Info For You Lot Annang People: Nigeria`S Artistic People Famous For Their Traditional Spiritual Powers Too Ukang Rituals Of Law-Breaking Detection
"Ajen eka agwo ase adung akpo unsuung." (Who is considered a relative maybe found everywhere)- Annang Proverb.
Annang people of Akwa Ibom State
The Annang or Anaang is a cultural in addition to semi-Bantu speaking ethnic grouping that lives inward the Coastal Southeast Nigeria (also known every bit Southeastern Nigeria or old Southeastern State of Nigeria). The Annang people are the 2nd largest ethnic grouping inward Akwa Ibom State of Southeast Nigeria (Akwa Ibom State Local Government Areas), occupying 8 out of the xxx 1 Local Government Areas inward Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria viz: Ikot Ekpene, Obot Akara, Essien Udim, Abak, Etim Ekpo, Oruk Anam, Ika in addition to Ukanafun. Persons of Annang ethnic grouping telephone yell upwardly themselves "Owo" or (agwo Annang). The Annangs are known for the efficacy of their traditional spiritual powers (charms), prowess inward trading, in addition to their renown art. This extends to mural paintings, raffia, masks, cement sculptures, markets, ceremonies in addition to exceptional food.
They were formerly located inward the old Abak in addition to Ikot Ekpene Divisions of the Annang Province, inward the old Eastern Region of Nigeria. They remove hold a mutual boundary with the Sudanic Igbo. They had to struggle many wars against the Ngwa Igbo inward monastic say to save their territorial integrity in addition to their farmlands (Udo 1983). Being ever confronted with inter-tribal wars, the Annang people so non having access to sophisticated weapons ever resorted to the reliance on spiritual powers to conquer their enemies. Reliance on spiritual beings for assist has acquire a way of life amid the people. In their worldview, humans must ever resorts to ‘higher’ spiritual beings for assistance.
Annang people dancing at a festival
Geography in addition to Location
The Annang territory lies betwixt latitude 4.25 in addition to 7 due north in addition to longitude 7.15 in addition to 9.30 due east (Enang 1979). The landscape is to a greater extent than often than non apartment in addition to low-lying with no betoken rising to 300 feet to a higher identify sea level. There are 2 main seasons: the moisture in addition to rainy flavour which starts from Apr to Oct in addition to the dry out flavour from Nov to March. The typical rainfall designing is bi-modal with a 2 calendar week spell or suspension inward August commonly referred to every bit “August Break”.
The harsh harmattan air current occurs betwixt Dec in addition to January. The surface area is to a greater extent than often than non humid. Vegetationally, the surface area lies inside the rich woods zone which aids the increment of palm-wines trees, palm trees in addition to huge lofty tropical vegetation (Ekong 1983). The huge lofty tropical trees are believed to live a soothing in addition to natural habitat for witches. Curiously bent trees in addition to rivers are often seen every bit coven for witches in addition to other spiritual beings.
The Annang people are located inward the Coastal Southeastern Nigeria in addition to Southwestern Republic of Cameroon which was a portion of the nowadays Akwa Ibom State in addition to Cross River State. However, during the so Nigerian Regional era, the so Eastern Region of Nigeria allowed Southwestern Republic of Cameroon to live partitioned out of Nigeria into Republic of Cameroon through the 1961 plebiscite. In this activity the Annang, Efik in addition to Ibibio people were divided into Nigeria in addition to Cameroon.
Language
They beak Annang linguistic communication which belongs to Niger-Congo ethnolinguistic group. It is spoken past times over 1.3 1 one m thousand Nigerians. It has diverse dialects such every bit Abak, Ikot Ekpene, Ika, Ukanafun, Etim Ekpo, Obot Akara etc.
Parts of the Annang linguistic communication may live intelligible to speakers of Efik, Ibibio, Oron, Ekit (also known every bit Ekid) of the Old Calabar Kingdom. Though the Annang vocalisation communication designing was non written down, linguists remove hold at nowadays produced an orthography of the linguistic communication which makes it possible to make written materials inward the linguistic communication (Idem-Agozino & Udondata, 2001; Ette (2009)
Below is how agwo (human being) is categorized inward Annang:
Agwodeen = virile mortal person (man);
Agwo nwaan= woman mortal person (woman);
Ideen= men;
Ibaan= women;
Ajen= child;
Nsek Ajen= babe or infant;
Ntok Ajen= children;
Ikpo Agwo= Elders;
Imo Agwo= Rich, wealthy person;
Ugwuene= Poor person;
Utu= wretched person;
Afoon agwo= ordinary person;
Eti agwo= goodness person;
Idiok agwo= bad person;
Agwo Ilien= Real person;
Agwodeen Itiaba=Complete/perfect man
Agwoodeen itiaba refers to the human who has attained the plenitude of his manhood.
Itiaba is the Annang bespeak seven. And the number 7 is a symbol of completeness or perfection inward Annang idea in addition to tradition.
Annang people of Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
Annang Mythology
It is the Annang belief that the universe had its orgin from a divine supreme beingness who was self-begotten, Awasi-Ibom. He created Anyong (the sky) in addition to Isong (the earth) in addition to Inyang-Ibom (ocean). Both Anyong(sky) in addition to Isong (earth) existed inward the heavens patch H2O was below. Tradition has it that Anyong (sky) in addition to Isong (earth) were joined together.
Ati Annang people inward Abuja
Awasi-Ibom sent 1 of his creatures whose cry is non mentioned to separate Anyong from Isong. This creature had a human shape but every bit a giant: almost 7 times the size of a normal human beingness that nosotros know of today. The giant came with a tool in addition to separated Anyong from Isong. And since that time, Anyong (sky) in addition to Isong (earth) remove hold been at constant enmity. Whenever Anyong (sky) covers Isong (earth) nosotros remove hold solar daytime in addition to whenever Isong (earth) covers Anyong (sky) nosotros remove hold night. Awasi-Ibom ordered Anyong in addition to its children (the heavenly bodies: sun, moon, stars, etc) to displace upward patch footing was ordered to more
downward. While moving downward, footing (Isong) brutal into massive water, the bounding main (Akpa Ibom, the Annang bespeak the Atlantic Ocean). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 department of it was submerged inward the H2O in addition to the portion that floated became the dry out land. The giant went to bathe inward the H2O after he had completed his work. He got drowned in addition to died inward the water. The particles of the decayed trunk of the giant, tradition holds, gave nascency to the living animals in addition to plants inward both solid ground in addition to water. His teeth which were washed ashore germinated into many plants, shrubs in addition to grasses. His bones became the rocks; his breath became the air in addition to the wind. The insects which stuck to the decaying caput (after having been washed ashore) grew upwardly to acquire the solid ground animals.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 for certain creature “Ukpong-ajen” (wall gecko), which literally agency “ soul of the child”, was seen licking the dust of the remains ( head) of the dead giant. Awasi-Ibom instructed Awasi-Isong to create a pot from a mixture of sand in addition to H2O in addition to spot Ukpon-ajen (wall gecko) inward in that location for 8 days. Awasi-Ibom so sent “akuwe” (chameleon) to spy in addition to monitor if AwasiIsong had carried out the orders, without allowing anyone to reckon him. Akuwe (chameleon), unseen past times Awasi-Isong, inspected the piece of work of Awasi-Isong in addition to reported to Awasi-Ibom that the chore had been done. On the 8 day, Awasi-Ibom came in addition to spat into the pot, in addition to inward the companionship of Awasi-Isong, broke the pot open. Suddenly, 2 hitherto unknown beings (male in addition to female) emerged from the pot. Awasi-Isong asked the virile mortal beingness with a thunderous vocalisation “ade anyie?” (who are you?), to which he answered with a little vocalisation “nde agwo” ( I am a human being). Awasi-Ibom thundered” Agwo, du uwem” (human beingness maintain on living!).
History/Origin
Oral tradition: The Annangs remove hold a rich oral tradition. It is believed that the grouping remove hold their origins inward Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to settled inward Republic of Ghana before arriving inward the nowadays area. The cry Annang inward Twi inward Republic of Ghana agency 4th son. It is believed that Annangs started their migration from Arab Republic of Egypt unopen to 7500 BC. The Abiakpo came to the northern arrive at of Annang from Eka Abiakpo. They were chop-chop followed past times the Ukana clan, the Utu, Ekpu, Ebom in addition to Nyama (The British would lumped these together in addition to gave the cry Otoro), in addition to other Annang clans.
Annang people from Obot Akara
Oral tradition has it that the Annang in addition to the entire people of akwa Ibom in addition to Cross River States of Nigeria (Akwa Cross people) remove hold occupied their solid ground inward the coastal Southeastern Nigeria thousands of years before the nascency of Christ.
Annang people of Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
The same oral tradition has it that their ancestors were Israelites (Jews) of the Northern Kingdom who left State of Israel to Arab Republic of Egypt before the Babylonian captivity in addition to that the ancestors of the Annangs in addition to other people of Akwa Ibom in addition to Cross River States (the Efik, the Ibibio, etc.) of Nigeria were the products of marriages of the people of State of Israel in addition to Egyptians who migrated from Arab Republic of Egypt to their coastal southeastern solid ground inward Nigeria via Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in addition to Sudan.
The grouping is related to the Efiks in addition to the Ibibios. It is believed that they all originated inward ancient Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to through diverse wars in addition to conquests were pushed S into the Sahara Desert. They moved across the desert in addition to some settled inward the upper West African part almost 7500 BC. Remnants of their linguistic communication according to Waddell tin can live found amid the Egyptians. (Waddell, 1893) Another evidence of their Egyptian beginning is found inward the burial customs in addition to veneration of the dead. Migration brought the groups to live amid the Twi of Republic of Ghana where the cry Annang agency 4th son. From Ghana, the grouping moved eastward into nowadays solar daytime Cameroon. It was inward the Republic of Cameroon highlands that the grouping broke off but later arrived at same territory inward the Coastal Southeastern Nigeria . It is believed that upon their arrival at the virgin coastal southeastern Nigeria the groups took an oath of solidarity to live together in addition to bonded to struggle whatever was seen every bit a mutual enemy. Lineages were recognized in addition to the groups organized themselves into clans based on old theatre unit of measurement origins known every bit Iman, a similar construction extends into the solid ground of their northern neighbors, the Igbo. (Ette, 2008)
Annang women inward USA
Written source: Very fiddling was written inward the European papers almost the Annang people before the middle of the nineteenth century. Early European traders who arrived inward the cross river territories referred to groups who lived exterior of the coastal areas every bit residents of Egbo-Sharry Country.(Derived from the derogatory cry of Ekpo Iseri used past times the Efiks for those who were pitiful but proud. (Ette, 2007). Rumors of cannibalism in addition to fearfulness tactics were used every bit tools past times the Efiks to maintain the European traders away from trading straight with groups exterior the coast. This tactic worked, for it prevented the traders from going exterior of the Calabar middle men until the Christian missionaries arrived inward the middle of the nineteenth century Ette, 2001). The foremost written refer of the Annangs is inward Wilhelm Koelle's concern human relationship of liberated slaves inward Sierra Leone(Koelle, 1854). He mentioned a liberated slave named Ebengo who hailed from Nkwot inward Abak. Ebengo was captured in addition to sold to the Portuguese but was later freed past times a British warship in addition to later settled inward Waterloo, Sierra Leone. The British soldiers listed the languages spoken past times the slaves inward that captured ship every bit "Annang" (Koelle, 1854). The 2nd refer is inward the description of what is known every bit the Ikot Udo Obong Wars. The British described the killings of the Annangs past times King Jaja of Opobo every bit a penalty for the Annangs defying his orders in addition to trading inward palm crude straight with the British merchants instead of going through him every bit a middle man. In the state of war that ensued, the British intervened in addition to with the assist of the Annangs, they captured (King Jaja) in addition to exiled him to the West Indies. The British established a armed forces postal service at Ikot Ekpene inward 1904 in addition to so inward Abak.
Annang masquerade
Following British colonialism in addition to with changes in addition to ban inward ancient hunting practices, the Annang witnessed attacks past times wild animals. As the men went to struggle inward World War II these attacks intensified. The British authorities called the attacks murder in addition to blamed it on "the barbarism of the Africans". The indigenes were defendant of belonging to a hole-and-corner gild called Ekpeowo (The Human Leopards Society). It has been argued that killings borne out of insurgency against the British elsewhere inward Africa led to the branding of leopard attacks every bit murders past times the British authorities amid the Annang. Between 1945 in addition to 1948 almost 196 people were killed inward Ikot Okoro community inward the nowadays solar daytime Oruk Anam LGA. It is pertinent to banking company bill that the Ikot Okoro Police station was laid upwardly because of this reason. The British convicted 96 people in addition to executed 77 innocent people (Pratten, 2007). The Annang faith called Idiong was banned in addition to the priests arrested. Articles in addition to worship materials were publicly burnt in addition to those who did non bring together Christianity automatically became suspects (Ette, 2007).
The Annangs remove hold a history in addition to reputation for their fearlessness in addition to the powerfulness of villages in addition to clans to bind together to struggle a mutual enemy. This is mayhap why they were able to thrive living so unopen to the Aro Confederacy's center, Arochukwu with its famed Ibini Ukpabi oracle. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 item interesting state of war grouping was the famous Oko- warriors. This state of war grouping was highly functional inward the 1950s. The American anthropologist (messenger 1951:41) called them the "warrior Cult". These warriors were considered invulnerable to penetration of knives, spears in addition to arrows. In diverse instances precipitous machetes were tested on the trunk parts of members.
The Annangs suffered genocide inward the Nigerian Civil War. The state of war lasted for iii years (1967–1970) in addition to the Annang lost a important number of its people. The effect of the state of war in addition to the resulting neglect of the Annang is at nowadays a serious political number in addition to a source of unrest inward the area. The Annangs remove hold been overlooked inward the electrical flow province construction inward the Nigerian scheme through which the country's crude wealth is shared. Repeated demands for the creation of a province for the Annang surface area remove hold been ignored past times the Nigerian authorities, patch other areas that do non make crude remove hold been made states in addition to thence laid upwardly every bit a unit of measurement to have the crude money. Like other minority groups inward the volatile Niger Delta inward Nigeria, history in addition to civilization are taking a dorsum spot to issues of politics in addition to justice but the Annangs maintain to struggle for their rights.
Chief Dr Godswill Akpabio, Annang native in addition to Governor of Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
Economy
Annang territory is non industrialized; the people are basically subsistence farmers, traders, arts and crafts men or civil servants. The economic scheme is non strong plenty to sustain the people. Sometimes immature people are often given out to to a greater extent than comfortable people for menial works inward the cities.
Annang Tribe Maidens Carrying Basket of Yam (Iso Edia) at The Annang New Yam/Cultural Festival
The farm activities are a prestigious pursuit for both men in addition to women. After the farm plots remove hold been cleared past times men for women, planting in addition to attention of crops devolve solely upon the shoulders of women. The only exception hither is yam-care, which is a privileged responsibleness of men. While the Abak zone is notable for its crude palm products, raffia goods are a profitable source of income for a goodness number of people inward the Ikot Ekpene zone, the Raffia city. Much of these goods are mostly exhibited at the Obo market, the most key marketplace for the whole of Annang.
Religious belief
The traditional faith of the people is based on the belief inward the existence of a Supreme Being called Abasi Ibom (Abasi Enyong) whom they believe lives beyond the clouds, and myriads of divinities in addition to spiritual beings (Abasi Isong) that assist Abasi Ibom to bargain with human problems of moral, social, economic, political in addition to psychological nature (Udo E.A. 1983/Esen 1988). “Ibom” agency the whole limitless universe. Here accordingly, he is the lord of the whole boundless universe in addition to everything inside it. Due to his boundlessness, in that location is no temple nor shrine for him, since that cannot accommodate him (Enang, 1979:5). Awasi-Ibom is ubiquitous, and, in addition to because of this, no item temple, identify or shrine tin can accommodate him. He, therefore, needs no temple nor shrine since he tin can neither live localized nor spatialized. He transcends infinite in addition to fourth dimension continuum. The temple is, therefore, non-existent inward the Annang religion. As the Awasi-Ibom is unlimited, so are his powers.However, Abasi Ibom is a withdrawn God, the so-called ‘deus-otiosus’ in addition to hence assistance from other divinities in addition to ancestral beings. Awasi Ibom or Abot is the creator, the creator of the divinities, humans, animals, plants in addition to other existents inward the world. Awasi Ibom comes foremost inward the hierarchy of existence.
Annang initiated "Ekpo" human with Ekpo masqueraders
According to their monastic say of importance, ‘Awasi Anyong’ (god of the sky) in addition to ‘Awasi Isong’ (god of the earth) are nearer to Awasi Ibom than other deities. When libations are poured at world functions inward Annang land, invocations are made to ‘Awasi Anyong’ in addition to ‘Awasi Isong’. Awasi Anyong takes accuse of the affairs of the ethereal part patch Awasi Isong is concerned with the happenings on earth.
The exact number of these divinities is unknown. Messenger gives an estimated number of these divinities every bit beingness over xxx (Messenger 1959). Enang (1979) leaves the number at xx iii noting that their exact number cannot live know every bit individuals in addition to villages or clans tin can in addition to do easily welcome in addition to select whatever ‘new god’ from anywhere if the community believes the ‘god’ is powerful. This is to live expected inward a polytheistic
faith of this nature. Of all the divinities, 1 most dreaded amid the people- "Ekpo ka Owo"- whose duty is to cheque in addition to punish infidelity inward the union institution.
At the caput of all the deities are “Eka Awasi (mother goddess) in addition to “Eka nnem” (mother of the deities). These 2 are believed to exert command over lesser deities.
Tabular organisation to demo the names of the deities, their abodes in addition to functions.
Name Approximation English Equivalent Abode Function
Awasi Anyong Sky god The Sky In accuse of the ethereal region
Awasi Isong Earth god The footing In accuse of the earth
Eka Awasi Earth goddess The footing Responsible for woman mortal fertility
Eka nnem Head of divinity The footing Protection of other deities
Nnem usung god of the route Road corners Protection of the roads
Ekpenyong god of the wood The wood Protecting the woods
Ikpa isong god of the hamlet Village squares Protection of the villages
Nnem utin god of the Sun The Sun Responsible for Sun light
Nnem idung god of the dwelling Compound entrance Protection of the home
Mmiam deities of truth Compound entrance Responsible for truth in addition to justice
Idio inwang goddess of farm The farm Responsible for goodness harvest
Nnem iman god of the clan Clan headquarters Protection of the clan
Nnem akai god of the woods The woods Protection of the forest
Abot god of fertility Road corners Responsible for reproduction
Nnem mmong goddess of H2O Seas,rivers,streams,spring In accuse of H2O bodies
Mbama god of foremost harvest Village foursquare Responsible for foremost harvest
Esien emana reincarnation deity The woods In accuse of reincarnation
Nnem erim god of the pelting The atmosphere In accuse of rain
(cf. Enang, Salvation inward a Nigerian Background, 1979).
The gods remove hold unlike role spot at their charge. Those with religious obligations are inward accuse of the religious activities of the clan, village, or home. Their ministers are the religious practitioners who create offerings on behalf of the people. They transmit the prayers in addition to intentions of the people to the gods. Some of the gods fulfil social roles past times fostering reproduction, health, long life in addition to protection of the families. In the economical sphere, it is believed that the diverse ‘nnem’ assist inward successful increment of crops on the land in addition to goodness harvest. Those with political portfolio assist inward the proper surgical operation of the village, clan or town. They assist the villages at state of war in addition to back upwardly the chiefs inward their political roles.
Although, people, for convenience inward sacrifice, locate the divinities at special abodes, their homes are porous through in addition to through, so that the divinities could live said to live everywhere. They are personal every bit good every bit non-personal. Therefore, despite their invisibility, they are most oftentimes approached inward personal in addition to social needs.
Annang tribe man
There is a strong belief inward patrilineage ancestors (the living-dead) inward life after decease in addition to inward reincarnation. The dead are believed to maintain inward some form of existence inward the underworld invisible to the humans. The Ancestors (Mme Ette-Ette) acts every bit the spiritual custodians of the theatre unit of measurement in addition to must live placated periodically to ensure their protection. The ancestors part both inward the goodness in addition to bad inward the life of the social units (Ennang, 1979:26). Invisibly operating, too, is a strength called “odudu”, which the Annangs believe to pervade nature. It is non identifiable, has no permanent abode in addition to can, therefore, live conveyed inward everything in addition to sent to whatever identify to do either goodness or harm. It is impersonal, non-physical, in addition to is diffused every bit the melannesian force, called “mana” (Codrington, 1891:118). Workers of evil magic are believed to possess the powerfulness to usage “odudu” inward bringing almost the devastation or decease of man, patch goodness magic workers are believed to invoke “odudu” for the do goodness of those who approach them. As presently every bit “odudu” finds itself invoked into application, it assumes the dimension of a personal force.
The belief inward witchcraft is rattling prominent inward the traditional faith of the Annang people. Witches in addition to sorcerers remove hold powers that come upwardly from their aberrant personalities; they perform antisocial magic. In their
work, witches employ the assistance of animals or humanoids every bit servants or messengers. Although in
most Annang communities, some witches are believed to live males, most are believed to live females. They
run into unopen to fires to promote their interests in addition to consume the revived trunk of someone they remove hold destroyed by
supernatural powers. This phenomenon, which is of course of study past times far non only found only inward Annangland, can
inward the African context live related to the African life in addition to worldview according to which the totality of reality
consists of the interaction of forces in addition to powers.
When in that location are crises inward life or misfortune befall an Annang person, for instance, if a fellow member of the theatre unit of measurement takes sick suddenly, or dies, if a adult woman suffers miscarriage, if an accident occurred, theft, the mortal at 1 time begins to wonder what powerfulness live responsible for the mishap. At 1 time the mortal begins to recollect of the gods, the spirits, witches, enemies, dead ancestors who powerfulness remove hold been responsible for the item misfortune. The religious ‘expert’: priests, diviners, soothsayers, rainmakers, witch-doctors, mediums, sorcerers in addition to medicine men in addition to women are rattling of import figures inward the lives of the people because they are expected to give explanations inward all areas of human life: spiritual, social, economic, political etc. The spirits are to live placated to ensure peace. Witches are believed to live everywhere in addition to the religious leaders must live engaged to eradicate them. The spiritualists in addition to religious experts are believed to remove hold the antidote to ensure a hitch-free human existence.
The Annang people were foremost introduced into Christianity past times the English linguistic communication Methodist Missionaries inward 1919 (Enang 1979). Gradually many other Christian missions followed. Today in that location are rattling many varieties
of Christian denominations inward the surface area that taking a census of them volition non only live difficulty but almost
impossible every bit novel forms of churches maintain coming upwardly everywhere. The surface area is often referred to every bit having the
Churches every bit the main industry.
Annang Taboos (Ibed)
.Taboos were associated with rituals in addition to were thus held inward absolute sacredness in addition to sanctity. Contraventions brought undesirable fabric consequences to the offender in addition to the community. Rituals were often performed to expiate in addition to propitiate the evil committed. Some days were laid aside in addition to held to live sacred. For example, No adult woman was expected to fetch from the community flow on Ared marketplace solar daytime (Usen Urua Ared). No 1 was expected to outrage his grandchild or grandchildren (Ajejen or Nto Ajejen), his or her grandparents (Etebom and/or Ekam), his inlaws (Ukod). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 adult woman is prohibited from having sexual intercourse with some other human other than her husband. Contravention of this injunction attracts the dead of the husband, who is believed to live killed past times the married adult woman through the evil minstrels of eros called Ekpo Nka Agwo. This is non a full general rule, every bit this dominion operates contrariwise inward some Annang communities. Be it every bit it may, this law appears to live an unjust law every bit the penalty for the offence does non devolve on the offender, but on another
person. This contradicts the Annang belief inward retribution in addition to the belief that “the ashes follow its thrower” (Aduok ntong ke nton akene)
The next are some of Iman Annangs in addition to their nutrient taboos. Eka Abiakpo clans do non consume turtle. The Afaha people forbade its members from eating the (Nserise) squirrel. They identified with the quickness in addition to news of the animal. Other examples of clan groups in addition to their nutrient taboo are: Ukana python (Asabo); (Ibom); Ekpenyong (albino Python); Ikpe Uruk- Ikot (snake); Utu, Ebom, Midim (birds); Nto Osung (African dark bird). Other Annang clans chose vegetables every bit their nutrient taboo. Thus Ika has sugariness yam (anem) every bit taboo, in addition to Nto Edino has the river reed (Nyama). The nutrient taboo was so of import to the Annang that it was used every bit a distinguishing feature to locate the beginning of an private in addition to to separate 1 Iman from another. Children learnt every bit portion of the socialization physical care for that a item Iman are people living inward a item geographical surface area with a given nutrient taboo. Ekanem (2002) reported that those from Midim preferred to starve rather than violate their nutrient taboo during the Nigerian civil state of war that lasted from 1967 to 1970.
Annang tribe people,Akwa Ibom State
Socio-political structure
The Annang gild is structured unopen to a patrilineal (patriarchal) system of descent with significant
matrifocal element. Individuals locate their identify inward the social world from the Idip, literally translated as, womb. Thus a brother/sister from the same Idip agency that they tin can draw their beginning to the same woman bring upwardly or father. The household consists of a human every bit the caput of the family, his married adult woman (wives) in addition to children all owing allegiance to the household head. Since polygamy is practised inward the society, all household that acknowledge a mutual unbroken agnate line of descent constitute a lineage known every bit Ekpuk (singular: Ufok), which (literally a theatre or compound). Groups of Ekpuk which tin can draw their beginning to some extent to mutual ancestors shape "Idung," a village. Villages are governed past times hamlet heads in addition to council. Groups of villages shape "Abie,"a clan (Essien 2010).
Annang tribal elders
Leadership at the family, lineage, village, or clan grade remains the prerogative of the men, in addition to lineage ties extends to women fifty-fifty after marriage. There are many societies in addition to associations (Urim) for men in addition to women which are rattling of import inward traditional hamlet life. Individuals are measured past times both the number in addition to types of memberships inward Urim in addition to past times the achievements of 1 or to a greater extent than Urims. Governance is done past times elderly males who human activity every bit the legislative arm called Afe Isong, directed past times the Obong or Abong Ichong (Village Chief in addition to Clan Chief) who is the caput in addition to the main executive but without the authorisation beyond what the Afe Ichong gives. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 main tin can live appointed past times the Afe or tin can live an inherited office. The strength of whatever individual, theatre unit of measurement (or grouping for that matter) is typically based upon a consensus of the hamlet or clan through this complex social system. In all this, Annang women are non completely subordinate to men.
Instead Annang women are partners in addition to leaders inward many aspects of Annang tradition, including serving every bit woman mortal main priests "Abia Idiong" inward the Idiong cult or every bit healers inward the healing cults. The first-born woman mortal known every bit Adiaha is of import in addition to commands honor inward the theatre unit of measurement in addition to lineage. Some traditions remove hold that a woman's foremost nascency should select identify inward her mothers compound. Women organizations such every bit "abi-de" in addition to "Nyaama", in addition to "Isong Iban" play of import roles inward giving the women vocalisation in addition to condition inward society. There are no traditional or cultural barriers that forestall women from attaining high offices or positions. Indeed, traditionally Annang women remove hold a keen bargain of economical independence from men. The gild was semi-matriachal before colonialism. Children bore the names of their mothers in addition to such mutual names every bit Essien, Essiet, Ukpong in addition to Umo were woman mortal names in addition to became androgenized when the missionaries saw matriacrchy every bit anti-Christian .(Ette,2009). Annangs value the powerfulness to beak good in addition to oratory powerfulness using proverbs is highly desirable, especially amid the leaders. The American anthropologist, Peter Farb, stated that the cry "Annang" amid this grouping agency 'they who beak well' An private who has the gift of eloquent vocalisation communication is often complimented every bit Akwo Annang pregnant the vocalizer of Annang.
Socially, amid the Annang people, the family, communal spirit in addition to social ties are rattling strong. This communal mental attitude established amid the Annang a typical sort of friendliness in addition to trust to which this saying refers: ‘The Annang fifty-fifty telephone commutation drinking gourds inward a dark room’. This trust is strengthened past times the fearfulness of the gods in addition to the ancestral spirits who would non hesitate to punish those who seek the downfall of whatever of his or her immature human tribal adult woman or man. The theatre unit of measurement is the foremost natural society. Some families are polygamous in addition to some are monogamous.
In Annang gild ranks are non hereditary. This agency that a person’s spot is non determined past times ascription. Upward in addition to downward mobility be due to the flexible social stratification that exists amid the
people. Social groups are non arranged inward a fixed monastic say of superiority in addition to inferiority. Marriage is a very
of import establishment for the people. In the traditional society, everyone is expected to get married in addition to have
children. But social services are non spot inward identify to assist the families deal with the social issues that arise daily
Annang tribal chieftains
Right of Inheritance in addition to Succession
The correct of inheritance of holding at the decease of a human devolves on his sons. Among others, the eldest boy (Akpan) benefits to a greater extent than than other sons. He inherits, past times traditional belief, the father’s buildings or houses, in addition to he is heir apparent to the throne if his virile mortal bring upwardly were a imperial head. In terms of his portions of land, these are usually divided amid the virile mortal children, starting fourth dimension from the eldest to the youngest. Women or woman mortal children do non relish this correct inward the Annang society
Annang people
Eru-unam-mkpo (Customs)
It involves the ways of doing things inward the society. These were the customs in addition to traditions obtainable inward the land. They were believed to remove hold originated from distant past times in addition to transmitted to the nowadays through the ancestors. Due to their beginning from the ancestors, they were observed with some feel of sacredness in addition to were mostly followed with rituals. Eru-unam-mkpo guided performance of events inward the society, such every bit nascency in addition to naming, decease in addition to burial, marriages, festivals, etc.
Annang tribe women`s group
Mbed (Laws)
Laws were specific rules in addition to regulations inward the Annang society. They also entailed prohibitions, amongst rules in addition to regulations. Some of these specific rules were: Land tenure, whereby lands were expected to live kept fallow for 7 years before they were ripe for farming; Village pathways had to live swept weekly, etc. Moreover, the hamlet council would identify intermittent injunctions restraining villagers from harvesting the palm fruits. This dominion (ugwuok ajop) was so made to permit the hamlet council to harvest the palm fruits, sell
them in addition to usage the coin for hamlet projects. After the hamlet council would remove hold completed its duty, the villagers were permitted 1 time to a greater extent than to harvest their fruits. The solar daytime this injunction was lifted, called ugwuoko ajop, villagers were permitted to harvest from whatever palm crude tree, live it their ain or not. After this day, championship of ownership of the palm crude trees went dorsum to their original owners.
Utom (Duties in addition to Obligations)
There were duties to the community, duty to one’s family, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, wives, husband, father, mother, elders, strangers, friends in addition to in-laws. Communal work, such as, sweeping of the hamlet pathways, edifice of the hamlet hall, etc, also brutal inside the purview of utom.
Iro (Manners in addition to Etiquette)
It entailed manners in addition to etiquette which went beyond the self to how 1 comported himself or herself becomingly inward public. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was ever non expected to live foremost greeted past times an elderly person, but rather, he or she was expected to greet the elderberry first. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was expected to extend 2 hands patch having handshake with an elderly person. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was non expected to asking handshake from an elderly mortal past times beingness the foremost to extend his or her arms. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was non expected to give response to whatever advice given past times an elderly person, for the Annang say “ese ekokop item, agwo isi iboroke” (meaning, “Advice is listened to, but non responded to”). Moreover, a youth was non expected to potable the drakes of palm vino inward the presence if his elders. Litigants inward disputes were expected to avoid unguarded remarks, every bit contraventions could incur special fines. Even though some unusual behaviours which contravened standards of goodness manners did non attract penalties, they were duly condemnable in addition to frowned at. Examples are, whenever a
recipient did non give thank y'all the donor; when a daughter climbed the tree; when a kid insolently responded to the parents’ rebuke, etc.
Ritual Rites
In traditional African societies in that location is a correct to associate freely with one’s ain kins inside an extended family, a correct to associate with people exterior the extended family, a correct also to inter-tribal association inward marriage. This correct is express inward for certain communities inward Igbo land. There is the exercise of a caste system, the “Osu”caste system. The Osu are believed to attend to for certain idols in addition to thus were seen in addition to treated every bit holy sect, in addition to due to their closeness in addition to consequent “sacredness”, they are non related with normally. These groups of people are treated every bit inferior to other human beings, in addition to every bit such in that location is no deliberate
intermarriage with them.
Members of Annang tribe Ekpo hole-and-corner cult
In traditional Annang society, only virile mortal initiates remove hold the correct to belong to the “Ekpo” masquerade cult. Those who remove hold non been initiated, some males in addition to all women are non altogether costless to displace almost inward the gild during the “Ekpo” masquerade festival. At the climax of this festival, called “Ndok Ekpo”, women are non costless at all to live seen exterior their homes. This is usually the lastly calendar week of the 10th calendar month of the year, October. This restricts their liberty of movement.
Dispute Settlement, Punishment, Justice in addition to Court System inward Annang
Whenever, his or rights were infringed, or whenever he or she had a case, the Annang mortal most often sought justice past times resorting to the lineage or hamlet council depending on the where the other litigant came from. If the parties came from the same lineage, the lineage (lineage) council would live the courtroom of jurisdiction; if the parties to the instance came from unlike lineages, the hamlet council would assume jurisdiction over the case. Furthermore, cases involving litigants from unlike villages were entertained past times the clan court, which was empanelled with the hamlet heads in addition to ordained traditional priests called “Akuku” (the plural version of Akuku) .
The courtroom hierarchy rose from the lower to the higher. This started from the theatre unit of measurement council, to the lineage council, to the village, in addition to to the clan council. Cases were ever referred to the higher courts if they were non decided at the lower courts, or every bit appeals past times the litigants if he or she was dissatisfied with the determination past times the lower courts. When criminality was hard to determine, resorts were made to the traditional truth
determinants, which were: Oath (Mmiam); Divination (Iyong); in addition to Ordeal (Ukang).
Mmiam (Oath)
Mmiam was the god of justice. Recourse to mmiam decided the instance in addition to settled the disputes, since in that location was strong feel of belief inward its efficacy, in addition to in that location was no appeal available. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 flow of fourth dimension was ever given for the effect of mmiam after it had been sworn to. The oath taker was expected to endure some affliction, mostly death, during this period. If he or she died or suffered the required affliction, he or she was deemed to remove hold been guilty, in addition to his or her illness would remove hold to live expiated per rituals. If neither illness nor decease visited him or her, he or she would live publicly declared innocent before the entire community.
Iyong (Divination)
Iyong was the physical care for in addition to method of inquiring the volition of the gods past times the diviner (awia iyong). The awia iyong possessed proficient powers to invoke the spirits or the gods. He would milk tremble the rattle (ekpuud), create incantations, in addition to cast some objects (mostly bones, pebbles, nuts, teeth or fangs of some powerful animals similar cat, snake, dog, centipede, i.e., mbamba ) on the ground. Sometimes, he would gaze into some H2O inward a bottle or inward a white basin. It was believed that the gods or ancestral spirits communicated the truth through him.
The operative techniques in addition to physical care for of Iyong was closely associated in addition to similar to nkukud (oracle) in addition to use-mkpo (foretelling). While iyong every bit a agency of justice dealt with the present, it, however, delved into distant past times in addition to also looked inward to the future.
Ukang (Ordeals)
Ukang was primarily instituted to notice in addition to punish offenders. It, however, operated inside the realm of the magical in addition to the mysterious. It was supernatural with physical in addition to fabric effects. John Bosco Ekanem in addition to Joseph Udondata (2011) outlined the unlike types of ukang inward their piece of work . These are:
1. Ukang Ujo Aran (Ordeal of the boiling oil);
2. Ukang Ntuen-Ibok (Ordeal of the Alligator Pepper);
3. Ukang Akook Ukod (Ordeal of the Bamboo);
4. Ukang Ikpa Unam (Ordeal of the Leather);
5. Ukang Akpe Ajop (Ordeal of Oil Palm-Fruit Fibre);
6. Ukang Ndaam (Ordeal of the Raffia)
Source:http://jeteraps.scholarlinkresearch.org/articles/sociological%20implication%20of%20the%20world%20wide%20of%20the%20Anang%20people.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaang_people
http://www.bjournal.co.uk/paper/BJASS_13_2/BJASS_13_02_01.pdf
Ukang: The Rituals of Crime Detection in addition to Control in
Annang Social Justice System
Anthonia M. Essien, Ph.D
Department of Religious in addition to Cultural Studies,
Faculty of Arts, University of Uyo,
Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
eteyesma@yahoo.com
+234 (0)803-359-6961
The greatest musical instrument of criminal offense command inward the traditional Annang gild is Ukang (trial past times ordeal). Ukang is a traditional in addition to religious ritual used inward uncovering, revealing in addition to discovering hidden secrets in addition to exposing criminals such every bit thieves, murderers, sorcerers, adulterers in addition to other criminals. Ukang is widely used inward detecting crimes in addition to it is believed that miscarriage of justice rarely occurred. In recent times Ukang has been used every bit a agency of detecting crimes amid the Annang people. However, Iheriohamma (1997) is of the persuasion that it could live manipulated inward for certain circumstances to favour or disfavour the clients. It is against this background that this article tries to examine critically the usage of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense detection inward the traditional direction of justice inward Annang society.
There are many types of Ukang amid the Annang ethnic group. Ukang ufiop aran (ordeal of hot boiling oil), Ukang nsen unen (ordeal of egg), Ukang ikpa unam (ordeal of creature skin), Ukang uyet enyin (eye-washing ordeal), Ukang ntuen ibok (ordeal of the alligator pepper), Ukang Okok (bamboo ordeal), Ukang akpe eyop (ordeal of palm fruit fibers) in addition to Ukang ndam(ordeal of raffia). Ukang is a direct appeal to the spiritual beings to demo past times miracle where the correct lay. Ukang has religious sanction.
Ukang is an of import musical instrument of criminal offense command amid the Annang people to maintain to 1 order. This has been 1 shape of social justice in addition to criminal offense command inward the surface area from fourth dimension immemorial. The basic regulation hither is that if a mortal is guilty, evil volition befall him according to the words used inward administering the Ukang. There is no doubtfulness amid the people of Annang that the traditional establishment of Ukang has been an effective musical instrument of criminal offense control, restoring trust, fidelity, establishing the truth or falsehood of what people say especially on disputed issues in addition to doubtful circumstances (Ekong 2009).
Ukang is 1 shape of traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang solid ground administered through the usage of metaphysical or mystical powers to discovery hidden secrets. Ukang is feared much inward Annang locality in addition to this fearfulness has contributed immensely to criminal offense control. Based on this statement, J. S. Mbiti supported the to a higher identify explanation when he observed that:
"The gods are the most reliable beings in addition to also the powers
that are capable of vindicating the only in addition to expose every bit good as
punish the wicked. As custodians of morality, justice and
sincerity, the ancestors, divinities in addition to other spiritual beings
are invited to witness whatever social understanding betwixt men
in addition to immature human man. The belief is that God or some other higher
beings greater than human volition punish the mortal who swears
falsely or suspension the stipulations of the oath, understanding or
contention (Mbiti 1969)."
Ukang plays important role inward the command of criminal offense inward Annang land. However, this observation was inward line with Antia’s standpoint which noted that:
"All those who committed the most serious crimes of
adultery, rape, elopement, stealing, abortion, the
profanation of the most sacred traditions, (the
eating of novel yams before the official celebration of the
New Year's Day festival) in addition to murder were given adequate
penalties. Unfortunately, all these crimes no thing how
carefully manipulated, must live revealed in addition to in that location was
no fourth dimension bound for their due penalties (Antia 2008)."
In addition, Ukang, prevents wicked acts amid the people because no thing how hole-and-corner a item criminal offense is, it must live discovered in addition to the defaulter or culprit would live brought to “book” or punished according to the laws of the land.
Annang traditional dancers from Akwa Ibom State
Furthermore, the fearfulness of Ukang is the driving strength inward the maintenance of a high grade of morality past times doing what is right, goodness in addition to moral in addition to avoiding what is evil, incorrect in addition to bad. People fearfulness beingness exposed through the instrumentality of Ukang. Ukang, therefore, is strong inward social control. Ukang is an effective traditional musical instrument used past times the people to discovery the truth of a matter, discovery hidden secrets in addition to to cast away doubtfulness with reference to the validity in addition to reliability of a contention or accusation inward whatever circumstances. However, according to Ekong (2009) because of the awe it creates inward the minds of the people, many people inward Annang solid ground remove hold shunned or avoided embarking on whatever criminal activity. It would appear that Ukang is
usually used every bit the lastly resort when other avenues of criminal offense detection remove hold failed to accomplish the desired resultant (Udo 1983).
According to Essien (2005), in that location are some other methods of occupation solving which adherents of Annang indigenous religions would accept. But pop amid these is the exercise of Ukang. It is an establishment which seeks to uncover hidden secrets in addition to notice defaulters inward the community. The Ukang specialists can“perform” some ordeals to unveil secrets or fish out culprits inward a community or resolve hard controversies inward a community. Consequently, in that location are many types of ordeals inward Annang solid ground which explains how the Annang people endeavour treatment social problems through esoteric knowledge. The Ukang ordeals are rattling mysterious, often total of dreadful processes that cannot live scientifically proven. Essien thence concludes
that Ukang in addition to many other ordeal methods inward Annang gild remove hold their root inward the people’s religious worldview. Although soundless practiced to this day, their beginning is lost inward history; hence, many people, educated in addition to uneducated, rural or urban dwellers, soundless patronize the ukang specialists during moments of confounding experiences.
Ekpo masquerade of Annang people
The Institution of Ukang amid the Annang People
All African societies including Annang gild concur on the basic notions of correct in addition to incorrect every bit portion of their traditional ethics. In these societies, in that location be laws that regulate behavior, ensure compliance in addition to obedience to authorities, wages in addition to penalty of people who commit 1 criminal offense or the other. But in that location are variations on what constitutes criminal offense inward whatever given human gild in addition to every bit such criminal offense could live said to live relative to a item society. Since criminal offense is an integral portion of human society, every gild aspires to select criminal offense nether command in addition to every bit a resultant so many methods remove hold been devised past times both traditional in addition to modern societies to checkmate crime. However, 1 way of controlling criminal offense inward Annang traditional gild is the usage of Ukang.
Ukang is an musical instrument of criminal offense detection in addition to command which unveils hole-and-corner crimes publicly, thus, compelling criminals to select their guilt or what they had before denied. Commenting on Ukang, Udo (1983) points out that:
"The Ibibio believed that a human could non tell lies in addition to get
away with crimes. According to them, an ordeal was a
direct appeal to the Supreme God (Abasi Ibom), gods and
ancestors to demo past times miracle, where the correct lay."
What Udo said almost the Ibibio concerning Ukang is similar to the province of affairs inward Annang land. However, amid Annang people, Ukang is concerned with deciding a person’s guilt or innocence inward a thing inward which the truth is hidden. The people consult Ukang to discovery the truth almost disputed issues where the truth cannot live easily ascertain.
In the exercise of the establishment of Ukang inward Annang land, if a mortal or a grouping of persons defendant of an unjust or wicked human activity or criminal offense denied the charge, in addition to in that location was some doubtfulness almost the validity of the accusation, the defendant would soundless live summoned to appear before Annang traditional courtroom or council inward the village. The defendant mortal or grouping of persons would live asked to testify his or their innocence past times undergoing an ordeal of Ukang. The performance of Ukang inward Annang solid ground usually creates periods of panic, anxiety in addition to suspense for both the defendant in addition to the curious, suspecting in addition to desperate community. Thus, the anxiety is greater for both the community in addition to the accused. However, the resultant of the Ukang takes immediate effect before the rattling eyes of the community who are watching curiously to know the determination of the Ukang. Among the Annang people Ukang is administered on an defendant mortal or persons when other instruments of criminal offense detection remove hold failed in addition to Ukang becomes the lastly resort. Anyone found guilty through Ukang is made to human face world scorn, ridicule, disgrace in addition to stigmatization inward improver to facing the official penalty prescribed past times the Ukang administrator or priest (Ukong 2006).
Ikot Ekpene plaza,Akwa Ibom local Government Area,Nigeria
The Different Methods of Administering Ukang amid the Annang People
On the direction of Ukang which consists of diverse types depending on the 1 preferred past times the community, the Ukang administrator says a special prayer, invoking the powers of the gods of justice, truth in addition to morality inward Annang land. Among the things he says inward the prayer in addition to invocation is that the gods in addition to spirits thus invoked should testify before the waiting in addition to anxious community the innocence or guilt of the defendant almost to live tried. The Ukang administrator so ends the prayer in addition to invocation past times pouring the traditional libation in addition to proceeding to the direction of the desired type of Ukang. The several types of Ukang that be every bit an musical instrument traditionally employed to command criminal offense inward Annang gild are every bit follows:
Ukang ufiop Aran (Ordeal of hot boiling Oil)
The defendant mortal is brought out to stand upwardly before the curious in addition to anxious community (Richard 1994). According to F.M. Mbon, the defendant is asked to repeat this prayer:
"If I am guilty of this thing I am beingness defendant of; if I have
told a prevarication to this noble community; allow this boiling oil
dismiss my hand. But if I am non guilty, in addition to if I remove hold told the
truth, may cipher come about to my paw (Mbon 1994)"
After the prayer, the defendant dips his correct paw into the pot of boiling oil. If he had told the truth in addition to was non guilty, really cipher would come about to his hand. But if he had lied to the community, every inch of the portion of his paw that touched the boiling crude is burnt in addition to he volition send the scar for the ease of his life every bit a sign of beingness guilty of a crime. Meanwhile, inside few weeks, the mortal thus “caught” in addition to exposed past times the Ukang becomes pale, in addition to parts of his trunk (usually the legs, tummy in addition to face) acquire swollen. Invariably, the mortal dies shortly thereafter. It thence agency that inward Annang society, Ukang has a religious sanction in addition to is soundless effective every bit a agency of securing justice every bit good every bit a deterrent against criminal tendencies in addition to fake accusation fifty-fifty inward this contemporary flow where scientific discipline is believed to live the reply to most human problem. Before whatever Ukang was given to an defendant person, his parents, in addition to immediate relations had to live invited. The Ukang ufiop aran tin can piece of work inward some other way. The Ukang administrator places hot crude inward a large pot in addition to asked the defendant to spot his hands into it patch it is soundless boiling. If after iii days blisters were seen on his hands, the defendant was declared guilty, but if not, he was innocent. The people believe that the gods in addition to ancestors would intervene in addition to motion the presence or absence of the blisters. In consequence, according to Udo (1983) the determination was lastly in addition to no human beingness could rescind it.
Ukang Ntuenibok (Ordeal of Alligator Pepper)
In this ordeal, the Ukang administrator uses the seeds of the alligator pepper (also known every bit “grains of paradise”, (Afromomum meleguete) in addition to ritually “command” them to acquire into the eyes of the guilty inward a gathering of suspects. Since the pepper causes excruciating hurting when it comes inward contact with the human eyes, if the physical care for of ukang is successful in addition to 1 of the suspects begins to scream inward agony, so he/she is held every bit the culprit (Anyanwu 2004).
Ukang Okok (Bamboo Ordeal)
This physical care for according to A.M. Essien involves the usage of a bamboo cutting from special palm tree (elaesis guineesis) called ifiaku. This bamboo is ritually treated with a cock is tied at 1 of its ends in addition to carried past times 7 strong, immature men. After chanting some incantations, the men carrying the bamboo start running uncontrollably, spiritually directed in addition to empowered through the ritual incantation till they acquire inward at the theatre of the culprit of the human activity the community is attempting to uncover. This ordeal is also employed to discovery witches, wizards, sorcerers inward the community.
Ukang Akpe-Ayop (Ordeal of the Palm Fruit Fibers)
In this ukang the suspects must all remove hold some bunches of the fibers of palm fruit inward their hands patch kneeling downwards before the Ukang administrator. After the invocation in addition to incantation, it is believed that the packet of fibers would stick to the cervix of the culprit, thereby squeezing in addition to choking the culprit, in addition to until he or she admits the guilt, he may live choked to decease past times mysterious forces, which possessed the fibers. It is only at that betoken of admission of the guilt that the fibers would driblet off from his or her cervix (Okon 2010).
Ukang Ndam (Ordeal of Raffia Palm)
According to this ordeal, some strands of raffia are placed inward a basin of H2O in addition to the suspects are asked to stir the H2O inward turn. The strands of raffia mysteriously curlicue unopen to the hands of the culprit. The innocent people volition stir the H2O without whatever effect.
Ukang Nsen Unen (Egg ordeal)
In the Annang traditional society, the suspect would live asked to suspension an egg which has been magically treated past times the ukang administrator. In this practice, if the egg broke, the defendant was guilt, but if the egg failed to suspension so he or she is declared innocent of the criminal offense defendant of. The people remove hold used this traditional musical instrument to cut back the incidence of criminal offense of all sorts because of the awe it creates in addition to the fearfulness of beingness publicly disgraced (Umana 2010).
Ukang Ikpa Unam (animal peel ordeal)
In this ordeal the defendant mortal is directed to sit down on a leather mat which had been prepared past times the ordeal administrator. As the defendant sits on the leather mat, the ukang administrator makes incantations: if the defendant is guilty, the mat stick to his or her buttocks, but if innocent, allow the mat non stick to the buttocks. Here again, what happens is regarded every bit a direct reply from the unseen in addition to no 1 could contrary the judgment which became lastly (Udoma 2010).
Ukang Uyet Enyin (Ordeal of washing the eyes)
The items used inward this ordeal include: create clean H2O inward a white basin, iii traditional leaves known every bit ofuo leaves, in addition to iii arrows. The Ukang administrator makes a circle with his correct human foot on the ground, places the basin with its contents inward the circle in addition to asked the defendant to squat past times the plate in addition to human face the sun. He or she is ordered to unopen the eyes tightly. The ukang administrator, standing behind, conjured in addition to rubbed the person’s eyes with the contents of the basin 7 times. If the defendant was innocent, it was believed he or she volition live able to opened upwardly his eyes at the destination of the 7th circular but not, the mortal is declared guilty of the crime. The resultant of this Ukang is believed to live from the gods in addition to the ancestors whom the people believe remove hold the lastly determination inward the thing (Akpan 2010).
Analysis of Ukang every bit a Means of Crime Control inward the Annang Social Justice System
The socio-religious relevance of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang solid ground is an integral portion of the people’s civilization in addition to reflects the value of social justice. Ukang every bit portion of traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command is an aspect of the custom in addition to belief of the people which regulates the conduct in addition to morals of Annang people. It provides the norms in addition to standards of behaviour for the people in addition to checks criminal activities on the portion of the people in addition to the rulers every bit they guaranteed the existence in addition to enforcement of the traditional law, morality in addition to ethics. The fearfulness in addition to belief inward Ukang has helped the people to maintain high moral measure in addition to strengthened cordial human relationship betwixt God (Supreme Being, Abasi Ibom) in addition to human every bit good every bit betwixt humans. Therefore, with the exercise of Ukang, people inward Annang are deterred from committing crimes inward the community because of the fearfulness of supernatural punishment. Ukang provides checks in addition to balances which regulates in addition to spot the Annang community on a steady economic, political, social, cultural in addition to religious residue responsible for stability in addition to meaningful authorities (Umanah 2010). The mere mentioning of the give-and-take Ukang automatically called the people to monastic say in addition to direct their actions. Ukang every bit a traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command is an effective agency of securing social justice in addition to serves every bit a deterrent against social injustice, criminal tendencies in addition to fake accusations that are prevalent inward contemporary period. The usage of Ukang serves every bit a social in addition to religious sanction in addition to thence recognizes the belief inward ancestral spirits in addition to many other divinities inward Annang traditional faith which assist inward detecting criminals, restoring honesty, morality in addition to justice every bit opposed to injustice in addition to immorality. The application of Ukang according to Mbon (1994) helps the Annang people to enforce in addition to maintain order, peace in addition to ensure conformity to social norms of the people.
The usage of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command works faster, cheaper in addition to easier inward criminal offense detection, control, penalty in addition to direction of crimes due to the fact that it does non follow the bureaucratic processes associated with modern legal systems, law enforcement in addition to criminal offense prevention. Ukang emphasizes the effectiveness of traditional faith of Annang every bit a reliable musical instrument of criminal offense command in addition to recognizes traditional agency of social justice (Essien 2005).
The usage of Ukang inward criminal offense command inward Annang reduced the increasing number of miscarriage of justice through the usage of modern methods of criminal offense control. As a result, Ukang tends to shape in addition to reshape traditional concepts of human grapheme because the grapheme of a human is supreme inward human relations (Monday 2010). This is because it is essentially the grapheme of a human that God in addition to the divinities who witnessed the direction of Ukang, every bit impartial judges aspect at. Here, wickedness in addition to social injustice, immorality in addition to dishonesty are vehemently condemned in addition to inward their identify justice, honesty, integrity in addition to fairness are emphasized. Ukang helps to restructure man’s conscience. The people strongly believed that moral values are non invented past times human beings, but are the offspring of religion. Thus, according to Ntuen (1993) people are expected to usage their conscience to believe inward a morally goodness way inward monastic say to avoid the wrath of God, divinities in addition to the ancestors.
As impartial judge, God’s judgment is for certain in addition to inescapable. Some of the divinities who are inward accuse of Ukang correspond the wrath of the gods in addition to for this ground human avoid acts capable of bringing penalty from the supernatural beings. This belief drastically reduced criminal offense inward Annang community to a minimal grade (Ekong 2010).
Conclusion
This study has focused on the usage of Ukang inward criminal offense command inward Annang society. It is of import to banking company bill that criminal offense is a social occupation that is hard to halt every bit far every bit human beings exists. Hardly, does whatever gild be without whatever shape of moral monastic say in addition to restraints. Due to the prevalent charge per unit of measurement of criminal offense in addition to other social ills such every bit witchcrafts, stealing, murder, dishonesty, falsehood in addition to other hole-and-corner crimes, in addition to the inability for the modern scheme of law enforcement to fighting crime, the people develop their traditional religious instruments to fighting criminal offense in addition to address social issues fifty-fifty if imperfectly. One of these traditional instruments is the Ukang institution.
Consequently, Essien (2005) inward confirmation of the identify of faith inward social command points out that faith is a powerful social establishment that purports to found a laid human relationship betwixt the supra-human world in addition to human beings. It deals with explanations almost life in addition to living, coping with existential problems in addition to adapting to environmental circumstances. There are hardly aspects of human life which are immune from religious influence straight or indirectly. The pervasiveness of religion, its deep rootedness inward human consciousness in addition to its formidable presence, vitality in addition to expansiveness inward human activities create it an immense resource.
The Ukang described in addition to examined inward this study is soundless rattling effective every bit a traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang every bit good every bit serving every bit a deterrent against criminal tendencies in addition to fake accusations. There is no doubtfulness from the findings of the study that the establishment of Ukang has been an effective agency of criminal offense command due to the fearfulness of supernatural sanctions, social stigmatization, world disgrace, penalty from the gods in addition to ancestors if found guilty. It has created a morally audio community inside the Annang solid ground inward its powerfulness to assist fighting crime, maintain goodness human relationships, fairness, in addition to fidelity inward establishing the
truth or falsehood inward doubtful in addition to disputed matters.
The occupation of criminal offense inward Annang has exerted keen comport on on individuals in addition to gild financially, socially, legally, economically, morally in addition to psychologically. There is evidence of the occupation in addition to impacts of criminal offense inward Annang every bit nosotros tin can infer from this article. This article has pointed out that in that location is a important role played past times Ukang every bit it relates to positive effects inward criminal offense command Annang society. It is worthy to province that Ukang has faced some challenges in addition to resistance nether the influence of Christianity, western teaching in addition to modernity. Christianity has had a lot of influence on the usage of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang.
Although adherents of Christianity often undermined the authority, verdict in addition to powerfulness of Ukang in addition to depict it every bit pagan, savage, primitive, fetish in addition to heathen, the people soundless exercise it every bit their socio-religious musical instrument inward curbing crime. Offiong (1982) was correct inward his observations that some Christians inward Annang gild do disregard anything that has to do with Ukang.
Annang tribe women inward Baltimore
Western teaching in addition to modernity became a veritable social factor disrupting many aspects of traditional institutions inward Annang charged with the sole responsibleness of controlling criminal offense through Ukang. It also condemned traditional method of criminal offense command embedded inward Ukang in addition to recommended that modern legal/judicial establishment such every bit the court; police force etc. should live used inward criminal offense control. The existence of police force in addition to courts has weakened the powerfulness vested inward Ukang but the people soundless usage it every bit a quick stair out inward uncovering secrete criminal acts.
Also, western teaching in addition to modernity undermined the belief inward ancestors, divinities in addition to spirits which most effectively command the people’s style to commit crimes for the fearfulness of supernatural sanctions in addition to punishments. Furthermore, compared to their comport on inward pre-modern Annang, much of the society’s sacred traditional institutions in addition to philosophy remove hold alter every bit a resultant of the encounter with Western cultural in addition to Christian values. Yet, a lot inward these traditional institutions in addition to philosophy remove hold continued to influence the life style in addition to world views of contemporary Annang people. Therefore, inward the quest for socio-cultural in addition to economical development, feasible conducive society, the Annang people could select wages of, in addition to exploit
the positive values soundless contained inward her traditional institutions in addition to philosophy, especially Ukang (Walter 2005).
Finally, Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang gild tin can live freed from subjectivity past times demystifying it in addition to making the processes of direction transparent in addition to understood past times all. If it is properly harnessed in addition to revitalized, it tin can live incorporated into the modern methods of criminal offense command could get upwardly the people’s feel of moral responsibility.
Source:http://www.bjournal.co.uk/paper/bjass_3_1/bjass_03_01_11.pdf
Annang ruler who dared to win
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 volume of 336 pages, He Dared past times Offonmbuk C. Akpabio, tells the rattling compelling story of Okuku Udo Akpabio, the keen colonial ruler of the Annang people of Nigeria inward what is at nowadays known every bit Akwa Ibom State. It is plumbing equipment that the province is currently governed past times a keen grandson of the selfsame Okuku Udo Akpabio inward the shape in addition to size of the resourceful Governor Godswill Akpabio.
The writer of He Dared Offonmbuk C. Akpabio, every bit the cry goes, is of the Akpabio home, an Abuja-based legal practitioner who also devotes her fourth dimension to several charities in addition to non-profit organisations. According to the distinguished literary journalist Dili Ezughah, “Offonmbuk Akpabio has told the enthralling story of non only a human but that of his people inward a fourth dimension of transitions. He Dared captures the strength of Okuku Udo Akpabio in addition to his fourth dimension – He is a strength driven past times integrity, justice, honour, in addition to derring-do.” With this form of high recommendation it is fiddling wonder that He Dared is a reader’s delight.
He Dared is the life history of a human who tin can live likened to a strength of nature, a leader who touched so many lives inward all kinds of profound ways. He knew no boundaries every bit he welded together his subjects into a formidable organisation of determined men in addition to women who believed implicitly inward his headship. Okuku Udo Akpabio reigned inward the belatedly 19th century in addition to all through the colonial era every bit the patriarch of the Great Akpabio family, arguably the largest in addition to most influential theatre unit of measurement stock inward South-South Nigeria. This remarkable human married 29 wives. Incidentally many of the wives were personally chosen for the keen human past times Udo Akpabio’s foremost married adult woman Nne Eyen Mboho. “Through these twenty-nine wives, Udo Akpabio begat a large theatre unit of measurement whose offspring would later shape nearly the entirety of Ukana Ikot Ntuen hamlet inward at nowadays Essien Udim Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State,” writes Offonmbuk C. Akpabio.
The dim circumstances of his early on life could non deter Okuku Udo Akpabio from the ambitious life of turning unopen to the fortunes of his people for the good. He attained the highest traditional stool of the Annang people. He served every bit a veritable twain betwixt the British in addition to the indigenous people. He adroitly steered the affairs of his honey people past times striking a fragile residue betwixt age-long traditions in addition to Westernisation. He led his people with keen poise into modernity.
In the words of Offonmbuk C Akpabio, “Okuku Udo Akpabio was also known to remove hold handled rattling highly combustible cultural issues with keen wisdom in addition to tact. Through his leadership, the course of study of history inward the community was re-written, putting an destination to the killing of twins in addition to their mothers, burying live of slaves for whatever reasons, in addition to other practices of human sacrifice. He used his oratorical skills effectively inward world discourse in addition to ceremonies, lacing his speeches with proverbs, innuendoes, hyperboles, ironies, metaphors, paradoxes, personifications, etc., applied selectively in addition to opportunistically to select his betoken home. He was a master copy at this in addition to celebrated past times his friends in addition to associates who fondly called him ‘Udo Akpabio Ayie Ntand Isong’, pregnant ‘Udo Akapbio the Owner of the Soil of the Earth’.”
He did non remove hold the do goodness of Western teaching but ensured that his children had the best teaching available then. Named Essien, connoting “Essien Ubong” which translates to ”he chop-chop made his chemical compound of glory”, Okuku Udo Akpabio excelled every bit a businessman. It was non his forte to bring together inward the slave merchandise of the fourth dimension beingness dominated past times the Aro Igbos of the Ajalli, Arondizuogu, in addition to Bende kingdoms.
Around 1903, the white colonialists arrived in addition to thereafter Okuku Udo Akpabio was elected past times the people of Ukan Ikot Ntuen every bit their representative at the British Administration Office at Ikot Ekpene, thus becoming a “Chief past times Government Warrant”. Furthermore, so the “Administration elected Udo Akpabio every bit the foremost president of the court, Obong Esop, inward Ikot Ekpene – a spot he held until his retirement from the administration.” He was the president of the Native Court. It was inward 1918 that Okuku Udo Akpabio was initiated into the esteemed Abie Owo Society. Okuku Udo Akpabio was the foremost paramount ruler of the district.
He Dared past times Offonmbuk C Akpabio is recommended reading for all who wishing to know how keen African kingdoms grew into prominence. This is a priceless volume for all libraries. It is a compendium of enduring in addition to endearing facts. The past times has been brought forrard into the nowadays tense with a panache that brings keen charm to comport on a past times world. Offonmbuk C Akpabio has done a world of goodness to our history through her volume He Dared.(http://thenationonlineng.net/new/arts/life-midweek-magazine/annang-ruler-who-dared-to-win/)
Annang people of Akwa Ibom State
The Annang or Anaang is a cultural in addition to semi-Bantu speaking ethnic grouping that lives inward the Coastal Southeast Nigeria (also known every bit Southeastern Nigeria or old Southeastern State of Nigeria). The Annang people are the 2nd largest ethnic grouping inward Akwa Ibom State of Southeast Nigeria (Akwa Ibom State Local Government Areas), occupying 8 out of the xxx 1 Local Government Areas inward Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria viz: Ikot Ekpene, Obot Akara, Essien Udim, Abak, Etim Ekpo, Oruk Anam, Ika in addition to Ukanafun. Persons of Annang ethnic grouping telephone yell upwardly themselves "Owo" or (agwo Annang). The Annangs are known for the efficacy of their traditional spiritual powers (charms), prowess inward trading, in addition to their renown art. This extends to mural paintings, raffia, masks, cement sculptures, markets, ceremonies in addition to exceptional food.
Annang Maidien Carrying Basket of Yam (Iso Edia) at The Annang New Yam/Cultural Festival
They were formerly located inward the old Abak in addition to Ikot Ekpene Divisions of the Annang Province, inward the old Eastern Region of Nigeria. They remove hold a mutual boundary with the Sudanic Igbo. They had to struggle many wars against the Ngwa Igbo inward monastic say to save their territorial integrity in addition to their farmlands (Udo 1983). Being ever confronted with inter-tribal wars, the Annang people so non having access to sophisticated weapons ever resorted to the reliance on spiritual powers to conquer their enemies. Reliance on spiritual beings for assist has acquire a way of life amid the people. In their worldview, humans must ever resorts to ‘higher’ spiritual beings for assistance.
Annang people dancing at a festival
Geography in addition to Location
The Annang territory lies betwixt latitude 4.25 in addition to 7 due north in addition to longitude 7.15 in addition to 9.30 due east (Enang 1979). The landscape is to a greater extent than often than non apartment in addition to low-lying with no betoken rising to 300 feet to a higher identify sea level. There are 2 main seasons: the moisture in addition to rainy flavour which starts from Apr to Oct in addition to the dry out flavour from Nov to March. The typical rainfall designing is bi-modal with a 2 calendar week spell or suspension inward August commonly referred to every bit “August Break”.
The harsh harmattan air current occurs betwixt Dec in addition to January. The surface area is to a greater extent than often than non humid. Vegetationally, the surface area lies inside the rich woods zone which aids the increment of palm-wines trees, palm trees in addition to huge lofty tropical vegetation (Ekong 1983). The huge lofty tropical trees are believed to live a soothing in addition to natural habitat for witches. Curiously bent trees in addition to rivers are often seen every bit coven for witches in addition to other spiritual beings.
Usaka Annang inward Obot Akara
Map of Annang people of Nigeria
Language
They beak Annang linguistic communication which belongs to Niger-Congo ethnolinguistic group. It is spoken past times over 1.3 1 one m thousand Nigerians. It has diverse dialects such every bit Abak, Ikot Ekpene, Ika, Ukanafun, Etim Ekpo, Obot Akara etc.
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Below is how agwo (human being) is categorized inward Annang:
Agwodeen = virile mortal person (man);
Agwo nwaan= woman mortal person (woman);
Ideen= men;
Ibaan= women;
Ajen= child;
Nsek Ajen= babe or infant;
Ntok Ajen= children;
Ikpo Agwo= Elders;
Imo Agwo= Rich, wealthy person;
Ugwuene= Poor person;
Utu= wretched person;
Afoon agwo= ordinary person;
Eti agwo= goodness person;
Idiok agwo= bad person;
Agwo Ilien= Real person;
Agwodeen Itiaba=Complete/perfect man
Agwoodeen itiaba refers to the human who has attained the plenitude of his manhood.
Itiaba is the Annang bespeak seven. And the number 7 is a symbol of completeness or perfection inward Annang idea in addition to tradition.
Annang people of Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
It is the Annang belief that the universe had its orgin from a divine supreme beingness who was self-begotten, Awasi-Ibom. He created Anyong (the sky) in addition to Isong (the earth) in addition to Inyang-Ibom (ocean). Both Anyong(sky) in addition to Isong (earth) existed inward the heavens patch H2O was below. Tradition has it that Anyong (sky) in addition to Isong (earth) were joined together.
Ati Annang people inward Abuja
Awasi-Ibom sent 1 of his creatures whose cry is non mentioned to separate Anyong from Isong. This creature had a human shape but every bit a giant: almost 7 times the size of a normal human beingness that nosotros know of today. The giant came with a tool in addition to separated Anyong from Isong. And since that time, Anyong (sky) in addition to Isong (earth) remove hold been at constant enmity. Whenever Anyong (sky) covers Isong (earth) nosotros remove hold solar daytime in addition to whenever Isong (earth) covers Anyong (sky) nosotros remove hold night. Awasi-Ibom ordered Anyong in addition to its children (the heavenly bodies: sun, moon, stars, etc) to displace upward patch footing was ordered to more
downward. While moving downward, footing (Isong) brutal into massive water, the bounding main (Akpa Ibom, the Annang bespeak the Atlantic Ocean). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 department of it was submerged inward the H2O in addition to the portion that floated became the dry out land. The giant went to bathe inward the H2O after he had completed his work. He got drowned in addition to died inward the water. The particles of the decayed trunk of the giant, tradition holds, gave nascency to the living animals in addition to plants inward both solid ground in addition to water. His teeth which were washed ashore germinated into many plants, shrubs in addition to grasses. His bones became the rocks; his breath became the air in addition to the wind. The insects which stuck to the decaying caput (after having been washed ashore) grew upwardly to acquire the solid ground animals.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 for certain creature “Ukpong-ajen” (wall gecko), which literally agency “ soul of the child”, was seen licking the dust of the remains ( head) of the dead giant. Awasi-Ibom instructed Awasi-Isong to create a pot from a mixture of sand in addition to H2O in addition to spot Ukpon-ajen (wall gecko) inward in that location for 8 days. Awasi-Ibom so sent “akuwe” (chameleon) to spy in addition to monitor if AwasiIsong had carried out the orders, without allowing anyone to reckon him. Akuwe (chameleon), unseen past times Awasi-Isong, inspected the piece of work of Awasi-Isong in addition to reported to Awasi-Ibom that the chore had been done. On the 8 day, Awasi-Ibom came in addition to spat into the pot, in addition to inward the companionship of Awasi-Isong, broke the pot open. Suddenly, 2 hitherto unknown beings (male in addition to female) emerged from the pot. Awasi-Isong asked the virile mortal beingness with a thunderous vocalisation “ade anyie?” (who are you?), to which he answered with a little vocalisation “nde agwo” ( I am a human being). Awasi-Ibom thundered” Agwo, du uwem” (human beingness maintain on living!).
History/Origin
Oral tradition: The Annangs remove hold a rich oral tradition. It is believed that the grouping remove hold their origins inward Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to settled inward Republic of Ghana before arriving inward the nowadays area. The cry Annang inward Twi inward Republic of Ghana agency 4th son. It is believed that Annangs started their migration from Arab Republic of Egypt unopen to 7500 BC. The Abiakpo came to the northern arrive at of Annang from Eka Abiakpo. They were chop-chop followed past times the Ukana clan, the Utu, Ekpu, Ebom in addition to Nyama (The British would lumped these together in addition to gave the cry Otoro), in addition to other Annang clans.
Annang people from Obot Akara
Oral tradition has it that the Annang in addition to the entire people of akwa Ibom in addition to Cross River States of Nigeria (Akwa Cross people) remove hold occupied their solid ground inward the coastal Southeastern Nigeria thousands of years before the nascency of Christ.
Annang people of Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
The same oral tradition has it that their ancestors were Israelites (Jews) of the Northern Kingdom who left State of Israel to Arab Republic of Egypt before the Babylonian captivity in addition to that the ancestors of the Annangs in addition to other people of Akwa Ibom in addition to Cross River States (the Efik, the Ibibio, etc.) of Nigeria were the products of marriages of the people of State of Israel in addition to Egyptians who migrated from Arab Republic of Egypt to their coastal southeastern solid ground inward Nigeria via Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in addition to Sudan.
The grouping is related to the Efiks in addition to the Ibibios. It is believed that they all originated inward ancient Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to through diverse wars in addition to conquests were pushed S into the Sahara Desert. They moved across the desert in addition to some settled inward the upper West African part almost 7500 BC. Remnants of their linguistic communication according to Waddell tin can live found amid the Egyptians. (Waddell, 1893) Another evidence of their Egyptian beginning is found inward the burial customs in addition to veneration of the dead. Migration brought the groups to live amid the Twi of Republic of Ghana where the cry Annang agency 4th son. From Ghana, the grouping moved eastward into nowadays solar daytime Cameroon. It was inward the Republic of Cameroon highlands that the grouping broke off but later arrived at same territory inward the Coastal Southeastern Nigeria . It is believed that upon their arrival at the virgin coastal southeastern Nigeria the groups took an oath of solidarity to live together in addition to bonded to struggle whatever was seen every bit a mutual enemy. Lineages were recognized in addition to the groups organized themselves into clans based on old theatre unit of measurement origins known every bit Iman, a similar construction extends into the solid ground of their northern neighbors, the Igbo. (Ette, 2008)
Annang women inward USA
Written source: Very fiddling was written inward the European papers almost the Annang people before the middle of the nineteenth century. Early European traders who arrived inward the cross river territories referred to groups who lived exterior of the coastal areas every bit residents of Egbo-Sharry Country.(Derived from the derogatory cry of Ekpo Iseri used past times the Efiks for those who were pitiful but proud. (Ette, 2007). Rumors of cannibalism in addition to fearfulness tactics were used every bit tools past times the Efiks to maintain the European traders away from trading straight with groups exterior the coast. This tactic worked, for it prevented the traders from going exterior of the Calabar middle men until the Christian missionaries arrived inward the middle of the nineteenth century Ette, 2001). The foremost written refer of the Annangs is inward Wilhelm Koelle's concern human relationship of liberated slaves inward Sierra Leone(Koelle, 1854). He mentioned a liberated slave named Ebengo who hailed from Nkwot inward Abak. Ebengo was captured in addition to sold to the Portuguese but was later freed past times a British warship in addition to later settled inward Waterloo, Sierra Leone. The British soldiers listed the languages spoken past times the slaves inward that captured ship every bit "Annang" (Koelle, 1854). The 2nd refer is inward the description of what is known every bit the Ikot Udo Obong Wars. The British described the killings of the Annangs past times King Jaja of Opobo every bit a penalty for the Annangs defying his orders in addition to trading inward palm crude straight with the British merchants instead of going through him every bit a middle man. In the state of war that ensued, the British intervened in addition to with the assist of the Annangs, they captured (King Jaja) in addition to exiled him to the West Indies. The British established a armed forces postal service at Ikot Ekpene inward 1904 in addition to so inward Abak.
Annang masquerade
Following British colonialism in addition to with changes in addition to ban inward ancient hunting practices, the Annang witnessed attacks past times wild animals. As the men went to struggle inward World War II these attacks intensified. The British authorities called the attacks murder in addition to blamed it on "the barbarism of the Africans". The indigenes were defendant of belonging to a hole-and-corner gild called Ekpeowo (The Human Leopards Society). It has been argued that killings borne out of insurgency against the British elsewhere inward Africa led to the branding of leopard attacks every bit murders past times the British authorities amid the Annang. Between 1945 in addition to 1948 almost 196 people were killed inward Ikot Okoro community inward the nowadays solar daytime Oruk Anam LGA. It is pertinent to banking company bill that the Ikot Okoro Police station was laid upwardly because of this reason. The British convicted 96 people in addition to executed 77 innocent people (Pratten, 2007). The Annang faith called Idiong was banned in addition to the priests arrested. Articles in addition to worship materials were publicly burnt in addition to those who did non bring together Christianity automatically became suspects (Ette, 2007).
The Annangs remove hold a history in addition to reputation for their fearlessness in addition to the powerfulness of villages in addition to clans to bind together to struggle a mutual enemy. This is mayhap why they were able to thrive living so unopen to the Aro Confederacy's center, Arochukwu with its famed Ibini Ukpabi oracle. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 item interesting state of war grouping was the famous Oko- warriors. This state of war grouping was highly functional inward the 1950s. The American anthropologist (messenger 1951:41) called them the "warrior Cult". These warriors were considered invulnerable to penetration of knives, spears in addition to arrows. In diverse instances precipitous machetes were tested on the trunk parts of members.
The Annangs suffered genocide inward the Nigerian Civil War. The state of war lasted for iii years (1967–1970) in addition to the Annang lost a important number of its people. The effect of the state of war in addition to the resulting neglect of the Annang is at nowadays a serious political number in addition to a source of unrest inward the area. The Annangs remove hold been overlooked inward the electrical flow province construction inward the Nigerian scheme through which the country's crude wealth is shared. Repeated demands for the creation of a province for the Annang surface area remove hold been ignored past times the Nigerian authorities, patch other areas that do non make crude remove hold been made states in addition to thence laid upwardly every bit a unit of measurement to have the crude money. Like other minority groups inward the volatile Niger Delta inward Nigeria, history in addition to civilization are taking a dorsum spot to issues of politics in addition to justice but the Annangs maintain to struggle for their rights.
Chief Dr Godswill Akpabio, Annang native in addition to Governor of Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
Economy
Annang territory is non industrialized; the people are basically subsistence farmers, traders, arts and crafts men or civil servants. The economic scheme is non strong plenty to sustain the people. Sometimes immature people are often given out to to a greater extent than comfortable people for menial works inward the cities.
Annang Tribe Maidens Carrying Basket of Yam (Iso Edia) at The Annang New Yam/Cultural Festival
The farm activities are a prestigious pursuit for both men in addition to women. After the farm plots remove hold been cleared past times men for women, planting in addition to attention of crops devolve solely upon the shoulders of women. The only exception hither is yam-care, which is a privileged responsibleness of men. While the Abak zone is notable for its crude palm products, raffia goods are a profitable source of income for a goodness number of people inward the Ikot Ekpene zone, the Raffia city. Much of these goods are mostly exhibited at the Obo market, the most key marketplace for the whole of Annang.
Religious belief
The traditional faith of the people is based on the belief inward the existence of a Supreme Being called Abasi Ibom (Abasi Enyong) whom they believe lives beyond the clouds, and myriads of divinities in addition to spiritual beings (Abasi Isong) that assist Abasi Ibom to bargain with human problems of moral, social, economic, political in addition to psychological nature (Udo E.A. 1983/Esen 1988). “Ibom” agency the whole limitless universe. Here accordingly, he is the lord of the whole boundless universe in addition to everything inside it. Due to his boundlessness, in that location is no temple nor shrine for him, since that cannot accommodate him (Enang, 1979:5). Awasi-Ibom is ubiquitous, and, in addition to because of this, no item temple, identify or shrine tin can accommodate him. He, therefore, needs no temple nor shrine since he tin can neither live localized nor spatialized. He transcends infinite in addition to fourth dimension continuum. The temple is, therefore, non-existent inward the Annang religion. As the Awasi-Ibom is unlimited, so are his powers.However, Abasi Ibom is a withdrawn God, the so-called ‘deus-otiosus’ in addition to hence assistance from other divinities in addition to ancestral beings. Awasi Ibom or Abot is the creator, the creator of the divinities, humans, animals, plants in addition to other existents inward the world. Awasi Ibom comes foremost inward the hierarchy of existence.
Annang initiated "Ekpo" human with Ekpo masqueraders
According to their monastic say of importance, ‘Awasi Anyong’ (god of the sky) in addition to ‘Awasi Isong’ (god of the earth) are nearer to Awasi Ibom than other deities. When libations are poured at world functions inward Annang land, invocations are made to ‘Awasi Anyong’ in addition to ‘Awasi Isong’. Awasi Anyong takes accuse of the affairs of the ethereal part patch Awasi Isong is concerned with the happenings on earth.
The exact number of these divinities is unknown. Messenger gives an estimated number of these divinities every bit beingness over xxx (Messenger 1959). Enang (1979) leaves the number at xx iii noting that their exact number cannot live know every bit individuals in addition to villages or clans tin can in addition to do easily welcome in addition to select whatever ‘new god’ from anywhere if the community believes the ‘god’ is powerful. This is to live expected inward a polytheistic
faith of this nature. Of all the divinities, 1 most dreaded amid the people- "Ekpo ka Owo"- whose duty is to cheque in addition to punish infidelity inward the union institution.
At the caput of all the deities are “Eka Awasi (mother goddess) in addition to “Eka nnem” (mother of the deities). These 2 are believed to exert command over lesser deities.
Tabular organisation to demo the names of the deities, their abodes in addition to functions.
Name Approximation English Equivalent Abode Function
Awasi Anyong Sky god The Sky In accuse of the ethereal region
Awasi Isong Earth god The footing In accuse of the earth
Eka Awasi Earth goddess The footing Responsible for woman mortal fertility
Eka nnem Head of divinity The footing Protection of other deities
Nnem usung god of the route Road corners Protection of the roads
Ekpenyong god of the wood The wood Protecting the woods
Ikpa isong god of the hamlet Village squares Protection of the villages
Nnem utin god of the Sun The Sun Responsible for Sun light
Nnem idung god of the dwelling Compound entrance Protection of the home
Mmiam deities of truth Compound entrance Responsible for truth in addition to justice
Idio inwang goddess of farm The farm Responsible for goodness harvest
Nnem iman god of the clan Clan headquarters Protection of the clan
Nnem akai god of the woods The woods Protection of the forest
Abot god of fertility Road corners Responsible for reproduction
Nnem mmong goddess of H2O Seas,rivers,streams,spring In accuse of H2O bodies
Mbama god of foremost harvest Village foursquare Responsible for foremost harvest
Esien emana reincarnation deity The woods In accuse of reincarnation
Nnem erim god of the pelting The atmosphere In accuse of rain
(cf. Enang, Salvation inward a Nigerian Background, 1979).
The gods remove hold unlike role spot at their charge. Those with religious obligations are inward accuse of the religious activities of the clan, village, or home. Their ministers are the religious practitioners who create offerings on behalf of the people. They transmit the prayers in addition to intentions of the people to the gods. Some of the gods fulfil social roles past times fostering reproduction, health, long life in addition to protection of the families. In the economical sphere, it is believed that the diverse ‘nnem’ assist inward successful increment of crops on the land in addition to goodness harvest. Those with political portfolio assist inward the proper surgical operation of the village, clan or town. They assist the villages at state of war in addition to back upwardly the chiefs inward their political roles.
Although, people, for convenience inward sacrifice, locate the divinities at special abodes, their homes are porous through in addition to through, so that the divinities could live said to live everywhere. They are personal every bit good every bit non-personal. Therefore, despite their invisibility, they are most oftentimes approached inward personal in addition to social needs.
Annang tribe man
There is a strong belief inward patrilineage ancestors (the living-dead) inward life after decease in addition to inward reincarnation. The dead are believed to maintain inward some form of existence inward the underworld invisible to the humans. The Ancestors (Mme Ette-Ette) acts every bit the spiritual custodians of the theatre unit of measurement in addition to must live placated periodically to ensure their protection. The ancestors part both inward the goodness in addition to bad inward the life of the social units (Ennang, 1979:26). Invisibly operating, too, is a strength called “odudu”, which the Annangs believe to pervade nature. It is non identifiable, has no permanent abode in addition to can, therefore, live conveyed inward everything in addition to sent to whatever identify to do either goodness or harm. It is impersonal, non-physical, in addition to is diffused every bit the melannesian force, called “mana” (Codrington, 1891:118). Workers of evil magic are believed to possess the powerfulness to usage “odudu” inward bringing almost the devastation or decease of man, patch goodness magic workers are believed to invoke “odudu” for the do goodness of those who approach them. As presently every bit “odudu” finds itself invoked into application, it assumes the dimension of a personal force.
Annang tribe woman
The belief inward witchcraft is rattling prominent inward the traditional faith of the Annang people. Witches in addition to sorcerers remove hold powers that come upwardly from their aberrant personalities; they perform antisocial magic. In their
work, witches employ the assistance of animals or humanoids every bit servants or messengers. Although in
most Annang communities, some witches are believed to live males, most are believed to live females. They
run into unopen to fires to promote their interests in addition to consume the revived trunk of someone they remove hold destroyed by
supernatural powers. This phenomenon, which is of course of study past times far non only found only inward Annangland, can
inward the African context live related to the African life in addition to worldview according to which the totality of reality
consists of the interaction of forces in addition to powers.
When in that location are crises inward life or misfortune befall an Annang person, for instance, if a fellow member of the theatre unit of measurement takes sick suddenly, or dies, if a adult woman suffers miscarriage, if an accident occurred, theft, the mortal at 1 time begins to wonder what powerfulness live responsible for the mishap. At 1 time the mortal begins to recollect of the gods, the spirits, witches, enemies, dead ancestors who powerfulness remove hold been responsible for the item misfortune. The religious ‘expert’: priests, diviners, soothsayers, rainmakers, witch-doctors, mediums, sorcerers in addition to medicine men in addition to women are rattling of import figures inward the lives of the people because they are expected to give explanations inward all areas of human life: spiritual, social, economic, political etc. The spirits are to live placated to ensure peace. Witches are believed to live everywhere in addition to the religious leaders must live engaged to eradicate them. The spiritualists in addition to religious experts are believed to remove hold the antidote to ensure a hitch-free human existence.
The Annang people were foremost introduced into Christianity past times the English linguistic communication Methodist Missionaries inward 1919 (Enang 1979). Gradually many other Christian missions followed. Today in that location are rattling many varieties
of Christian denominations inward the surface area that taking a census of them volition non only live difficulty but almost
impossible every bit novel forms of churches maintain coming upwardly everywhere. The surface area is often referred to every bit having the
Churches every bit the main industry.
Beautiful Annang tribe woman, Pat Akpabio,Nigerian top gospel artist
Annang Taboos (Ibed)
.Taboos were associated with rituals in addition to were thus held inward absolute sacredness in addition to sanctity. Contraventions brought undesirable fabric consequences to the offender in addition to the community. Rituals were often performed to expiate in addition to propitiate the evil committed. Some days were laid aside in addition to held to live sacred. For example, No adult woman was expected to fetch from the community flow on Ared marketplace solar daytime (Usen Urua Ared). No 1 was expected to outrage his grandchild or grandchildren (Ajejen or Nto Ajejen), his or her grandparents (Etebom and/or Ekam), his inlaws (Ukod). Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 adult woman is prohibited from having sexual intercourse with some other human other than her husband. Contravention of this injunction attracts the dead of the husband, who is believed to live killed past times the married adult woman through the evil minstrels of eros called Ekpo Nka Agwo. This is non a full general rule, every bit this dominion operates contrariwise inward some Annang communities. Be it every bit it may, this law appears to live an unjust law every bit the penalty for the offence does non devolve on the offender, but on another
person. This contradicts the Annang belief inward retribution in addition to the belief that “the ashes follow its thrower” (Aduok ntong ke nton akene)
The next are some of Iman Annangs in addition to their nutrient taboos. Eka Abiakpo clans do non consume turtle. The Afaha people forbade its members from eating the (Nserise) squirrel. They identified with the quickness in addition to news of the animal. Other examples of clan groups in addition to their nutrient taboo are: Ukana python (Asabo); (Ibom); Ekpenyong (albino Python); Ikpe Uruk- Ikot (snake); Utu, Ebom, Midim (birds); Nto Osung (African dark bird). Other Annang clans chose vegetables every bit their nutrient taboo. Thus Ika has sugariness yam (anem) every bit taboo, in addition to Nto Edino has the river reed (Nyama). The nutrient taboo was so of import to the Annang that it was used every bit a distinguishing feature to locate the beginning of an private in addition to to separate 1 Iman from another. Children learnt every bit portion of the socialization physical care for that a item Iman are people living inward a item geographical surface area with a given nutrient taboo. Ekanem (2002) reported that those from Midim preferred to starve rather than violate their nutrient taboo during the Nigerian civil state of war that lasted from 1967 to 1970.
Annang tribe people,Akwa Ibom State
Socio-political structure
The Annang gild is structured unopen to a patrilineal (patriarchal) system of descent with significant
matrifocal element. Individuals locate their identify inward the social world from the Idip, literally translated as, womb. Thus a brother/sister from the same Idip agency that they tin can draw their beginning to the same woman bring upwardly or father. The household consists of a human every bit the caput of the family, his married adult woman (wives) in addition to children all owing allegiance to the household head. Since polygamy is practised inward the society, all household that acknowledge a mutual unbroken agnate line of descent constitute a lineage known every bit Ekpuk (singular: Ufok), which (literally a theatre or compound). Groups of Ekpuk which tin can draw their beginning to some extent to mutual ancestors shape "Idung," a village. Villages are governed past times hamlet heads in addition to council. Groups of villages shape "Abie,"a clan (Essien 2010).
Annang tribal elders
Leadership at the family, lineage, village, or clan grade remains the prerogative of the men, in addition to lineage ties extends to women fifty-fifty after marriage. There are many societies in addition to associations (Urim) for men in addition to women which are rattling of import inward traditional hamlet life. Individuals are measured past times both the number in addition to types of memberships inward Urim in addition to past times the achievements of 1 or to a greater extent than Urims. Governance is done past times elderly males who human activity every bit the legislative arm called Afe Isong, directed past times the Obong or Abong Ichong (Village Chief in addition to Clan Chief) who is the caput in addition to the main executive but without the authorisation beyond what the Afe Ichong gives. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 main tin can live appointed past times the Afe or tin can live an inherited office. The strength of whatever individual, theatre unit of measurement (or grouping for that matter) is typically based upon a consensus of the hamlet or clan through this complex social system. In all this, Annang women are non completely subordinate to men.
Instead Annang women are partners in addition to leaders inward many aspects of Annang tradition, including serving every bit woman mortal main priests "Abia Idiong" inward the Idiong cult or every bit healers inward the healing cults. The first-born woman mortal known every bit Adiaha is of import in addition to commands honor inward the theatre unit of measurement in addition to lineage. Some traditions remove hold that a woman's foremost nascency should select identify inward her mothers compound. Women organizations such every bit "abi-de" in addition to "Nyaama", in addition to "Isong Iban" play of import roles inward giving the women vocalisation in addition to condition inward society. There are no traditional or cultural barriers that forestall women from attaining high offices or positions. Indeed, traditionally Annang women remove hold a keen bargain of economical independence from men. The gild was semi-matriachal before colonialism. Children bore the names of their mothers in addition to such mutual names every bit Essien, Essiet, Ukpong in addition to Umo were woman mortal names in addition to became androgenized when the missionaries saw matriacrchy every bit anti-Christian .(Ette,2009). Annangs value the powerfulness to beak good in addition to oratory powerfulness using proverbs is highly desirable, especially amid the leaders. The American anthropologist, Peter Farb, stated that the cry "Annang" amid this grouping agency 'they who beak well' An private who has the gift of eloquent vocalisation communication is often complimented every bit Akwo Annang pregnant the vocalizer of Annang.
Annang Tribe man Chief Emmanuel Essien Udo and his married adult woman wearing their traditional Annang dress
Socially, amid the Annang people, the family, communal spirit in addition to social ties are rattling strong. This communal mental attitude established amid the Annang a typical sort of friendliness in addition to trust to which this saying refers: ‘The Annang fifty-fifty telephone commutation drinking gourds inward a dark room’. This trust is strengthened past times the fearfulness of the gods in addition to the ancestral spirits who would non hesitate to punish those who seek the downfall of whatever of his or her immature human tribal adult woman or man. The theatre unit of measurement is the foremost natural society. Some families are polygamous in addition to some are monogamous.
In Annang gild ranks are non hereditary. This agency that a person’s spot is non determined past times ascription. Upward in addition to downward mobility be due to the flexible social stratification that exists amid the
people. Social groups are non arranged inward a fixed monastic say of superiority in addition to inferiority. Marriage is a very
of import establishment for the people. In the traditional society, everyone is expected to get married in addition to have
children. But social services are non spot inward identify to assist the families deal with the social issues that arise daily
Right of Inheritance in addition to Succession
The correct of inheritance of holding at the decease of a human devolves on his sons. Among others, the eldest boy (Akpan) benefits to a greater extent than than other sons. He inherits, past times traditional belief, the father’s buildings or houses, in addition to he is heir apparent to the throne if his virile mortal bring upwardly were a imperial head. In terms of his portions of land, these are usually divided amid the virile mortal children, starting fourth dimension from the eldest to the youngest. Women or woman mortal children do non relish this correct inward the Annang society
Annang people
Eru-unam-mkpo (Customs)
It involves the ways of doing things inward the society. These were the customs in addition to traditions obtainable inward the land. They were believed to remove hold originated from distant past times in addition to transmitted to the nowadays through the ancestors. Due to their beginning from the ancestors, they were observed with some feel of sacredness in addition to were mostly followed with rituals. Eru-unam-mkpo guided performance of events inward the society, such every bit nascency in addition to naming, decease in addition to burial, marriages, festivals, etc.
Annang tribe women`s group
Mbed (Laws)
Laws were specific rules in addition to regulations inward the Annang society. They also entailed prohibitions, amongst rules in addition to regulations. Some of these specific rules were: Land tenure, whereby lands were expected to live kept fallow for 7 years before they were ripe for farming; Village pathways had to live swept weekly, etc. Moreover, the hamlet council would identify intermittent injunctions restraining villagers from harvesting the palm fruits. This dominion (ugwuok ajop) was so made to permit the hamlet council to harvest the palm fruits, sell
them in addition to usage the coin for hamlet projects. After the hamlet council would remove hold completed its duty, the villagers were permitted 1 time to a greater extent than to harvest their fruits. The solar daytime this injunction was lifted, called ugwuoko ajop, villagers were permitted to harvest from whatever palm crude tree, live it their ain or not. After this day, championship of ownership of the palm crude trees went dorsum to their original owners.
Utom (Duties in addition to Obligations)
There were duties to the community, duty to one’s family, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, wives, husband, father, mother, elders, strangers, friends in addition to in-laws. Communal work, such as, sweeping of the hamlet pathways, edifice of the hamlet hall, etc, also brutal inside the purview of utom.
Annang tribe Maidens carrying handbasket of yam
Iro (Manners in addition to Etiquette)
It entailed manners in addition to etiquette which went beyond the self to how 1 comported himself or herself becomingly inward public. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was ever non expected to live foremost greeted past times an elderly person, but rather, he or she was expected to greet the elderberry first. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was expected to extend 2 hands patch having handshake with an elderly person. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was non expected to asking handshake from an elderly mortal past times beingness the foremost to extend his or her arms. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 youth was non expected to give response to whatever advice given past times an elderly person, for the Annang say “ese ekokop item, agwo isi iboroke” (meaning, “Advice is listened to, but non responded to”). Moreover, a youth was non expected to potable the drakes of palm vino inward the presence if his elders. Litigants inward disputes were expected to avoid unguarded remarks, every bit contraventions could incur special fines. Even though some unusual behaviours which contravened standards of goodness manners did non attract penalties, they were duly condemnable in addition to frowned at. Examples are, whenever a
recipient did non give thank y'all the donor; when a daughter climbed the tree; when a kid insolently responded to the parents’ rebuke, etc.
Annang tribe man
Ritual Rites
In traditional African societies in that location is a correct to associate freely with one’s ain kins inside an extended family, a correct to associate with people exterior the extended family, a correct also to inter-tribal association inward marriage. This correct is express inward for certain communities inward Igbo land. There is the exercise of a caste system, the “Osu”caste system. The Osu are believed to attend to for certain idols in addition to thus were seen in addition to treated every bit holy sect, in addition to due to their closeness in addition to consequent “sacredness”, they are non related with normally. These groups of people are treated every bit inferior to other human beings, in addition to every bit such in that location is no deliberate
intermarriage with them.
Members of Annang tribe Ekpo hole-and-corner cult
In traditional Annang society, only virile mortal initiates remove hold the correct to belong to the “Ekpo” masquerade cult. Those who remove hold non been initiated, some males in addition to all women are non altogether costless to displace almost inward the gild during the “Ekpo” masquerade festival. At the climax of this festival, called “Ndok Ekpo”, women are non costless at all to live seen exterior their homes. This is usually the lastly calendar week of the 10th calendar month of the year, October. This restricts their liberty of movement.
Dispute Settlement, Punishment, Justice in addition to Court System inward Annang
Whenever, his or rights were infringed, or whenever he or she had a case, the Annang mortal most often sought justice past times resorting to the lineage or hamlet council depending on the where the other litigant came from. If the parties came from the same lineage, the lineage (lineage) council would live the courtroom of jurisdiction; if the parties to the instance came from unlike lineages, the hamlet council would assume jurisdiction over the case. Furthermore, cases involving litigants from unlike villages were entertained past times the clan court, which was empanelled with the hamlet heads in addition to ordained traditional priests called “Akuku” (the plural version of Akuku) .
The courtroom hierarchy rose from the lower to the higher. This started from the theatre unit of measurement council, to the lineage council, to the village, in addition to to the clan council. Cases were ever referred to the higher courts if they were non decided at the lower courts, or every bit appeals past times the litigants if he or she was dissatisfied with the determination past times the lower courts. When criminality was hard to determine, resorts were made to the traditional truth
determinants, which were: Oath (Mmiam); Divination (Iyong); in addition to Ordeal (Ukang).
Mmiam (Oath)
Mmiam was the god of justice. Recourse to mmiam decided the instance in addition to settled the disputes, since in that location was strong feel of belief inward its efficacy, in addition to in that location was no appeal available. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 flow of fourth dimension was ever given for the effect of mmiam after it had been sworn to. The oath taker was expected to endure some affliction, mostly death, during this period. If he or she died or suffered the required affliction, he or she was deemed to remove hold been guilty, in addition to his or her illness would remove hold to live expiated per rituals. If neither illness nor decease visited him or her, he or she would live publicly declared innocent before the entire community.
Annang women
Iyong (Divination)
Iyong was the physical care for in addition to method of inquiring the volition of the gods past times the diviner (awia iyong). The awia iyong possessed proficient powers to invoke the spirits or the gods. He would milk tremble the rattle (ekpuud), create incantations, in addition to cast some objects (mostly bones, pebbles, nuts, teeth or fangs of some powerful animals similar cat, snake, dog, centipede, i.e., mbamba ) on the ground. Sometimes, he would gaze into some H2O inward a bottle or inward a white basin. It was believed that the gods or ancestral spirits communicated the truth through him.
The operative techniques in addition to physical care for of Iyong was closely associated in addition to similar to nkukud (oracle) in addition to use-mkpo (foretelling). While iyong every bit a agency of justice dealt with the present, it, however, delved into distant past times in addition to also looked inward to the future.
Ukang (Ordeals)
Ukang was primarily instituted to notice in addition to punish offenders. It, however, operated inside the realm of the magical in addition to the mysterious. It was supernatural with physical in addition to fabric effects. John Bosco Ekanem in addition to Joseph Udondata (2011) outlined the unlike types of ukang inward their piece of work . These are:
1. Ukang Ujo Aran (Ordeal of the boiling oil);
2. Ukang Ntuen-Ibok (Ordeal of the Alligator Pepper);
3. Ukang Akook Ukod (Ordeal of the Bamboo);
4. Ukang Ikpa Unam (Ordeal of the Leather);
5. Ukang Akpe Ajop (Ordeal of Oil Palm-Fruit Fibre);
6. Ukang Ndaam (Ordeal of the Raffia)
Annang Tribe Maidens Carrying Basket of Yam (Iso Edia) at The Annang New Yam/Cultural Festival
Source:http://jeteraps.scholarlinkresearch.org/articles/sociological%20implication%20of%20the%20world%20wide%20of%20the%20Anang%20people.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaang_people
http://www.bjournal.co.uk/paper/BJASS_13_2/BJASS_13_02_01.pdf
Ukang: The Rituals of Crime Detection in addition to Control in
Annang Social Justice System
Anthonia M. Essien, Ph.D
Department of Religious in addition to Cultural Studies,
Faculty of Arts, University of Uyo,
Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
eteyesma@yahoo.com
+234 (0)803-359-6961
The greatest musical instrument of criminal offense command inward the traditional Annang gild is Ukang (trial past times ordeal). Ukang is a traditional in addition to religious ritual used inward uncovering, revealing in addition to discovering hidden secrets in addition to exposing criminals such every bit thieves, murderers, sorcerers, adulterers in addition to other criminals. Ukang is widely used inward detecting crimes in addition to it is believed that miscarriage of justice rarely occurred. In recent times Ukang has been used every bit a agency of detecting crimes amid the Annang people. However, Iheriohamma (1997) is of the persuasion that it could live manipulated inward for certain circumstances to favour or disfavour the clients. It is against this background that this article tries to examine critically the usage of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense detection inward the traditional direction of justice inward Annang society.
There are many types of Ukang amid the Annang ethnic group. Ukang ufiop aran (ordeal of hot boiling oil), Ukang nsen unen (ordeal of egg), Ukang ikpa unam (ordeal of creature skin), Ukang uyet enyin (eye-washing ordeal), Ukang ntuen ibok (ordeal of the alligator pepper), Ukang Okok (bamboo ordeal), Ukang akpe eyop (ordeal of palm fruit fibers) in addition to Ukang ndam(ordeal of raffia). Ukang is a direct appeal to the spiritual beings to demo past times miracle where the correct lay. Ukang has religious sanction.
Ukang is an of import musical instrument of criminal offense command amid the Annang people to maintain to 1 order. This has been 1 shape of social justice in addition to criminal offense command inward the surface area from fourth dimension immemorial. The basic regulation hither is that if a mortal is guilty, evil volition befall him according to the words used inward administering the Ukang. There is no doubtfulness amid the people of Annang that the traditional establishment of Ukang has been an effective musical instrument of criminal offense control, restoring trust, fidelity, establishing the truth or falsehood of what people say especially on disputed issues in addition to doubtful circumstances (Ekong 2009).
Annang human from Abak
Ukang is 1 shape of traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang solid ground administered through the usage of metaphysical or mystical powers to discovery hidden secrets. Ukang is feared much inward Annang locality in addition to this fearfulness has contributed immensely to criminal offense control. Based on this statement, J. S. Mbiti supported the to a higher identify explanation when he observed that:
"The gods are the most reliable beings in addition to also the powers
that are capable of vindicating the only in addition to expose every bit good as
punish the wicked. As custodians of morality, justice and
sincerity, the ancestors, divinities in addition to other spiritual beings
are invited to witness whatever social understanding betwixt men
in addition to immature human man. The belief is that God or some other higher
beings greater than human volition punish the mortal who swears
falsely or suspension the stipulations of the oath, understanding or
contention (Mbiti 1969)."
Ukang plays important role inward the command of criminal offense inward Annang land. However, this observation was inward line with Antia’s standpoint which noted that:
"All those who committed the most serious crimes of
adultery, rape, elopement, stealing, abortion, the
profanation of the most sacred traditions, (the
eating of novel yams before the official celebration of the
New Year's Day festival) in addition to murder were given adequate
penalties. Unfortunately, all these crimes no thing how
carefully manipulated, must live revealed in addition to in that location was
no fourth dimension bound for their due penalties (Antia 2008)."
In addition, Ukang, prevents wicked acts amid the people because no thing how hole-and-corner a item criminal offense is, it must live discovered in addition to the defaulter or culprit would live brought to “book” or punished according to the laws of the land.
Annang traditional dancers from Akwa Ibom State
Furthermore, the fearfulness of Ukang is the driving strength inward the maintenance of a high grade of morality past times doing what is right, goodness in addition to moral in addition to avoiding what is evil, incorrect in addition to bad. People fearfulness beingness exposed through the instrumentality of Ukang. Ukang, therefore, is strong inward social control. Ukang is an effective traditional musical instrument used past times the people to discovery the truth of a matter, discovery hidden secrets in addition to to cast away doubtfulness with reference to the validity in addition to reliability of a contention or accusation inward whatever circumstances. However, according to Ekong (2009) because of the awe it creates inward the minds of the people, many people inward Annang solid ground remove hold shunned or avoided embarking on whatever criminal activity. It would appear that Ukang is
usually used every bit the lastly resort when other avenues of criminal offense detection remove hold failed to accomplish the desired resultant (Udo 1983).
According to Essien (2005), in that location are some other methods of occupation solving which adherents of Annang indigenous religions would accept. But pop amid these is the exercise of Ukang. It is an establishment which seeks to uncover hidden secrets in addition to notice defaulters inward the community. The Ukang specialists can“perform” some ordeals to unveil secrets or fish out culprits inward a community or resolve hard controversies inward a community. Consequently, in that location are many types of ordeals inward Annang solid ground which explains how the Annang people endeavour treatment social problems through esoteric knowledge. The Ukang ordeals are rattling mysterious, often total of dreadful processes that cannot live scientifically proven. Essien thence concludes
that Ukang in addition to many other ordeal methods inward Annang gild remove hold their root inward the people’s religious worldview. Although soundless practiced to this day, their beginning is lost inward history; hence, many people, educated in addition to uneducated, rural or urban dwellers, soundless patronize the ukang specialists during moments of confounding experiences.
Ekpo masquerade of Annang people
The Institution of Ukang amid the Annang People
All African societies including Annang gild concur on the basic notions of correct in addition to incorrect every bit portion of their traditional ethics. In these societies, in that location be laws that regulate behavior, ensure compliance in addition to obedience to authorities, wages in addition to penalty of people who commit 1 criminal offense or the other. But in that location are variations on what constitutes criminal offense inward whatever given human gild in addition to every bit such criminal offense could live said to live relative to a item society. Since criminal offense is an integral portion of human society, every gild aspires to select criminal offense nether command in addition to every bit a resultant so many methods remove hold been devised past times both traditional in addition to modern societies to checkmate crime. However, 1 way of controlling criminal offense inward Annang traditional gild is the usage of Ukang.
Ukang is an musical instrument of criminal offense detection in addition to command which unveils hole-and-corner crimes publicly, thus, compelling criminals to select their guilt or what they had before denied. Commenting on Ukang, Udo (1983) points out that:
"The Ibibio believed that a human could non tell lies in addition to get
away with crimes. According to them, an ordeal was a
direct appeal to the Supreme God (Abasi Ibom), gods and
ancestors to demo past times miracle, where the correct lay."
What Udo said almost the Ibibio concerning Ukang is similar to the province of affairs inward Annang land. However, amid Annang people, Ukang is concerned with deciding a person’s guilt or innocence inward a thing inward which the truth is hidden. The people consult Ukang to discovery the truth almost disputed issues where the truth cannot live easily ascertain.
In the exercise of the establishment of Ukang inward Annang land, if a mortal or a grouping of persons defendant of an unjust or wicked human activity or criminal offense denied the charge, in addition to in that location was some doubtfulness almost the validity of the accusation, the defendant would soundless live summoned to appear before Annang traditional courtroom or council inward the village. The defendant mortal or grouping of persons would live asked to testify his or their innocence past times undergoing an ordeal of Ukang. The performance of Ukang inward Annang solid ground usually creates periods of panic, anxiety in addition to suspense for both the defendant in addition to the curious, suspecting in addition to desperate community. Thus, the anxiety is greater for both the community in addition to the accused. However, the resultant of the Ukang takes immediate effect before the rattling eyes of the community who are watching curiously to know the determination of the Ukang. Among the Annang people Ukang is administered on an defendant mortal or persons when other instruments of criminal offense detection remove hold failed in addition to Ukang becomes the lastly resort. Anyone found guilty through Ukang is made to human face world scorn, ridicule, disgrace in addition to stigmatization inward improver to facing the official penalty prescribed past times the Ukang administrator or priest (Ukong 2006).
Ikot Ekpene plaza,Akwa Ibom local Government Area,Nigeria
The Different Methods of Administering Ukang amid the Annang People
On the direction of Ukang which consists of diverse types depending on the 1 preferred past times the community, the Ukang administrator says a special prayer, invoking the powers of the gods of justice, truth in addition to morality inward Annang land. Among the things he says inward the prayer in addition to invocation is that the gods in addition to spirits thus invoked should testify before the waiting in addition to anxious community the innocence or guilt of the defendant almost to live tried. The Ukang administrator so ends the prayer in addition to invocation past times pouring the traditional libation in addition to proceeding to the direction of the desired type of Ukang. The several types of Ukang that be every bit an musical instrument traditionally employed to command criminal offense inward Annang gild are every bit follows:
Ukang ufiop Aran (Ordeal of hot boiling Oil)
The defendant mortal is brought out to stand upwardly before the curious in addition to anxious community (Richard 1994). According to F.M. Mbon, the defendant is asked to repeat this prayer:
"If I am guilty of this thing I am beingness defendant of; if I have
told a prevarication to this noble community; allow this boiling oil
dismiss my hand. But if I am non guilty, in addition to if I remove hold told the
truth, may cipher come about to my paw (Mbon 1994)"
After the prayer, the defendant dips his correct paw into the pot of boiling oil. If he had told the truth in addition to was non guilty, really cipher would come about to his hand. But if he had lied to the community, every inch of the portion of his paw that touched the boiling crude is burnt in addition to he volition send the scar for the ease of his life every bit a sign of beingness guilty of a crime. Meanwhile, inside few weeks, the mortal thus “caught” in addition to exposed past times the Ukang becomes pale, in addition to parts of his trunk (usually the legs, tummy in addition to face) acquire swollen. Invariably, the mortal dies shortly thereafter. It thence agency that inward Annang society, Ukang has a religious sanction in addition to is soundless effective every bit a agency of securing justice every bit good every bit a deterrent against criminal tendencies in addition to fake accusation fifty-fifty inward this contemporary flow where scientific discipline is believed to live the reply to most human problem. Before whatever Ukang was given to an defendant person, his parents, in addition to immediate relations had to live invited. The Ukang ufiop aran tin can piece of work inward some other way. The Ukang administrator places hot crude inward a large pot in addition to asked the defendant to spot his hands into it patch it is soundless boiling. If after iii days blisters were seen on his hands, the defendant was declared guilty, but if not, he was innocent. The people believe that the gods in addition to ancestors would intervene in addition to motion the presence or absence of the blisters. In consequence, according to Udo (1983) the determination was lastly in addition to no human beingness could rescind it.
Ukang Ntuenibok (Ordeal of Alligator Pepper)
In this ordeal, the Ukang administrator uses the seeds of the alligator pepper (also known every bit “grains of paradise”, (Afromomum meleguete) in addition to ritually “command” them to acquire into the eyes of the guilty inward a gathering of suspects. Since the pepper causes excruciating hurting when it comes inward contact with the human eyes, if the physical care for of ukang is successful in addition to 1 of the suspects begins to scream inward agony, so he/she is held every bit the culprit (Anyanwu 2004).
Ukang Okok (Bamboo Ordeal)
This physical care for according to A.M. Essien involves the usage of a bamboo cutting from special palm tree (elaesis guineesis) called ifiaku. This bamboo is ritually treated with a cock is tied at 1 of its ends in addition to carried past times 7 strong, immature men. After chanting some incantations, the men carrying the bamboo start running uncontrollably, spiritually directed in addition to empowered through the ritual incantation till they acquire inward at the theatre of the culprit of the human activity the community is attempting to uncover. This ordeal is also employed to discovery witches, wizards, sorcerers inward the community.
Ukang Akpe-Ayop (Ordeal of the Palm Fruit Fibers)
In this ukang the suspects must all remove hold some bunches of the fibers of palm fruit inward their hands patch kneeling downwards before the Ukang administrator. After the invocation in addition to incantation, it is believed that the packet of fibers would stick to the cervix of the culprit, thereby squeezing in addition to choking the culprit, in addition to until he or she admits the guilt, he may live choked to decease past times mysterious forces, which possessed the fibers. It is only at that betoken of admission of the guilt that the fibers would driblet off from his or her cervix (Okon 2010).
Ukang Ndam (Ordeal of Raffia Palm)
According to this ordeal, some strands of raffia are placed inward a basin of H2O in addition to the suspects are asked to stir the H2O inward turn. The strands of raffia mysteriously curlicue unopen to the hands of the culprit. The innocent people volition stir the H2O without whatever effect.
Ukang Nsen Unen (Egg ordeal)
In the Annang traditional society, the suspect would live asked to suspension an egg which has been magically treated past times the ukang administrator. In this practice, if the egg broke, the defendant was guilt, but if the egg failed to suspension so he or she is declared innocent of the criminal offense defendant of. The people remove hold used this traditional musical instrument to cut back the incidence of criminal offense of all sorts because of the awe it creates in addition to the fearfulness of beingness publicly disgraced (Umana 2010).
Ukang Ikpa Unam (animal peel ordeal)
In this ordeal the defendant mortal is directed to sit down on a leather mat which had been prepared past times the ordeal administrator. As the defendant sits on the leather mat, the ukang administrator makes incantations: if the defendant is guilty, the mat stick to his or her buttocks, but if innocent, allow the mat non stick to the buttocks. Here again, what happens is regarded every bit a direct reply from the unseen in addition to no 1 could contrary the judgment which became lastly (Udoma 2010).
Ukang Uyet Enyin (Ordeal of washing the eyes)
The items used inward this ordeal include: create clean H2O inward a white basin, iii traditional leaves known every bit ofuo leaves, in addition to iii arrows. The Ukang administrator makes a circle with his correct human foot on the ground, places the basin with its contents inward the circle in addition to asked the defendant to squat past times the plate in addition to human face the sun. He or she is ordered to unopen the eyes tightly. The ukang administrator, standing behind, conjured in addition to rubbed the person’s eyes with the contents of the basin 7 times. If the defendant was innocent, it was believed he or she volition live able to opened upwardly his eyes at the destination of the 7th circular but not, the mortal is declared guilty of the crime. The resultant of this Ukang is believed to live from the gods in addition to the ancestors whom the people believe remove hold the lastly determination inward the thing (Akpan 2010).
Analysis of Ukang every bit a Means of Crime Control inward the Annang Social Justice System
The socio-religious relevance of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang solid ground is an integral portion of the people’s civilization in addition to reflects the value of social justice. Ukang every bit portion of traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command is an aspect of the custom in addition to belief of the people which regulates the conduct in addition to morals of Annang people. It provides the norms in addition to standards of behaviour for the people in addition to checks criminal activities on the portion of the people in addition to the rulers every bit they guaranteed the existence in addition to enforcement of the traditional law, morality in addition to ethics. The fearfulness in addition to belief inward Ukang has helped the people to maintain high moral measure in addition to strengthened cordial human relationship betwixt God (Supreme Being, Abasi Ibom) in addition to human every bit good every bit betwixt humans. Therefore, with the exercise of Ukang, people inward Annang are deterred from committing crimes inward the community because of the fearfulness of supernatural punishment. Ukang provides checks in addition to balances which regulates in addition to spot the Annang community on a steady economic, political, social, cultural in addition to religious residue responsible for stability in addition to meaningful authorities (Umanah 2010). The mere mentioning of the give-and-take Ukang automatically called the people to monastic say in addition to direct their actions. Ukang every bit a traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command is an effective agency of securing social justice in addition to serves every bit a deterrent against social injustice, criminal tendencies in addition to fake accusations that are prevalent inward contemporary period. The usage of Ukang serves every bit a social in addition to religious sanction in addition to thence recognizes the belief inward ancestral spirits in addition to many other divinities inward Annang traditional faith which assist inward detecting criminals, restoring honesty, morality in addition to justice every bit opposed to injustice in addition to immorality. The application of Ukang according to Mbon (1994) helps the Annang people to enforce in addition to maintain order, peace in addition to ensure conformity to social norms of the people.
The usage of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command works faster, cheaper in addition to easier inward criminal offense detection, control, penalty in addition to direction of crimes due to the fact that it does non follow the bureaucratic processes associated with modern legal systems, law enforcement in addition to criminal offense prevention. Ukang emphasizes the effectiveness of traditional faith of Annang every bit a reliable musical instrument of criminal offense command in addition to recognizes traditional agency of social justice (Essien 2005).
The usage of Ukang inward criminal offense command inward Annang reduced the increasing number of miscarriage of justice through the usage of modern methods of criminal offense control. As a result, Ukang tends to shape in addition to reshape traditional concepts of human grapheme because the grapheme of a human is supreme inward human relations (Monday 2010). This is because it is essentially the grapheme of a human that God in addition to the divinities who witnessed the direction of Ukang, every bit impartial judges aspect at. Here, wickedness in addition to social injustice, immorality in addition to dishonesty are vehemently condemned in addition to inward their identify justice, honesty, integrity in addition to fairness are emphasized. Ukang helps to restructure man’s conscience. The people strongly believed that moral values are non invented past times human beings, but are the offspring of religion. Thus, according to Ntuen (1993) people are expected to usage their conscience to believe inward a morally goodness way inward monastic say to avoid the wrath of God, divinities in addition to the ancestors.
As impartial judge, God’s judgment is for certain in addition to inescapable. Some of the divinities who are inward accuse of Ukang correspond the wrath of the gods in addition to for this ground human avoid acts capable of bringing penalty from the supernatural beings. This belief drastically reduced criminal offense inward Annang community to a minimal grade (Ekong 2010).
Conclusion
This study has focused on the usage of Ukang inward criminal offense command inward Annang society. It is of import to banking company bill that criminal offense is a social occupation that is hard to halt every bit far every bit human beings exists. Hardly, does whatever gild be without whatever shape of moral monastic say in addition to restraints. Due to the prevalent charge per unit of measurement of criminal offense in addition to other social ills such every bit witchcrafts, stealing, murder, dishonesty, falsehood in addition to other hole-and-corner crimes, in addition to the inability for the modern scheme of law enforcement to fighting crime, the people develop their traditional religious instruments to fighting criminal offense in addition to address social issues fifty-fifty if imperfectly. One of these traditional instruments is the Ukang institution.
Consequently, Essien (2005) inward confirmation of the identify of faith inward social command points out that faith is a powerful social establishment that purports to found a laid human relationship betwixt the supra-human world in addition to human beings. It deals with explanations almost life in addition to living, coping with existential problems in addition to adapting to environmental circumstances. There are hardly aspects of human life which are immune from religious influence straight or indirectly. The pervasiveness of religion, its deep rootedness inward human consciousness in addition to its formidable presence, vitality in addition to expansiveness inward human activities create it an immense resource.
The Ukang described in addition to examined inward this study is soundless rattling effective every bit a traditional musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang every bit good every bit serving every bit a deterrent against criminal tendencies in addition to fake accusations. There is no doubtfulness from the findings of the study that the establishment of Ukang has been an effective agency of criminal offense command due to the fearfulness of supernatural sanctions, social stigmatization, world disgrace, penalty from the gods in addition to ancestors if found guilty. It has created a morally audio community inside the Annang solid ground inward its powerfulness to assist fighting crime, maintain goodness human relationships, fairness, in addition to fidelity inward establishing the
truth or falsehood inward doubtful in addition to disputed matters.
The occupation of criminal offense inward Annang has exerted keen comport on on individuals in addition to gild financially, socially, legally, economically, morally in addition to psychologically. There is evidence of the occupation in addition to impacts of criminal offense inward Annang every bit nosotros tin can infer from this article. This article has pointed out that in that location is a important role played past times Ukang every bit it relates to positive effects inward criminal offense command Annang society. It is worthy to province that Ukang has faced some challenges in addition to resistance nether the influence of Christianity, western teaching in addition to modernity. Christianity has had a lot of influence on the usage of Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang.
Although adherents of Christianity often undermined the authority, verdict in addition to powerfulness of Ukang in addition to depict it every bit pagan, savage, primitive, fetish in addition to heathen, the people soundless exercise it every bit their socio-religious musical instrument inward curbing crime. Offiong (1982) was correct inward his observations that some Christians inward Annang gild do disregard anything that has to do with Ukang.
Annang tribe women inward Baltimore
Western teaching in addition to modernity became a veritable social factor disrupting many aspects of traditional institutions inward Annang charged with the sole responsibleness of controlling criminal offense through Ukang. It also condemned traditional method of criminal offense command embedded inward Ukang in addition to recommended that modern legal/judicial establishment such every bit the court; police force etc. should live used inward criminal offense control. The existence of police force in addition to courts has weakened the powerfulness vested inward Ukang but the people soundless usage it every bit a quick stair out inward uncovering secrete criminal acts.
Also, western teaching in addition to modernity undermined the belief inward ancestors, divinities in addition to spirits which most effectively command the people’s style to commit crimes for the fearfulness of supernatural sanctions in addition to punishments. Furthermore, compared to their comport on inward pre-modern Annang, much of the society’s sacred traditional institutions in addition to philosophy remove hold alter every bit a resultant of the encounter with Western cultural in addition to Christian values. Yet, a lot inward these traditional institutions in addition to philosophy remove hold continued to influence the life style in addition to world views of contemporary Annang people. Therefore, inward the quest for socio-cultural in addition to economical development, feasible conducive society, the Annang people could select wages of, in addition to exploit
the positive values soundless contained inward her traditional institutions in addition to philosophy, especially Ukang (Walter 2005).
Finally, Ukang every bit an musical instrument of criminal offense command inward Annang gild tin can live freed from subjectivity past times demystifying it in addition to making the processes of direction transparent in addition to understood past times all. If it is properly harnessed in addition to revitalized, it tin can live incorporated into the modern methods of criminal offense command could get upwardly the people’s feel of moral responsibility.
Source:http://www.bjournal.co.uk/paper/bjass_3_1/bjass_03_01_11.pdf
Annang ruler who dared to win
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 volume of 336 pages, He Dared past times Offonmbuk C. Akpabio, tells the rattling compelling story of Okuku Udo Akpabio, the keen colonial ruler of the Annang people of Nigeria inward what is at nowadays known every bit Akwa Ibom State. It is plumbing equipment that the province is currently governed past times a keen grandson of the selfsame Okuku Udo Akpabio inward the shape in addition to size of the resourceful Governor Godswill Akpabio.
Ukuku Udo Akpabio:Annang ruler who dared to win
He Dared is the life history of a human who tin can live likened to a strength of nature, a leader who touched so many lives inward all kinds of profound ways. He knew no boundaries every bit he welded together his subjects into a formidable organisation of determined men in addition to women who believed implicitly inward his headship. Okuku Udo Akpabio reigned inward the belatedly 19th century in addition to all through the colonial era every bit the patriarch of the Great Akpabio family, arguably the largest in addition to most influential theatre unit of measurement stock inward South-South Nigeria. This remarkable human married 29 wives. Incidentally many of the wives were personally chosen for the keen human past times Udo Akpabio’s foremost married adult woman Nne Eyen Mboho. “Through these twenty-nine wives, Udo Akpabio begat a large theatre unit of measurement whose offspring would later shape nearly the entirety of Ukana Ikot Ntuen hamlet inward at nowadays Essien Udim Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State,” writes Offonmbuk C. Akpabio.
The dim circumstances of his early on life could non deter Okuku Udo Akpabio from the ambitious life of turning unopen to the fortunes of his people for the good. He attained the highest traditional stool of the Annang people. He served every bit a veritable twain betwixt the British in addition to the indigenous people. He adroitly steered the affairs of his honey people past times striking a fragile residue betwixt age-long traditions in addition to Westernisation. He led his people with keen poise into modernity.
In the words of Offonmbuk C Akpabio, “Okuku Udo Akpabio was also known to remove hold handled rattling highly combustible cultural issues with keen wisdom in addition to tact. Through his leadership, the course of study of history inward the community was re-written, putting an destination to the killing of twins in addition to their mothers, burying live of slaves for whatever reasons, in addition to other practices of human sacrifice. He used his oratorical skills effectively inward world discourse in addition to ceremonies, lacing his speeches with proverbs, innuendoes, hyperboles, ironies, metaphors, paradoxes, personifications, etc., applied selectively in addition to opportunistically to select his betoken home. He was a master copy at this in addition to celebrated past times his friends in addition to associates who fondly called him ‘Udo Akpabio Ayie Ntand Isong’, pregnant ‘Udo Akapbio the Owner of the Soil of the Earth’.”
Princess Pat Akpabio,Annang native in addition to top Nigerian gospel artist
He did non remove hold the do goodness of Western teaching but ensured that his children had the best teaching available then. Named Essien, connoting “Essien Ubong” which translates to ”he chop-chop made his chemical compound of glory”, Okuku Udo Akpabio excelled every bit a businessman. It was non his forte to bring together inward the slave merchandise of the fourth dimension beingness dominated past times the Aro Igbos of the Ajalli, Arondizuogu, in addition to Bende kingdoms.
Around 1903, the white colonialists arrived in addition to thereafter Okuku Udo Akpabio was elected past times the people of Ukan Ikot Ntuen every bit their representative at the British Administration Office at Ikot Ekpene, thus becoming a “Chief past times Government Warrant”. Furthermore, so the “Administration elected Udo Akpabio every bit the foremost president of the court, Obong Esop, inward Ikot Ekpene – a spot he held until his retirement from the administration.” He was the president of the Native Court. It was inward 1918 that Okuku Udo Akpabio was initiated into the esteemed Abie Owo Society. Okuku Udo Akpabio was the foremost paramount ruler of the district.
He Dared past times Offonmbuk C Akpabio is recommended reading for all who wishing to know how keen African kingdoms grew into prominence. This is a priceless volume for all libraries. It is a compendium of enduring in addition to endearing facts. The past times has been brought forrard into the nowadays tense with a panache that brings keen charm to comport on a past times world. Offonmbuk C Akpabio has done a world of goodness to our history through her volume He Dared.(http://thenationonlineng.net/new/arts/life-midweek-magazine/annang-ruler-who-dared-to-win/)
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