms in addition to legs.
• meze (feminine) variant meje, is the solution of Fe oxide smeared to protect the trunk against the
elements in addition to to maintain beauty.
Kakwa Ornaments
Most of the Kakwa people do non to a greater extent than often than non adore ornaments except those used past times women to heighten their
beauty. Girls perforate both lobes of their ears at a younger in addition to tiny metals inwards the holes. Where at that spot are no
rings, they insert well-prepared grasses to maintain the holes intact in addition to to forbid infection. This process
perforating the ear is known as rumo na suwo (feminine) (literally, "piercing the ears"). In the olden days,
women used also to insert little bracelets through the lower lip in addition to had the cartilage of their noses pierced
for a ring. However, the most mutual ornaments for women, take hold been the colourful in addition to different
• ŋaliya (masculine, singular ŋalita) or are beads worn around the waists, ankles, wrists in addition to necks.
In add-on to the beads, at that spot were the next riye (feminine), most of which were metallic element ones worn on
the ankles in addition to wrists:
• riye nakpe (feminiine) is a collective call for ‘white rings’, such as silvery ornaments which were
considered of a higher lineament in addition to standard;.
• riye natoru (feminine) or ‘red metals’ include metals such as bronze, copper in addition to gold, all of are rare
inwards the Kakwa territories.
Kakwa Traditional Games in addition to Sports
There are dissimilar ways past times which the Kakwa maintain themselves fit, strong, good for you lot or entertained, including
farming, dancing, hunting or tree-cutting. However, at that spot are other mutual recreational activities which are
also initiational processes to adult life.
Concussion Rattle
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Kakwa concussion rattle consists of ii tiny in addition to circular fruit shells filled with dry out seeds in addition to joined past times a
chain or a slice of twisted cloth of most 10 cm inwards length. One shell is placed inwards 1 palm of the paw and
the other is allowed to hang downwardly loosely betwixt the pollex in addition to forefinger or betwixt the latter in addition to the
middle finger. The suspended shell is swung to brand rapid rhythmical motion of the arm in addition to paw in addition to to
strike against the fruit inwards the palm of the hand. The basic motion tin live varied in addition to the musical instrument becomes
capable of expressing intricate rhythmical patterns. Only girls utilisation the concussion rattle spell inwards the open
markets waiting for customers, or when on the journeying to in addition to from the market, or when going to pull H2O from the wells.
Togoda (feminine) agency hunting, in addition to it involves special talents in addition to skills. No distinct course of instruction of huntsmen
be alongside the Kakwa but at that spot are usually individuals inwards every clan who distinguish themselves out as
first-class hunters. In general, little game such as alu (masculine, plural alu-wo) (bush rat), muri (feminine,
plural muri-ŋo) (dikdik), ka’bo (feminine, plural ka’bu-zi) (waterbuck), nyamata (feminine, plural nyamaki)
(feminine) (a brownish antelope) in addition to other types of antelopes, are hunted for the sake of meat past times whatever adult man who wishes to do so at whatever fourth dimension of the year. However, a to a greater extent than full general communal hunting expanse is usually
designated: it is large, unsettled, ungrazed, in addition to isolated. These areas are known as carte du jour (feminine, plural
menu-wa). Each carte du jour is designated past times name; inwards Ko’buko District, they include Menu na Abundiri, Menu
na Moroto, in addition to Menu na Nyangbiri. These most pop ones are located at the remote corners of the Uganda-Sudan border, inwards Yei County in addition to inwards Amadi County.
Mbiyu (feminine) or the sling is a boy's game made from strings obtainable out of the barks of for sure special
plants. These strings are in addition to so twisted into convenient lengths in addition to roughly 5 mm inwards diameter. In the middle of
the sling is left a slot large plenty to choose a given size of rock. In monastic enjoin to aim at a target which may live an
fauna or a distant spot, the man child climbs on top of a stone or hillside or on top of a raised in addition to opened upwards ground.
Then he brings both ends of the string together in addition to spins the sling over in addition to circular his caput with the stone,
which acts as the bullet, located inwards its centre. The call mbiyu genuinely comes out of the whistling
mbiyuuuuu audio that the bullet makes as it is released in addition to travels inwards the air to its target. This is a very
competitive sport for immature boys, in addition to this contest starts from making the mbiyu itself to practicing with
the targets.
Turo (feminine) is the call given to the sport of distant shooting. In this sport, boys usually arm themselves
with bows in addition to arrows and, upon climbing upwards a loma or an anthill, shoot these arrows as far as possible. The
someone whose arrow reaches the furthest is the winner.
There are also target practices whereby arrows are shot at the smallest stem of a shrub or a tree from a
designated distance. The object is to see whose arrow reaches into, or closest to, the target or bull's eye.
This target tin ever live proven past times visual inspection or from some missing arrows which powerfulness take hold gone
right through such a target. Sometimes, instead of the truthful arrows, the younger boys utilisation indiripi
(masculine), which are arrows made from the stems of the Elephant grass. Other arrows known as
undurube (masculine) are made from the fresh stems of the sorghum plant.
Kupe, also known as unyaka (masculine) is a reference to wrestling where Kakwa boys develop to become
fighters in addition to to defend themselves. Such preparation is usually closely supervised in addition to monitored past times the olders
boys in addition to no boxing is allowed. Also boys of roughly the same age, weight in addition to summit are allowed to wrestle
alongside themselves. As the preparation progresses, 1 someone from the lower historic menstruation in addition to weight bracket powerfulness be
allowed to tackle a heavier in addition to older private inwards the other group. The object of wrestling is to take hold each
other breast to breast in addition to to squeeze these chests until 1 private becomes too weak to stand upwards it any
further. As presently as the weaker someone falls to the ground, the victor powerfulness prevarication on the defeated person’s chest
in addition to take hold his hands to forbid him from ever rising again. If he does maneuver his way to acquire upwards again, the
same physical care for is performed in addition to past times luck, the someone who vicious downwardly before powerfulness prevail inwards the subsequent
chances. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 tip to avoid beingness squeezed too hard is never to allow one’s breast to live too nigh that of the
opponent's, in addition to to always, to stand upwards with the legs well-spread out to secure some balance.
Another cast of wrestling is the 1 called unyaka (masculine) inwards which 1 someone attempts to
entanglement the other's legs so that remainder is difficult. Again, 1 tin avoid this entanglement past times having
the legs stretched away from those of the contrary person. Some boys who experience too immature in addition to too low-cal to
wrestle their opponents inwards the normal fashion, sometimes endeavour to accuse at their opponents from behind
in addition to without warning. This is non usually accepted.
Wowoki (feminine) is the full general call for all types of competitive races or relays which tin occur in
sandy places, inwards wooded areas, inwards nyamu-nyamu (masculine) (short, apartment in addition to fluffy grass), on the way to
in addition to from school, inwards schoolhouse play grounds or within water. To brand the sport to a greater extent than vibrant in addition to varied,
youngsters may do the following:
• run backwards
• run on 1 leg
• run spell asset a for sure object (water, fruits or rocks) inwards their hands;
• run with their eyes closed.
Golo (masculine) is the call for soccer or football game as it is popularly known locally. Various wild in addition to exotic
fruits serve for balls which are played bare human foot in addition to on whatever dry out surface (usually the compound, schoolhouse yards,
roads, abandoned gardens, paths, on the nyamu-nyamu (masculine), in addition to so on. One of the most popular
balls is made out of the dried fibres of banana stems which are in addition to so twisted circular in addition to circular inwards several
layers within a shallow in addition to circular hole; this eventually forms a ball capable of rolling in addition to beingness kicked
about. However, the most pop but rare organic ball is kulayi (masculine) (the bladder) which may be
obtainable from a slaughtered cow, bull or fifty-fifty a caprine animal or sheep. This organ is firstly carefully cutting off without
puncturing it, in addition to so it is rubbed on the ground with the feet to soften it. Finally, the kulayi is blown with the
oral cavity until it reaches a for sure pressure, shape, in addition to size when its oral cavity is tightly closed with a strong string
or a slice of plastic. This importance of kulayi has makes most Kakwa boys to ever hang around a killed
fauna (such as during feasts) just so that they tin gain access to the bladder which would otherwise be
thrown to the dogs since it is non edible whatever way. Various fruits of plants also serve as balls
Puu (feminine) is a sport inwards which bundles of fresh leaves are obtained, in addition to and so placed on a slanting rock
surface. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 someone or a grouping of someone sits on them in addition to slides downwardly the slanting stone surface. As the leaves
have on downwardly from the friction, to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than fresh ones are added to avoid beingness wound or abraded during the
sliding process.
Bego (masculine) resembles land hockey, in addition to it is where a circular wild fruit is rolled on the ground and
directed with sticks into the opponent's goal inwards monastic enjoin to score points.
‘Bito na pane (feminine) is an interesting sport similar cricket or baseball game but the details of how it is played are
sketchy.
The term ’dana (feminine) agency "to hide" or hiding, in addition to so, shroud in addition to seek activity is a sport of mainly the
children. It is done inwards the bushes, grasses, houses in addition to inwards the fields of crops past times all sexes. Hiding in addition to seeking
activity is especially mutual alongside the cattle-keeping boys in addition to girls looking for mushrooms, firewood,
in addition to wild vegetables.
The first-class Kakwa woodlands in addition to forests are dotted with for sure rattling lowly-branched, cool in addition to leafy trees or shrubs whose immediate surrounding is usually bare in addition to clean. Boys in addition to girls gather the stems of some creeping plants in addition to necktie these higher upwards a for sure summit from the ground onto tree branches to enable them to swing. This pendulum-like technique of using a string or a rope for swinging is known as kiyo-kiyo
(masculine).
Kakwa tribe man, Idi Amin Dada Oumee
Kakwa boys who aspire to go proficient drummers inwards their adulthood, usually larn the fine art of drumming
termed woko na leri (feminine) past times practicing on dry, hollow in addition to sonorous tree stems in addition to branches using
rocks. Except for the absence of drums in addition to songs, the rhythms of these resonant objects or surfaces are the
same as those of the truthful drums made of elephant skin, caprine animal skin, sheep peel or moo-cow hide.
Swimming, known as muza (feminine), is of import to learn. Except for the Congo in addition to the Sudan Kakwa,
at that spot are few large, safe, in addition to permanent H2O bodies of rivers prevalent inwards the Kakwa territories which
could offering opportunities for swimming. The spots, referred to as ko’bulu, are usually the deepest parts of
the river, but these may live too unsafe for swimming. Furthermore, some of the few available rivers are
either too rocky, too swift, or too remote to reach. Nevertheless, cattle-keeping boys take hold devised ways of
swimming fifty-fifty inwards the shallowest in addition to muddiest of the waters to cool themselves off spell the cattle rest
nearby.
Learning ethnohistory, learning songs, fables, in addition to learning relationships (through wedlock or past times decent),
are rattling strongly emphasized in addition to encouraged as a portion of the growing in addition to learning process.
Kakwa Mythology of Genealogy
The fraternal twin children Jongbo raised was called Biyu (the boy) in addition to Iba (the girl). The ii got together as married adult man in addition to married adult woman in addition to gave rising to our grandfather, Nyingbo. Loteleme followed Nyingbo as the minute child. When these children became of age, Biyu decided to give them a ‘test.’ He made a bow out of the pala flora for Loteleme in addition to a pike for Nyingbo. He instructed the children to shoot at a large target using their respective weapons. It was Nyingbo who was the firstly to start. But he failed to operate the spear. Next, Loteleme tried to operate the bow but he too, failed to operate it. Wondered Biyu, ‘What tin I do now? Okay, Here is the solution.’ He switched the pike to Loteleme in addition to the bow to Nyingbo. Now, Nyingbo was able to successfully operate the bow in addition to shoot at the target, as did Loteleme with the spear. Then Biyu allocated identical numbers of cattle each to Nyingbo in addition to to Loteleleme. He allocated identical numbers of goats for Nyingbo in addition to for Loteleme. He allocated an identical number of chickens for Nyingbo in addition to for Loteleme.
Now, during their hunting expeditions, Nyingbo would come upwards identify with a pheasant spell Loteleme came
without anything in addition to instead, would choice a chicken at identify for food. When Nyingbo returned identify with a
muri or Dik-dik, Loteleme would come upwards identify without anything in addition to instead he would choice a caprine animal at identify to eat. When Nyingbo came identify with a ’bo’bu or Waterbuck, Loteleme would come upwards empty-handed and, instead, he would choice a moo-cow from identify for consumption. This practise of Loteleme went on in addition to on until he eventually finished all the animals his manful someone parent had given him. Meanwhile, Nyingbo continued to choose goodness aid of his portion of the animals in addition to they continued to multiply. Loteleme continued to destination his until only 1 moo-cow was left.
Then, he thought of a bright idea—to need his brother’s cattle.
This activeness resulted inwards enmity betwixt the ii brothers in addition to they fought. Nyingbo ran with his children and
cattle—away from Loteleme, to a far away identify called Goroo, which was on the other side of a large river. On reaching that river, Nyingbo found that it was flooded to the brim. He in addition to so dropped his walking stick and
all of a abrupt the river opened upwards inwards the middle. Nyingbo in addition to his entourage rushed across the river, which quickly
closed up—shutting off Loteleme in addition to his children at the other shore of the Goroo. On settling down, Nyingbo started to make to a greater extent than children.
We, human beings, are the children of Nyingbo. The manful someone parent of Nyingbo was called Biyu. This is how our birth
has been. Nyingbo’s boy who singled himself out as Kakwa’s granddaddy was called Guki.
Hero Ancestor—Yeki
The Kakwa founder, Guki, is believed to take hold produced 3 sons: Yeki was the first-born, followed past times Okube (Wokube) in addition to Jamo. Only 1 daughter, called Lindo [song: Lindo na baazi da ya, Likiso na woro kuwaze, na lo yiki mugu, Iya diyo, Sase, Lindo na baazi da...!]. In for sure sections of Kakwa, Lindo is known past times the call of Apele. Guki in addition to Yeki looked after their cattle a kiyuka i.e. inwards turns or on option days. However, whenever Guki was inwards the bush with the cattle, he was beaten past times the rain. On the days that he was at home, Guki was also beaten past times the pelting fifty-fifty at home. One solar daytime Guki asked himself, Lo ŋiro de kokondra na de gbanda?” (‘Why is this man child mistreating me similar that?”). He in addition to so sought in addition to got the services of a native physician to punish Yeki. The native physician suggested a snake, scabies, smallpox, lightning, lions etc. But Guki refused all these forms of penalization against his eldest son. He insisted that the native physician hold back for something else.
Sure enough, the native physician said that he had come upwards up with something ‘small’ nye lo i riyozu bo na lepe na
“Something little that would acquire him (Yeki).” Indeed, 1 solar daytime when it was Yeki’s plow to hold back after the cattle, he was pierced inwards the human foot past times the dry out stump of the Elephant grass species known as galaka (feminine). When Yeki staggered identify with his human foot bleeding, Guki remarked: Waŋe ki’do! or ‘You [Yeki] sense of savour it!’ Eventually it was Dikilinya, the largest bull inwards the kraal that drove the cattle home. In those days, bulls were trained to, inwards the absence of the cattle-keeper, hold back after the entire herd in addition to fifty-fifty to corral in addition to atomic number 82 the cattle identify when the Sun set.
Still haemorrhage profusely, Yeki decided to go out his father’s home. His sister, Lindo, joined him in addition to together, they wandered due south in addition to southeast next the sources of the rivers in addition to avoiding crossing them. Eventually, he discovered Mt. Liru upon which he settled. Yeki called Mount Liru, Wo’dogo liyo pregnant or “My Anti-hill”.
Yeki had bled throughout the journeying in addition to he only found the cure for his wound after dipping his human foot inwards a special ‘medicinal’ in addition to ‘magical’ river nicknamed ‘Kakwa Iodine’ nigh Mount Liru. During his absence, a funeral rite was organized as it was thought that Yeki had died. Later, however, Yeki returned to his manful someone parent to study his regain of Mount Liru. “I take hold discovered an anthill over there, which is beautiful. In fact, spell our woman parent was pouring the ashes nether the banana plant, I was able to see that from the mountain. When she was giving you lot the porridge, I was able to see that. Our white rooster (cock) over here, I was able to see it. I did acquire this “anthill” which is rattling beautiful but at that spot are for sure “things” on it that speak a confused linguistic communication in addition to this has disturbed me.’ Yeki sought aid from Guki inwards monastic enjoin to drive away those “things” that had settled on the mount in addition to that were chatting similar Iriyaka or ‘Weaver birds.’ These iriyaka were genuinely people of a clan known as Kuludi. Guki sought a native doctor’s aid who instructed him to give Yeki the plants of pala, uka, in addition to lodore. Yeki was to choose these plants in addition to milkshake them on the parine—the communal identify which these strangers used for their recreational purposes. Yeki did as instructed in addition to the Kuludi were driven away from Mount Liru. In those days, people walked completely naked from the caput to the toe in addition to from the forepart to the back. So, whenever they sat, the irritants touched their skins instantly. This chased the Kuludi away from the mountain. However, 1 adult woman who had newly delivered a baby, remained. Yeki after adopted this woman’s son, in addition to named him Koyitagele.
After this event, Yeki—again—returned to his father’s identify to study on the results of his experiment on Mount
Liru. Soon after words, he requested to live given kapa or ‘things.’ These ‘things’ meant cattle, goats sheep,
chicken, etc. Then he requested that iv bachelors live given to him to drive these animals to his novel identify at
Mount Liru. These bachelors were drawn from the clans of Bonyo, Pere, Kaliwara, Patulu in addition to Dimu--- 5 of
them.
Before he left, Guki pleaded that Yeki firstly savor the feast on the bull Dikilinya, but Yeki insisted that he would rather choose his wealth to Liru before he could come upwards dorsum for the feast. His difference in addition to the journeying took iv days to attain Mount Liru in addition to some other iv days to homecoming for the feast—8 days total! Everyday that he was travelling, the brothers dorsum home, would cutting a slice of tree to count in addition to score the passage of that day. After iv days in addition to iv trees were cut, they reasoned that Yeki had reached his destination. Then on the 5th day, they began to count his homecoming journey—also past times cutting downwardly a tree on each day. On the 8th day, they prepared to kill Dikilinya. However, Yeki’s followers discovered that the liver had disappeared. When Yeki returned home, he placed his stick of honor in addition to wisdom into the dissected meat in addition to its liver all of a abrupt reappeared. This activeness has at nowadays prompted a rattling pop Kakwa in addition to strong swearing saying: Ki do liliŋikindro na kuliya kine, likini a munye na Dikilinya ... “If you lot prevarication to me, disappear similar the liver of Dikilinya!”
Kakwa tribe man, General Iddi Amin Dada, president of Republic of Uganda beingness bowed to past times unusual diplomats
Yeki’s Progeny
According to the Kakwa, Yeki married Gbele—and together, they produced 5 sons whose names were as follows:
••• Rigbo (the first-born) gave rising to the Rigbo people found nigh the River Nile inwards the West Nile District;
••• Gimara (the minute born) founded the Gimara people found nigh the River Nile inwards the West Nile District;
••• Koza-ku-Kala (the 3rd born) gave rising to some of the Kakwa of the Sudan in addition to parts of the Republic of Uganda Kakwa
in addition to of the Kakwa of the Congo;
••• Lugbare (the quaternary born) gave rising to for sure sections of the Lugbara people inwards the West Nile in addition to the
eastern Congo;
••• Biyo (the 5th born) gave rising to the Ole’ba people of the nowadays Maracha County inwards the West Nile Province.
Zaki (variant Jaki), was the 6th kid from a dissimilar woman parent called Ŋa’da of the Kupera clan. Yeki named
him Zaki because the kid was literally zazaki nye i.e.‘brought to him’ from Kupera after the woman parent had
delivered in addition to raised him for a spell within her Kupera clan. Zaki gave rising to most of the Kakwa of Uganda
in addition to to for sure clans alongside the Lugbara tribes of Republic of Uganda in addition to of parts of the northeast Congo.
Koyitagele, the adopted boy of Yeki from the Kuludi adult woman abandoned on Mount Liru, founded the clans of Nyaŋi, Tara, Robu, Lurujo etc. He remained with Zaki nigh Mount Liru in addition to acted as the older blood brother to Zaki. Wokube, the follower blood brother of Yeki, founded such clans as the rain-predicting Bura—now found around the source of the Keri River in addition to Keri town, in addition to others found all over the Kakwa territories.
Zakis’ Progeny
Zaki gave rising to 12 children, all males, as follows:
• So’dogele — remained at Mount Liru in addition to gave rising to the Yoŋosu clan
• Morobu — founded the Yumele clan
• Kembe — founded the clan of ’Dukuliya
• Abe — founded the clans of Matu in addition to Lobule
• Jamo — went to the Anzinzini Hill in addition to founded the clan of Nyaŋiliya
• Jambe — founded the clan of Kuriyo
• Soki — reached the River Nile in addition to founded the clan of Bura inwards the Rigbo area.
• A’dule —gave rising to the Lugbara clans of Paranga, Otoko, Bura in addition to Uka
• Dombu — gave rising to the Lugbara clans of Paranga, Otoko, Bura in addition to Uka
• Gbenyika — went to Lugeperi in addition to founded sections of the clan of Midiya
• Weri — went to Lugeperi in addition to founded sections of the clan Midiya
• Temeresu — founded the clan of Adibu, after beingness banished to the Ito Hill in addition to eventually reaching the Keri River. All the progenies of Yeki, Zaki, Kozakukala, Wokube, Koyitagele in addition to Zaki take hold multiplied to give rising to 200or so Kakwa Clans that at nowadays brand upwards the Kakwa Society, Kakwa Nation or Kakwa Tribe.
SOME IMPORTANT DATES IN KAKWA HISTORY
525 BC. The Persians nether Cambyses invade Egypt; during the reign of Justinian, many Sudanese kingdoms
are converted to Christianity in addition to churches dot the sweep of the Nile.
571-632 Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him] rises inwards Saudi Arabia.
622 The Moslem Era (Hegira) begins.
632-661 The outset of Orthodox Caliphate or Arab Empire.
635 Damascus is captured past times the invading Arabs.
635-641 Persia is conquered past times the invading Arabs.
646 Arab Republic of Egypt is conquered past times the invading Arabs.
661-750 Umayyad dynasty is setup past times the invading Arabs.
709 North Africa is conquered past times the invading Arabs.
713 Kingdom of Spain is conquered past times the invading the Arabs.
732 Charles Martel defeats Moslems at Tours, France.
750-1258 The Abbasid dynasty (Golden Age of Arab Empire) is established.
786-809 Harun al-Rashid rises to power.
900-1000 Arab dominion inwards Kingdom of Spain is at its highest; Cordova is the greatest intellectual centre inwards Europe.
15thC Islam begins to spread, displacing the Christian kingdoms dotted along the Nile
16thC Arabs constitute themselves inwards Dongola, Kordofan in addition to Darfur---located inwards the present
Western Sudan.
17thC Arabs brand upwards fifty-fifty portion of the Royal Fur Dynasty inwards the Darfur Region.
1797 Napoleon is victorious at the Battle of the Pyramids which shakes the powerfulness of the Mamelukes, the
Caucasian ruling course of instruction of Egypt, in addition to paves the way for the rising to powerfulness of the Albanian soldier of
fortune, Muhammad Mi.
1819 There is petty or no contact with the southern areas of the Sudan, the northern parts of Republic of Uganda in addition to the
northeast of the Congo until the 19th century. The Arab involvement inwards the due south receives its firstly real
impetus inwards when Mohammad Ali, Khedhive of Egypt, decides to invade the Sudan.
1821 Muhammad Mi sends his 3rd son, Ismail, at the caput of 10,000 men across the desert in addition to claims
key Sudan is his. For the firstly time, the call Sudan pregnant Land of Blacks begins to choose shape
as a political entity.
1841 One of the Khedhive’s expeditionists reaches Gondokoro, followed shortly past times the European explorers
Petherick in addition to Miani, who attain Nimule past times 1860.
1850 The firstly Austrian missionaries attain Rejaff, just eastward of the nowadays City of Juba.
1850s Arab Republic of Egypt controls the Sudan as far as Fazogoli, 120 miles due south of Khartoum. Meanwhile, merchants,
especially of Dongola stock, acquire arms in addition to penetrate southwards opening upwards stations for the merchandise in
ivory in addition to slaves. These trading stations go razzias (slave camps) inwards all directions with Khartoum
itself the centre of colossal slave trade.
1857 The contemporary Khedhive, Said Pasha, visits the Sudan inwards someone in addition to officially abolishes the slave
merchandise but his homecoming to Arab Republic of Egypt is but regarded as the signal for intensified slaving activity. Meanwhile,
the slave traders in addition to ivory merchants penetrate the northeast of the Congo through the Bahr el Ghazal.
1860 The Italian ivory trader, Giovanni Miani reaches the Unyama, on the Sudan side of the nowadays UgandaSudan border. Meanwhile, the Maltese trader, Andrea de Bono (Amabile), sets human foot on the Ugandan
territories in addition to establishes an ivory campsite on the eastward side of the Nile at Faloro, contrary the nowadays town
of Rhino Camp.
1863 Ismail Pasha becomes Khedive of Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to finds himself confronted past times a growing European public
persuasion inwards Europe over the slaving horrors of the Sudan.
1864 Sir Samuel Baker, travels upwards the Nile to Lake Albert.
1867 The Vatican founds the Instituto Veronese dei Figli dei S.Cuore di Gesu per Le Nissioni Africane. The
Comboni Mission works inwards Egypt, the Sudan in addition to Uganda, in addition to it decides to constitute itself firstly inwards the
Northern Sudan.
1868 The High German explorer, Schweinfirth, visits the Bahr el Ghazal in addition to Wele when the slave merchandise is at its
height.
1869 Ismail Pasha appoints the British, Sir Samuel Baker, Governor of the expanse due south of Gondokoro.
1871 Sir Samuel Baker officially proclaims the annexation of Equatoria in addition to the abolition of the slave trade— in addition to fifty-fifty proclaims the annexation of Bunyoro but owing to fiscal difficulties Arab Republic of Egypt cannot ratify.
1874 Charles Gordon becomes Governor General of the Equatoria Province succeeding Baker as Governor of Equatoria province of the Egyptian Sudan in addition to annexes the expanse of Lado District.
1874 In the Bahr el Ghazal, the greatest slaver, Zubeir, raises a private army, in addition to proclaims himself an
independent ruler, defeating a governmental forcefulness that is sent to quell him. Ironically, Ismail Pasha
later appoints Zubeir Governor of the Bahr el Ghazal.
1876 Arab Republic of Egypt is bankrupt.
1877 Khedive Ismail appoints Charles Gordon Governor General of the whole Sudan; Gordon presently faces
revolt, invasion in addition to disintegration in addition to fifty-fifty death.
1877 The explorers: Scweinfurth, Junker Wilhem, Charles Long, Emin Pasha, Cassati, Stanley and
others locomote due west of the River Nile fifty-fifty though, except for Junker, few of them genuinely do to a greater extent than than
skirt the boundaries of Kakwa. However, the solar daytime suspension of Nov 20, 1877, ultimately establishes
the firstly recorded incursion into the Kakwa territories past times foreigners. By Dec 21, 1877, Junker’s
raiding expedition has encamped along the boundary betwixt the Kakwa in addition to the Pojulu. Because
of the profitable nature of the raids inwards the Kakwa area, to a greater extent than in addition to to a greater extent than others are organized with
disastrous results against those who resist the intrusion. Junker confesses: “These raids were
continued during the whole calendar month of Dec [1877]; as presently as the territories of 1 master copy was
completely plundered nosotros marched to the side past times side hamlets [small villages].”
Then, choosing a spot on the Gulumbi Hill (near Morobu inwards the nowadays Yei County), in addition to looking toward
the south, the High German scientist claims to take hold discovered mountains inwards the distance: "The 3 peaks I
named Jebel Gessi (Mount Liru sic], Jebel Gordon [Mount Wati sic] in addition to Jebel Baker [it is hard to
discern what exact nowadays mount or loma inwards Terego, Maracha or Ko’buko Jebel Baker stands for]. The
most distinct was Jebel Gordon; the ground gradually ascends to the lower hills before it. Other ranges lie
to the due south of the ii highest peaks of Jebel Gordon, beyond which is the grouping Jebel Baker. To the
due north of Jebel Gordon, the Jebel Gessi, a high conical stone on the mount ridge, tin easily live seen.’
What a confused description past times a scientist!
1870s The missionaries C.T. Wilson in addition to R.W. Felkin see the West Nile emphasizing the potential commercial importance of the slave trade.
1878 The commercial potential of the Congo-basin in addition to outlining regions is supported past times elaborate quotations from the early on European explorers, such as Schweithfurth, Junker, Stanley, Emin, Patherick, Cassati in addition to Gessi. This prompts King Leopold II of Kingdom of Belgium to mobilize a grouping of fiscal interests inwards studying trading prospects inwards Africa. The King creates the Comite d’Etudes du Haut Congo inwards 1878.
1879 King Leopold II pays all non-Belgian majuscule in addition to he consolidates his take hold on the Congo.
1879 Khedive Ismail is deposed in addition to his successor inwards Khartoum, Rauf Pasha, makes no endeavour to pose down
the slavery inwards the Sudan.
1880 Gessi resigns as Governor of the Bahr el Ghazal in addition to Lipton Bey is appointed Governor to supersede him.
1880 Emin Pasha is made Governor of the Equatoria in addition to Slatin Governor of Darfur.
1881 Salvation comes to the Sudan from the desert inwards the call of Muhammad Ahmad, the boy of a Dongola boat-builder. He grows into a soft-spoken mystic in addition to presently retires to Aba Island, 150 miles due south of Khartoum, to alive the life of a religious recluse, proclaiming himself to live the Mahdi, the minute great
prophet. As the Mahdi rises, Arab Republic of Egypt is inwards the throes of a fiscal crisis, bewildered past times the nationalistic
uprising nether Arabi Pasha on the 1 hand, in addition to past times the English linguistic communication in addition to French on the other. Both events
culminate inwards the bombardment of Alexandria inwards 1852.
1882 The venture Comite d'Etudes du Haut Congo is re-named Association International du Congo. Despite its international title, the company is neither international nor national. In fact, it is a springboard for
advancing the King Leopold II’s personal interests in addition to non fifty-fifty the interests of Belgium. In final result then,
Leopold II is the Association in addition to the Association is Leopold II who alone, nurtures it financially.
1883 Emin Pasha concentrates his forces around Lado (Juba) after abandoning 1 post after another. He
is joined past times Junker in addition to after past times Cassati, who take hold been exploring the province to the due west of the Nile,
including the Kakwa territories.
1884 The tribes of the Western Sudan rally to the Mahdi’s telephone band for a state of war against the infidels in addition to despots
and, early on inwards 1884, the Mahdi is master copy of all Sudan salve Khartoum. Britain, who meanwhile has
moves into Egypt, resolves that the Sudan cannot live held, in addition to sends General Charles Gordon to
evacuate Khartoum. No adult man could take hold been to a greater extent than ill-fitted for the job, in addition to after 317 days, the
Mahdi’s dervish hordes overrun the city’s defences in addition to raze Khartoum. Arab Republic of Egypt leaves the Sudan to
her fate, after appointing Gordon inwards 1884 to superitend the evacuation of the armed services in addition to civil
personnel inwards the Sudan. Five months after the autumn of Khartoum, the Mahdi dies of typhus; he is
succeeded past times Khalifa Abdallah. Hardly has he come upwards to powerfulness than the Sudan is plunged inwards a series
of civil wars.
1884 The Gedaref in addition to Bahr el Ghazal garrisons autumn to the Mahdists in addition to the Emir Karamalla sends Lipton to bring together Slatin inwards captivity. Karamalla at nowadays decides to capture Equatoria, in addition to marches southwards from
the Bahr el Ghazal.
1884-1885 The Berlin Conference is held. The scramble for Africa next this conference intensifies. Henceforth, competitor European powers, coming inland from eastward in addition to west, laid about to converge on the Congo-Nile watershed’s portion of which is the frontier at nowadays dividing the Kakwa into the Congo, the Sudan in addition to Uganda.
1885 Khartoum falls in addition to the Mahdists who take hold occupied Amadi, forcefulness Emin Pasha to retreat to Wadelayi
fort on the western side of the Nile.
1888 Emin Pasha is visited past times Sir Morton Stanley at Wadelayi in addition to the ex-Governor is rescued from the
Mahdists in addition to taken to the coast of the Indian Ocean.
1890 The Mahdist expedition, nether Omar Saleh, ultimately reaches Rejaff. The western outposts which also include the Kakwa territories, are past times at nowadays also nether Dervish (Mahdist) control.
1892 The Belgians are the firstly colonizing Europeans to go far to the Congo-Nile watershed, after the
inauguration of the Congo Free State (CFS) inwards 1885. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Belgian expedition, nether Van Kerckhoven, then
establishes itself on the Congo-Nile watershed. Van Kerckhoven dies hither but the ease of the expedition
nether his deputy, Miltz, advances to Wadelai where they pursuade the remnants of Emin Pasha’s
garrison to bring together the Belgian Headquarters at Wandi inwards the nowadays Terego County of the West Nile. From
there, they are sent on a disastrous expedition against the Mahdists at Rejaff, in addition to after left to their fate
as the Nubians!
1892 The Belgians advance from the Congo in addition to capture western Equatoria upwards to Mongalla. They establish
the Lado Enclave as portion of the Belgian Congo.
1892 The French, led past times Marchand, occupy large parts of due south Sudan (Bahr el Ghazal, western Upper Nile
upwards to Fashoda) in addition to past times 1896, they take hold established a theatre management inwards these areas.
1894 Britain proclaims a protectorate over Buganda
1894 (August 14), the Lado Enclave is created past times the Agreement betwixt French Republic in addition to King Leopold II. This is
to final result inwards the leasing of the West Nile to Leopold for his life time. It is designed on newspaper for reasons of
European in addition to non African interests. The Enclave is demarcated past times 5 degrees 30' North latitude (to the
north) thirty degrees West of the Greenwich (to the west), Congo-Nile watershed (to the south), in addition to on
the eastward past times the River Nile. King Leopold II, with pressure level from the French in addition to lacking sufficient
resources, takes effective command of the Enclave inwards 1897. In Feb 1897, Commander, Captain
Chatlin of Belgian Forces defeats the Mahdists at Rejaf in addition to Lado (Juba). Meanwhile, the French feel
costless to constitute a foothold on the Upper Nile as far as Fashoda. But when both French Republic in addition to Britain fail
to take hold on their respective spheres of influence, French Republic despatches a armed services expedition inwards 1896 to
gain command of the Upper Nile. The conflict attain a crisis plane inwards 1898 inwards what has at nowadays been dubbed
the Fashoda Incident, when the French commander, Marchand, was confronted past times an equally
determined General Kitchener, leading a contingent of British forces to Fashoda. General Kitchener,
fresh from defeating the Khalifates (as the followers of the Mahdists are in addition to so called after his death) in
the Battle of Omundurman of September 2, 1898.
1885 The African Inland Mission (A.I.M) is founded inwards the USA past times Arthur Pierson, Charles Hurlburt, Peter
Cameron Scott in addition to others.
1895-1896 The appearance of the Belgians inwards the Equatoria sets a phase to the eventual ending of the Mahdist rule. The Belgians consolidate their spot inwards the Uwelle expanse of northeast Congo in addition to inwards the nowadays West Nile in addition to Congo in addition to the Sudan Kakwa areas. King Leopold II in addition to so accelerates his anxiety to annex the territory due west of the Nile which coincided with a similar treaty he has signed with the Zande chief, Zamoyi, through whose territory the Belgian columns would march to run into the Mahdi’s followers at Rejaf. Armed with 1 Kurps cannon, the Belgians go out Dungu for the Nile on Dec thirteen 1886, nether the commands of Kops, Gehot, Debacker, Sarolea, Cajot, Dupont, Luplume, Gobel in addition to Dr. Rossington. The Belgians who take hold at nowadays aligned themselves with the Nubian Fadhil’s forces presently cutting off most supplies to the Mahdist rebels. Then they launch their concluding laid on against the Khalifa’s General Arabi inwards the famous Battle of Rejaf inwards 1897. This paves way for the King to administer as portion of the Congo, a department of the Southern Sudan known as the Lado Enclave.
1891 The British, Captain Lugard, recruits nearly 2,085 of Selim Bey's forces (and 6,000 dependents) to bring together the Imperial British East African Company (IBEAC) cause. These were the remnants who had served the British-Turkish Administration inwards the Sudan nether Emin Pasha These novel Sudanese or Nubian ground forces is
deployed to adult man a string of forts throughout the western in addition to southern Republic of Uganda in addition to to defend Buganda
against its master copy rival, Bunyoro.
1896 Britain proclaims a protectorate over Bunyoro through fearfulness of French encroachment from the west.
1896 From the Pennsylvania Bible Institute, in addition to the Central American Industrial Mission, the firstly 8 AIM missionaries, led past times Peter Cameron Scott go far inwards Mombasa, British East Africa. By the firstly Annual
General Meeting, missionaries had been placed alongside the Wakamba inwards Nzawi, Sakai, Kilungu, and
Kangundu inwards Kenya. Peter Cameron Scott dies of dark H2O fever on 8 December.
1896 Liotard, a French Commander overthrows the Dervish (Mahdist) dominion inwards a large portion of the Bahr el Ghazal.
1897 Another French expedition starts from Republic of Djibouti in addition to moves along the Baro in addition to Sobat Rivers inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia but fails to link upwards with the Fashoda Expedition. The French had wanted to annex the South Sudan.
However, an international conflict develops betwixt the British in addition to the French over South Sudan
commonly ain as the Fashoda Incident.
1897 Rejaff falls as it is ultimately stormed past times the Belgian Commander Chaltin, who thereupon occupies what is after known as the Lado Enclave. The limits of the Belgian expansion eastward are settled by
international understanding roughly the Congo-Nile watershed in addition to a strip of ground to Lake Albert inwards the
Mahagi region. Later, the Lado Enclave is leased to King Leopold II of Kingdom of Belgium for life!
1897 The French Commander, Marchand, leaves Congo Brazzaville to consummate the subjugation of the Bahr el Ghazal in addition to extend French ascendency as far as the Nile. An endeavour past times the British to rush Sudanese
troops from Republic of Uganda to the Juba River, through Somalia in addition to intercept a threatened coming together between
Marchand in addition to some other French Commander, de Bonchamps (operating from Abyssinia), leads to a
revolt that has its repercussions throughout Uganda, lasting till 1901!
1898 The lastly of the firstly 16 AIM missionaries leaves Africa. Of the original 16 3 had died, five
had left due to illness in addition to iv had resigned.
1898 September, the Anglo-Egyptian forcefulness led past times General Herbert Kitchener run into the Khalifa’s 60,000
warriors on an opened upwards evidently exterior Omdurman, the novel Sudanese metropolis built across the Nile. Khalifa’s
casualties comprise 10,800 killed in addition to 16,000 wounded, in addition to Kitchener enters Omdurman as a conqueror.
1899 (January 19), Britain in addition to Arab Republic of Egypt sign a condominium understanding nether which the Sudan is to be
administered jointly. In the twelve ensuing years, the Sudan’s revenue has increased seventeen fold,
its expenditure tripled, in addition to its budget reaches a balanced province which is to live maintained until 1960.
1899 (In March), concluding settlement of the Fashoda Incident is reached past times the Anglo-French Agreement when
the spheres of influence of both countries due north of the Congo Free State boundary are delimited as
lying respectively eastward in addition to due west of Congo-Nile divide. This limits whatever farther French claims to the Nile.
For its part, King Leopold II continues to actively encourage Belgian explorers to opened upwards up ever more
in addition to to a greater extent than river systems in addition to routes along Congo-Nile divide. His attending also turns for the possibility
of commercial in addition to political ambitions inwards the Bahr el-Ghazal Province. Iron, ostrich feathers, ebony,
timber, fibres, tamarind, gum, beloved wax in addition to rubber, are rumoured to abound inwards that region. Initially,
the Belgians erect administrative posts throughout the Lado Enclave, but they presently human face numerous
obstacles, the most of import of which are:
1899 Marchand, after an epoch-making march through a hostile province of the Upper Nile, reaches
Fashoda, at the same fourth dimension that an Anglo-Egyptian forcefulness nether Lord Kitchener has overthrown the
Mahdists at Khartoum killing the Mahdi himself. The coming together of these ii European Commanders in
the Shiluk province is to final result inwards rattling strained relations betwixt England in addition to French Republic to this period.
1899 French Republic withdraws her claims on Fashoda in addition to an Anglo-Egyptian regime or Condominium inwards the
Sudan was proclaimed. Since 1899, at that spot take hold been modest boundary adjustments betwixt Uganda
in addition to the Sudan on the 1 hand, in addition to Republic of Uganda in addition to Congo on the other. The most of import boundary
beingness the ceding of the Lado Enclave past times Kingdom of Belgium inwards 1908 next the decease of King Leopold II, and
of the Opari District past times Republic of Uganda inwards 1913 inwards homecoming for the nowadays West Nile District.
1899 The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium is established inwards the Sudan; inwards reality it is the British who dominion the
Sudan until 1956 when the Sudan becomes independent.
1899 At the outset of Condominium dominion inwards that year, the Verona Fathers Mission starts piece of work inwards the
Southern Sudan: Upper Nile Province (in 1901), Bahr el-Ghazal (in 1905) in addition to Equatorial Province (in
1913). Meanwhile, 3 Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) members go to the Mongalla Province
"following on the lines of the American in addition to Australian missionaries who are already inwards the Sobat
Valley, the Shiluk province in addition to the Bahr el-Ghazal."
1901 Bimbashi or Major Chauncy Hugh Stigand, a immature British officer, handles the occupation of the Lado
Enclave created past times the Condominium authorities. He introduces arbitrary boundaries to separate the
dissimilar tribes inwards the Sudan in addition to after inwards the West Nile. Stigand is Weatherhead’s mentor. He hunts
widely inwards the Enclave. He specializes inwards native administration. He dies inwards 1919, at the hands of the
Aliab department of the Dinka. His unfinished mass on the Lado (published posthumously as Stingand,
1923), provides an unparalleled motion painting of the Lado Enclave at the time. He describes many of the
tribes inwards Northern Republic of Uganda in addition to inwards the Southern Sudan in addition to fifty-fifty draws the tribal boundaries which be to this day. He also spends much of his fourth dimension hunting game. Theodore Roosevelt (who later
becomes America’s President after World War II) in addition to Carl Gustav-Jung see the West Nile expanse and
are influential contributors to the ivory trade
1902 (January 2), King Leopold II organizes his Compagnie des Fer du Congo Superieur aux Grands Lacs.
The prescribed majuscule of the society is 25 1000000 francs, designated to build ii railway lines: one
from Stanleyville (now Kisangani) to Mahagi on Lake Albert; in addition to the other, from Mahagi to the
navigable Nile at Rejaf or Lado.
1902 February, King Leopard II insists that the Lado Enclave volition only live forfeited after his decease in addition to that
whatever Congo-Nile railway through the Enclave live owned in addition to operated past times Belgians alone. To alive true
to his threats, he dispatches 3 large consignments of munitions, guns, in addition to equipment for a six
calendar month siege.
1902 The largest concentration of troops anywhere inwards Africa, except for the state of war inwards South Africa, is pose in
place. Collins (1968) reports that: "There were nearly 2,400 Native Congolese troops nether 60
European officers ready to defend the Enclave against Britain. The nowadays Southern Sudanese
Headquarters of Juba itself was defended with 3 Krupp cannon, 5 Nordenfelt guns, in addition to a
machine gun. In the interior, the Yei post was fortified with ii Nordenfelts in addition to a machine gun."
Thus, both the Fashoda Incident of 1898 in addition to Leopold’s ambitious defense of the Lado Enclave inwards the
middle of 1902, would take hold sparked World War I inwards Africa!
1906 The Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) starts piece of work at Malek inwards 1906, in addition to opens a Bush School in
Yei (in 1917), Juba (in 1920), Maridi in addition to Yambiyo (in 1921), in addition to inwards Lui (in 1924). The Rev. L. H.
Gwynne supervises the C.M.S. piece of work inwards the Southern Sudan in addition to at Khartoum. The girls’ schoolhouse which
opens at Maridi (a town inwards the nowadays Muru area), meets with to a greater extent than success than at Yambiyo (in the
Zande area). In fact, Maridi has been intended at an early on appointment to go the largest educational
centre inwards the South.
1907 The Belgian Administration at nowadays abandons many of its key posts inwards favour of those closest to the
accessible roads. The Congolese take hold only 5 stations scattered along the route from Congo-Nile
watershed (which runs from Keri Town, Baaze to Lasu) through the centre of the Enclave to the Nile
at Juba. That route roughly corresponds to the nowadays Aba-Lasu-Yei-Lainya-Juba road. Although
the Lado Enclave is denied of rubber, its wooded rolling hills separated past times well-watered streams
flowing amidst lush vegetation, is ideally suited for elephants. As Collins (1960:218) reports: "nowhere
inwards Africa were elephants inwards greater concentration than inwards Lado." Consequently, the expenses of the
Belgian management had to live offset past times Lado Enclave’s only major product--- ivory. Ivory continues
to live collected past times the Belgians as authorities monopolies as is done nether the Mudirs of the
Equatoria Province, such as Sir Samuel Baker, Gordon in addition to Emin Pasha. In fact, labour services
were committed to payment inwards the elephant tusks. Promotion is given to those Belgian officers who
are assiduous inwards its collection. Sometimes, only those hunters who firstly secure the proper elephant
hunting licences at Boma or Brussels are permitted to shoot legally inwards the Enclave. When the British
endeavour to persuade Leopold to abandon the Upper Nile in addition to the Lado Enclave sooner rather than
later, His Majesty is visibly upset. He tells his baron (the Belgian Foreign Minister), that the Enclave
"is my glory, [panache]; its line of piece of work has been my objective for years; I take hold dedicated my energies
to it; rather than renounce it, I volition resort to violence.”
1910 (June 16), at exactly 9:45 A.M., the sometime Lado Enclave ceases to exist. The ceremony declaring the halt of the enclave was held inwards Yei Town.
1912 Led past times John Stauffacher, the firstly A.I.M. missionaries settle inwards Kasengu, Belgian Congo, (now
Democratic Republic of Congo).The British Governor General of the Sudan at the time, Lord Cromer, assures the Arab North that no proselytism or conversions into other faiths would choose identify inwards the Muslim areas. He, therefore, considers that missionary societies would fulfill a to a greater extent than useful role inwards the Southern Sudan than inwards the Northern Sudan as follows:
1914 The British constitute Republic of Uganda Protectorate inwards West Nile. The firstly District Commissioner (DC) of
West Nile, is Alfred Evelyn Weatherhead (1914 to 1922). Before that, he was inwards South Africa. Jack H. Driberg, is the Assistant District Commissioner (ADC), as good as academic analyst in addition to anthropologist. Driberg dies inwards 1947 in addition to a friend describes him as ‘a romantic figure, gay, versatile, in addition to adventurous—an Elizabethan.’
1918 First A.I.M. missionaries attain to Mvara, Uganda, in addition to laid about preaching alongside iv unnamed unreached tribes.
1919 Kakwa’s, Rembi, leads the Allah Water or Yakanye uprising inwards the West Nile. The H2O is described past times the White-men as a hallucinogen, an aphrodisiac, a drug which raises previously teemed men to warfare,
vehement opposition to British violet dominion inwards West Nile. Ole’ba is the centre of Rembi’s activities. Anne King
(1970) gives the most extensive published historical business concern human relationship of the yakanye. Several West Nile puppet
Chiefs are believed associated with the yakanye, in addition to these are exiled to Ankole in addition to Masindi. Louise
Piroet, inwards his Historical Dictionary of Uganda, 1925) writes: ‘... the British officials were supposed to be
faced with possible widespread rebellion. Many chiefs were found to live implicated inwards yakanye in addition to were
believed to live involved inwards plotting against the government... At this stage, the cult appeared to pose a real
danger in addition to measures were taken against it. Several chiefs were exiled to Ankole until 1925, in addition to Rembi
himself was caught in addition to hanged’ (Piruet, 1995, p.3678).
1924 Mounting Egyptian nationalism inwards the menstruation after World War I culminates inwards the assassination, inwards the
streets of Cairo, of Sir Lee Stack, Governor-General of the Sudan; British reaction results inwards the expulsion
of all Egyptian officials from the Sudan.
1925 The firstly professional person labour recruiters (British in addition to Indians) go far inwards Arua, in addition to the firstly labour system
becomes established inwards West Nile.
1925 McConell does the firstly total length ethnographic essay on a West Nile tribe, the Lugbara. There are also articles on la Nigrizia, the internal periodical of the Catholic missionaries—the Comboni (Verona) Fathers on the Lugbara.
1930 The next parts of the Bible are firstly published inwards the Kakwa language: Kuu na’bo Naga Mako [The Gospel According to Mark inwards Kakwa of Congo] (Tentative Edition), London, British in addition to Foreign Bible Society, 1930, p. 63p; in addition to Jamet Lo’but/Gbeti Lo Luka [St. Luke inwards Bari (Kakwa)] (Tentative Edition),
London, British in addition to Foreign Bible Society, 1930, p. 96p.
1936 After the Anglo-Egyptian entente of this year, a few Egyptians are allowed to homecoming to the Sudan inwards modest posts. But the signing of the 1936 understanding stimulates Sudanese nationalists who object both to the
homecoming of the Egyptians in addition to to the fact that other nations are deciding their destiny. Expression of this
feeling is seen inwards the formation of the Graduates' Congress, nether the leadership of Ismail al-Azhari.
1942 First Ugandan ordinations past times the A.I.M. go to Reverends John Donyi in addition to Silvanus Wani—all of them
Kakwas!
1945 Two political parties emerge inwards the Sudan: the National Unionist Party (NUP) led past times Ismail al-Azhari, who demands union of the Sudan in addition to Egypt. It has the back upwards of Sayed Sir Ali al-Mirghani, caput of a
powerful religious sect. The Umma Party, backed past times Sayed Sir Abdur-Rahman al-Mahdi, demands
unqualified independence in addition to no links with Egypt
1949 Church Missionary Society (CMS) invites AIM to choose over Opari in addition to Torit inwards Sudan. Paul Buyse leads the firstly squad into southern Sudan.
1950s The social anthropologist John Middleton studies the Lugbara inwards Uganda.
1953 (February 12), Britain in addition to Arab Republic of Egypt sign an accord ending the Condominium Arrangement in addition to agreeing to grant the Sudan self authorities within 3 years. The understanding also provides for a Senate for the
Sudan, a Council of Ministers, in addition to a House of Representatives, elections to which are to live supervised
past times an international commission.
1953 Elections are held during Nov in addition to December, resulting inwards victory for the National Unionist Party
NUP, in addition to its leader, Ismail al-Aihari, becoming the Sudan’s firstly Prime Minister inwards Jan 1954. The
replacement of British in addition to Egyptian officers inwards the Sudanese civil service past times Sudanese nationals, follow
rapidly.
1955 (December 19), the British Parliament votes unanimously that the Sudan should go "a fully
independent sovereign state". British in addition to Egyptian troops go out the province on Jan 1, 1956; the same solar daytime a five-man Council of State is appointed to choose over the powers of the Governor General until a novel constitution is agreed. It is interesting to banking company complaint that all the Colonial Governors of the Sudan take hold been British Army Officers, in addition to they include:
• Lt. Colonel Sir Stewart Symas (January 10, 1934 - Oct 14, 1940)
• Major General Sir Hubert J. Huddlestone (October 15, 1940- Apr 7, 1947)
• Sir Robert G. Howe (April 8, 1947 - March 10, 1955)
• Sir A. Knox Helm (March 11, 1955 - Jan 1, 1956)
1956 Civil War breaks out inwards Sudan, forcing the missionaries to leave. The Sudanese Government takes over the mission schools.
1960s The anthropologist Aidan Southall studies the Alur inwards West Nile.
1960 (June 30), the Belgian Congo achieves independence nether the call of “Republic of Congo” or “Republic of the Congo” (Republic du Congo). The call “Congo” pregnant “hunter” is coined after the Bakongo ethnic group, living inwards the Congo River basin.
1960 (January 17), Patrice Lumumba, the Prime Minister of the Congo, is assassinated in addition to the province is thrown Into political in addition to social chaos.
1962 Sudan Government enacts Missionary Society Act which restricts activities of missionaries. And
expulsions commence.
1964 The Simba Rebellion inwards the Congo results inwards many Congo Kakwa feeling into Ko’buko in addition to Yei areas.
1966 Joseph Mobutu changes his country’s official call to “Democratic of the Congo”.
1971 President Mobutu renames his province the Republic of Zaire.
1971 President Joseph names his province “Zaire”, from the Portuguese mispronunciation of the Kikongo intelligence nzere or nzadi, which translates to “the river which swallows all rivers.”
1972 Joseph Mobutu renames himself Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga.
1972 A.I.M's International Council meets for the firstly time. Temporary cessation of state of war inwards Sudan permits AIM pastors to re-establish piece of work to East of Nile. AIM in addition to other missions laid upwards ACROSS to piece of work West of the Nile.
1972 (March 14, 10 A.M.) The firstly Cabinet of Amin’s Military Regime inwards Uganda, looks as follows:
Awoŋo (H.E. Idi Amin Dada), President in addition to Head of the Military Council.
1. Hon. J.M. Byagaire, Minister of Public Services in addition to Local Administration.
2. Hon. Y.A. Eŋur, Minister of Culture in addition to Community Development.
3. Hon. Dr. J.H. Gesa, Minister of Health.
4. Hon. A.K. Kironde, Minister of Planning in addition to Economic Development.
5. Hon. W.O. Lutara, Minister of Commerce, Industry in addition to Tourism.
6. Hon. W.L. Naburi, Minister of Information in addition to Broadcasting.
7. Hon. P.J. Nkambo Mugerwa, Attorney General.
8. Hon. Lt. Colonel O'bitre-Gama, Minister of Internal Affairs.
9. Hon. F.L. Okware, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry in addition to Co-operation.
10. Hon. E.W. Oryema, Minister of Mineral in addition to Water Resources.
11. Hon. E.B. Rugumayo, Minister of Education (he defected inwards 1973).
12. Hon. E.B. Wakhweya, Minister of Finance.
13. Hon. Wanume Kibedi, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Kibedi defected to London inwards 1973, in addition to Colonel
Michael Ondoga, formerly ambassador to Moscow inwards 1971, took over the post of the Foreign
Minister.
14. Hon. Engineer J.M.N. Zikusoka, Minister of Works, Communications in addition to Housing. The Military Police (MP) is headed past times the Baka man, Major Hussein Marella. The Public Safety Unit (PSU) is headed past times Ali Toweli. Mohammed Hussein is caput of the Criminal Investigations Unit (CID). The State Research Bureau (centre) is headed past times Lt. Colonel Francis Itabuka assisted past times Major Farouk Minawa.
1977 Ugandan bishops elect the Kakwa, Silvanus Wani, as the novel Archbishop replacing the Acholi-born,
Janun Luwum.
1979 (May) Wakombozi or so-called liberation forces from Tanzania, accompanied past times Ugandan exiles, go inwards West Nile inwards May 1979.
1979 (June 3, at most 4pm), the Wakombozi accompanied past times Ugandan exiles, officially go inwards Ko’buko, by
which fourth dimension nearly the whole of Ko’buko has emptied into Zaire (now Congo) in addition to into the Sudan, joined
past times thousands of other tribes-people as --- as Refugees.
1980s Harrel-Bond, a British sociologist, comes to the Yei River District to study ‘the West Nile Refugees‘
1983 The Southern Sudan Liberation Army (SPLA) plunges into the Kakwa expanse of Yei, next a menstruation of tremendous agony, suffering, loss of lives in addition to devastation of properties.
1990s Tim Allen comes to West Nile to study West Nile’s ‘Returnees’.
1997 (May 17), Laurent-Desire Kabila overthrows President Mobutu. He changes the call of his province dorsum to Democratic Republic of The Congo-Kinshasa (the majuscule of Congo/Zaire). His sometime allies presently plow against him, however, in addition to his regime is challenged past times a Rwandan in addition to Ugandan-backed rebellion in
August of 1988. Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Republic of Chad in addition to the Sudan intervene to back upwards the
novel regime inwards Kinshasa. From this appointment until 2006, much of the country’s eastern portion remains
insecure. In the ensuing confusion, the Kakwa territories are rendered a killing ground.
2001 (January 16) President Laurent Kabila is shot in addition to killed at his desk inwards the presidential palace. Later
twenty-six men re sentenced to decease for their portion inwards the killing, 64 have jail damage ranging from six
months to life, in addition to 45 are exonerated.
2006 Elections are held inwards the Congo-Kinshasa in addition to Joseph Kabila takes 45% of the votes in addition to his main opponent Jean-Pierre Bemba takes 20%. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 two-day struggle betwixt the ii camps ensues
in addition to inwards August inwards the streets of the capital, Kinshasa: 16 people driblet dead before police force in addition to the United Nations mission,
MONUC, takes command of the city.
2006 (October 29), a minute circular of elections betwixt Kabila in addition to Bemba is held in addition to Kabila triumphs
receiving 58% of the vote to Bemba’s 42% . Tensions silent stay rattling high inwards this volatile, vast and
mineral-rich country
SOURCE:http://www.kakwa.org/history.pdf
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