Info For Y'all Us Virgin Islands: Caribbean People Of Beautiful Crystal-Blue Waters

The Virgin Islands of U.S. of America popularly known every bit U.S. of America Virgin Islands (U.S. Virgin Islands, American Virgin Islands or USVI) is a U.S. of America Overseas Territory inwards the Caribbean Area which is inhabited past times mostly descendants of Africans, who were enslaved as well as brought to the Caribbean Area past times Europeans to project on saccharide plantations. US Virgin Islands was formerly known every bit Danish West Indies until 1916.

US Virgin Islands adult woman from St John island

The Islands which is renown for its white sand beaches, crystal-blue waters as well as idyllic sailing venues forms component subdivision of the Virgin Islands archipelago as well as are located inwards the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles.  It is situated exactly inwards the Atlantic Ocean, almost 40 miles (64 km) eastward of Puerto Rico as well as directly westward of the British Virgin Islands. They part the Virgin Islands Archipelago with the Castilian Virgin Islands (administered past times Puerto Rico) as well as the British Virgin Islands. 
The territory consists of iv principal islands: Saint Thomas, Saint John, Saint Croix, as well as historically distinct Water Island, every bit good every bit several dozen smaller islands. The principal islands have got nicknames often used past times locals: "Twin City" (St. Croix), "Rock City" (St. Thomas) as well as "Love City" (St. John). The total the world expanse of the territory is 133.73 foursquare miles (346.4 km2). The territory's working capital missive of the alphabet is Charlotte Amalie on the isle of Saint Thomas.

US Virgin Islands kids of the St Thomas majorette junior performing traditional dance: credit W, Bostwick

US Virgin Islands which currently has overwhelming population of dark Africans of mostly West African ancestry was originally inhabited by the Ciboney (Cave-dwellers Greater Antilles inwards the Caribbean Area Sea), Tainos (Arawaks), as well as latter Kalinago (Caribs). Christopher Columbus, Italian explorer, navigator, as well as colonizer sited the Islands on his minute New World voyage inwards 1493 as well as named the Island "Las Once Mil Virgenes," inwards laurels of Saint Ursula as well as her virgin followers. Up to as well as including the 17th century, these islands were captured as well as controlled past times many European powers, including France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Kingdom of Spain as well as the United Kingdom. 

Political Life
Government. Congress established the regime through the Revised Organic Act of 1954. The Office of Insular Affairs of the U.S. Department of the Interior administers the islands. The governor as well as lieutenant governor are elected past times pop vote for four-year terms. There is a fifteen-seat Senate whose members are elected for two-year terms. The islands elect 1 representative to the U.S. House of Representatives who may vote inwards committees as well as subcommittees. Virgin Islands citizens make non vote inwards United States' presidential elections. The judicial branch is composed of the U.S. District Court, with judges appointed past times the President, as well as the Territorial Court, with judges appointed past times the governor.
Leadership as well as Political Officials. The electrical flow governor as well as the electrical flow representative to the U.S. House are both Democrats. In the Senate, the Democratic Party holds 6 seats as well as the Republican Party as well as the Independent Citizens Movement have got 2 seats each; the remaining 5 seats are held past times independents.
Social Problems as well as Control. The high cost of living as well as the depression pay scale for service sector jobs have got created widespread discontent. Saint Croix has seen drive-by shootings, but most offense is property-related. To protect tourism, the regime has increased the police describe enforcement budget. Local officials piece of work with the Drug Enforcement Agency, Customs, as well as the Coast Guard to combat the illegal drug trade.

Social Welfare as well as Change Programs
The Department of Human Services attempts to provide for the needs of low-income persons, the elderly, children as well as families, as well as the disabled.

                                US Virgin isle lady

Nongovernmental Organizations as well as Other Associations
The Saint Croix Foundation is active inwards community evolution as well as has established anticrime initiatives. Environmental associations on the 3 principal islands promote ecological awareness, sponsor guided outings, as well as encourage responsible legislation.

Gender Roles as well as Statuses
Division of Labor past times Gender. Women are increasing their participation inwards the economical as well as political areas. The U.S. Small Business Administration established the Virgin Islands Women's Business Center inwards 1999 to encourage as well as develop women line of piece of work concern owners. The heroine of the 1878 project rebellion inwards Saint Croix was "Queen Mary," a canefield worker. The electrical flow Senate president as well as the presiding justice of the Territorial Court are women.

                                                  St Croix human being from USVI

Marriage, Family, as well as Kinship
Marriage. One inwards 3 families is headed past times a single woman mortal parent. The charge per unit of measurement of single teenage pregnancy is increasing as well as is a major social concern. Wedding customs make from the traditional African "jump the broom" to European-influenced church building ceremonies.
Domestic Unit. According to 1995 census data, married couples comprise 57 percent of households as well as single females with children, 34 percent. The average household has 2 children.

Inheritance. The concept of jointly owned "family land" accommodates the blueprint of alternately settling downward as well as moving that has characterized the lives of many families since colonial times.

US Virgin isle adult woman from St Thomas wearing her African Heritage dress

Socialization
Infant Care. Women are responsible for babe care. Breast-feeding is supplemented past times formula given inwards bottles; the job of formula results inwards early on weaning. In to a greater extent than traditional households, folk beliefs almost babe care, including the job of "bush tea" to cause sleep, are common.

Child Rearing as well as Education. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 "bogeyman" is used every bit a threat to right children's bad behavior. Education is compulsory as well as free. Multicultural teaching is seen every bit a necessity, but in that location is growing concern almost the world schools, as well as those who tin afford private schools mostly select that alternative. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 higher percent of females than males destination high school.

Higher Education. The University of the Virgin Islands, founded inwards 1962, has campuses on Saint Thomas as well as Saint Croix. It offers bachelor's degrees inwards a number of areas as well as master's degrees inwards line of piece of work concern direction as well as world administration.

Religion
As inwards most Caribbean Area countries, Christianity is the dominant religious belief inwards the U.S. Virgin Islands. Protestantism is most prevalent, reflecting the territory's Danish colonial heritage. There is also a strong Roman Catholic presence.
The predominant religious affiliations are Baptist (42 percent), Catholic (34 percent), as well as Episcopalian (17 percent). Remnants of African civilisation are found inwards the belief inwards spirits.
 As inwards other Caribbean Area islands, Rastafari is also prevalent. There are some Jews living inwards the territory, as well as a important Muslim population, primarily of Palestinian descent.
Rituals as well as Holy Places: Saint Thomas has the minute oldest synagogue inwards the New World. Lord God of Sabaoth Lutheran Church as well as the Friedensthal Moravian Church on Saint Croix are the oldest congregations of their sort inwards the United States. To commemorate their liberty inwards 1848, one-time slaves built the All Saints Cathedral. The Arawak Indian carvings on Saint John may have got religious significance.

Cuisine

Fungi (pronounced fun-gee) is a principal staple of the traditional Virgin Islands diet. It consists of cornmeal that has been boiled as well as cooked to a thick consistency along with okra. Fungi is commonly eaten with boiled fish or saltfish.

US Virgin Island adult woman using ladle to have got soup out of cooking clay pot

Because of inter-Caribbean migration, many foods from other Caribbean Area countries have got been adopted into the Virgin Islands culinary culture. For example, a pop dish is roti, of Indo-Trinidadian origin, which consists of curried vegetables as well as meat wrapped inwards a paper-thin dough.

Food inwards Daily Life. Cassava, pumpkins, as well as sweetness potatoes are native to the islands, as well as a multifariousness of seafood is found inwards the surrounding waters. Many recipes are based on African sources. Okra is an ingredient inwards killaloo, a stew with local greens as well as fish, as well as inwards fungi, a cornmeal-based side dish; conch appears inwards fritters, chowders, as well as mixed with rice. Guava, soursop, as well as mango are eaten, along with mamey as well as mesple.
Their principal snack is Pate (Pronounced PAH-TEH), fried dough filled with diverse meats including beef, chicken or saltfish stuffed within is a pop snack (similar to a Jamaican patty). Another pop snack is Johnnycake (originally known every bit 'journey cake'), a pastry also made with fried dough.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Sugar cakes made with kokosnoot as well as boiled sugar, are a traditional midafternoon snack. Maubi, a local drink, is made from the bark of a tree, herbs, as well as yeast. Souse is a stew of pig's head, tail, as well as feet, flavored with lime juice that is served on festive occasions.
“Bush tea”, a full general term for whatever herbal tea derived from native plants (including lemongrass), is the hot drinkable of alternative inwards the Virgin Islands. Popular mutual depression temperature beverages include maubi, sorrel, soursop, body of body of water moss as well as passion fruit. Drinks with ginger root are also popular.

Secular Celebrations
Legal holidays include 1 January, New Year's Day; 6 January, Three Kings Day; 15 January, Martin Luther King Day; President's Day on the 3rd Mon inwards February; Memorial Day on the in conclusion Mon inwards May; Independence Day, 4 July; Veterans Day, 11 November; as well as Thanksgiving.
Legal holidays commemorating local events include Transfer Day (from Kingdom of Denmark to the U.S. of America inwards 1917); 31 March, Organic Act Day; Virgin Islands/Danish West Indies Emancipation Day, 3 July; as well as D. Hamilton Jackson Day on 1 November. Carnival was officially reinstated inwards 1952 as well as is celebrated at dissimilar times. Carnival celebrations include parades, floats, stilt walking "Mocko Jumbies," steel pan competitions, beauty contests, as well as nutrient fairs.

                              US Virgin isle carnival

Music of the Virgin Islands
The music of the Virgin Islands reflects long-standing West Indian cultural ties to the isle nations to the south, the islands' African heritage as well as European colonial history, every bit good every bit recent North American influences. Though the U.S. of America Virgin Islands as well as British Virgin Islands are politically separate, they maintain closed cultural ties. From its neighbors, the Virgin Islands has imported diverse pan-Caribbean genres of music, including calypso from Trinidad as well as reggae from Jamaica.
The major indigenous shape of music is the scratch band (also called fungi band inwards the British Virgin Islands), which job improvised instruments similar gourds as well as washboards to create a sort of music called quelbe. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Virgin Island folk vocal called cariso is also popular, every bit good every bit St. Thomas' bamboula. The quadrille is the traditional folk trip the lite fantastic toe of the islands, as well as include varieties similar St. Croix's Imperial Quadrille as well as St. Thomas' Flat German linguistic communication Quadrille. The Heritage Dancers are a respected trip the lite fantastic toe troupe that perform traditional folk dances from the Virgin Islands as well as beyond.
Folk music: Virgin Islander folk music has declined since the mid-20th century, though some traditions, such every bit scratch bands, remain vibrant. Trends that contributed to this alter include the ascent of the tourism industry, the switch of American tourists from Republic of Cuba to the Virgin Islands next the 1959 revolution, as well as the growth of industries based on bulk radio, tv as well as recorded music. These changes "(diluted) local traditions as well as (diverted) younger generations" from becoming involved inwards folk music, because pop styles came to live viewed every bit having to a greater extent than prestige, grade as well as income.

Scratch bands as well as fungi music: Scratch bands, also known every bit fungi bands as well as formerly string bands, are a distinctive shape of folk ensemble; they have got survived the refuse of other Virgin Islander folk traditions, through adapting to newly imported instrumentation as well as songs, as well as becoming a component subdivision of a to a greater extent than full general revival of involvement inwards folk civilisation on the islands. The call scratch band may derive from the audio produced past times scraping the squash, an musical instrument similar to the Puerto Rican guiro, but larger, or from the give-and-take crush itself, used to refer to the bands first of all past times American visitors as well as so past times locals.
The traditional scratch band ensemble varied, but ever used a percussive instrument, either the squash, tambourine, or a local shape of double-headed barrel drum similar to the Dominican tambora, every bit good every bit an accordion, cane flute or violin every bit a melodic instrument. String instruments were also common, including the banjo, ukulele or a six-string guitar. The donkey pipe, made out of a auto exhaust tube, often provided the bass, as well as was played similar to the tuba. Since almost the 1980s, the instrumentation for scratch bands became to a greater extent than rigid. The alto saxophone became the most mutual melodic instrument, replaced sometimes past times a silvery flute. Conga drums, squash, electrical guitar or bass guitar, as well as a steel (a triangle). Banjo or ukulele, keyboard as well as additional saxophones or other melodic instruments are to a greater extent than rarely found inwards modern bands.
The music of scratch bands are a type of folk music that dates dorsum to the days of slavery. The slaves on the islands used found objects to fashion instruments, such every bit past times making strings out of twine salvaged from old sacks. Lyrics traditionally role every bit oral history, spreading tidings as well as gossip. Modern scratch bands play a broad make of dances, including calypsos, boleros, quadrilles, international pop songs, merengues, mazurkas, waltzes, jigs as well as other styles. They perform at church building services, private parties, world festivals, local dances as well as fairs, christenings as well as weddings, as well as also perform for tourists. The scratch band tradition remains most vibrant on St. Croix, where the bands Bully & the Kafooners, Stanley & the Ten Sleepless Knights, as well as Blinky & the Roadmasters are good known. Scratch bands are less mutual on St. Thomas, as well as inwards the British Virgin Islands, though the pop Elmo & the Sparkplugs hail from Tortola.
Quelbe: Quelbe is a shape of topical folk song, as well as is the official music of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Quelbe is commonly performed past times scratch bands, Stanley & the Ten Sleepless Nights existence the most pop throughout the Virgin Islands, though their folk rootage lies inwards individuals, who sang the songs inwards informal settings, celebrations as well as festivals. These songs typically contained sexual innuendos as well as double entendres, every bit good every bit other hidden meanings; mutual topics included political events, such every bit a boycott. One instance from the early on 20th century chastises a carousel possessor for opposing a wage increase:
I rather walk as well as imbibe rum whole night
Before me go ride on LaBega Carousel
I rather walk, man, as well as imbibe rum whole night
Before me go ride on LaBega Carousel
You no listen what LaBega say
"The people no worth to a greater extent than than 15 cent a day"
You no listen what LaBega say, man
"The people no worth to a greater extent than than one-half cent a day" (Soule, Mary Jane; Lieth-Phillip, Margot (1993). Zoop Zoop Zoop: Traditional Music as well as Folklore of St. Croix, St. Thomas, as well as St. John. Liner notes. New York: New World Records. cited inwards Sheehy, pg. 971)
Other folk styles: The quadrille is a folk trip the lite fantastic toe that was formerly an of import component subdivision of Virgin Islands culture; it is at nowadays rarely performed, except on St. Croix. There, locals trip the lite fantastic toe the quadrille at world performance venues, such every bit St. Gerard's Hall, or every bit educational glasses for schools, festivals as well as holidays, or every bit amusement for tourists. Educational as well as amusement quadrille troops both have on traditionally styled article of apparel reminiscent of authentic attire.
The Virgin Islands tea meetings, the David as well as Goliath play as well as masquerade jig all likely derive from elsewhere inwards the Caribbean. The masquerade jig uses elements of theater, dance, music as well as oratory, as well as functions every bit uncomplicated amusement with improvised jigs alternated with humorous monologues. Tea meetings are at nowadays only performed every bit reconstructions inwards folkloric ensembles; they were evenings of speech-making, feasting as well as the singing of hymns as well as parlor songs. The David as well as Goliath play features music, dance, theater, as well as dramatic as well as witty speeches, all based about the biblical plot of David as well as Goliath.
The Afro-Virgin Islander bamboula tradition is at nowadays only performed inwards a reconstructed fashion. It was a trend of song, drumming as well as folk dance, performed past times 2 drummers on 1 drum; 1 drum used his hands as well as heel, as well as the other 2 sticks. African-styled trip the lite fantastic toe as well as grouping vocal with refrains were a constant part, with verses oft improvised past times a soloist.
Traditional Virgin Islander folk music festivals were performed until the tardily 1950s. Masquerading (mas'ing) was an of import tradition, as well as consisted of groups wearing costumes based about a theme, as well as playing melodies as well as rhythms that propose their identity. Instruments included a fife-and-drum ensemble that featured a cane fife, double-headed bass drum (known every bit keg or boom-boom) as well as snare drum (known every bit kettledrum).

Caribbean Quadrille Genera

The Virgin Islander cariso tradition is extinct inwards a truthful folk context, but remains an of import symbol of Crucian culture, as well as is performed past times folkloric ensembles for educational as well as opor-garai events. Carisos were silent performed every bit tardily every bit the 1990s past times several elderly singers, most famously Ethel McIntosh as well as Leona Watson. Though similar inwards some ways to quelbe, cariso is to a greater extent than African inwards its melodic style, frequent sustained syllables as well as traditional performance context, namely women singing inwards groups inwards call-and-response. Carisos, similar quelbe, commemorate historical events, as well as spread tidings as well as opinions almost of import issues. One peculiarly famous cariso dates to 1848, as well as documents the emancipation of the slaves; the first of all segment is the refrain, sung past times a chorus, which is followed past times a poesy performed past times a soloist singer:
"Clear the road, all you lot clear the road, Clear the road, permit the slave them pass, We a go for a-we freedom.
Hardship inwards the morning, suffering at night. No 1 ever assist us, it is only Father Ryan. They convey nosotros ya from Africa, that nosotros bornin' land; Bring nosotros ya inwards slavery, inwards the the world of Santa Cruz."
By the 1980s, Virgin Islands was abode to many imported styles, especially salsa, reggae, soca, merengue as well as rock. Jazz, Western classical music as well as musical theater, along with international pop stars, were mutual mainstream interests, piece the islands' youth formed bands as well as trip the lite fantastic toe troupes that played styles pop across the Caribbean, mainly Latin, Jamaican as well as Trinidadian influenced, such every bit salsa, reggae, steelpan as well as soca. The large Puerto Rican population inwards the Virgin Islands kept pop music from Puerto Rico as well as the Dominican Republic a major component subdivision of the islands' industry.

Calypso: The first of all calypso star from the Virgin Islands was Lloyd "Prince" Thomas, who moved to New York City inwards the mid-1940s as well as continued performing for some 20 years. Charles Harris, the Mighty Zebra (a well-known Trinidadian calypsonian) influentially performed inwards the Virgin Islands inwards the 1950s; he came for the Carnival inwards 1952, as well as stayed, playing at the Virgin Isles Hotel with the LaMotta Brothers Band. The LaMotta Band, led past times Bill LaMotta, was a really pop grouping that recorded several albums as well as backed Mighty Zebra on a 1957 album for RCA Records. The remaining major early on calypso band from the Virgin Islands was the Fabulous McClevertys, who toured widely across the East Coast of the U.S. of America at the pinnacle of the calypso craze inwards the tardily 1950s.
Another pop Virgin Islands calypsonian is Irvin "Brownie" Brown, who has hosted the islands' Carnival as well as has been a leading singer, radio entertainer, MC as well as drummer for many years. Originally from St. Thomas, he learned the timbales every bit a immature man, as well as joined his uncle's hotel band inwards 1949 or 1950. The band presently began performing inwards Florida as well as elsewhere, as well as Brownie became known every bit a calypso vocalizer piece also learning bongos, congas as well as a trap set. They recorded for Monogram as well as so Art Records, with Mighty Panther as well as the Haitian vocalizer Calypso Mama. Brownie's homecoming to St. Thomas was followed past times joining upwards with Milo & the Kings, a well-known band, for whom he was a percussion for seventeen years, recording a number of albums as well as touring across North America as well as the Caribbean. He began working every bit a DJ for the WSTA radio station inwards 1966, as well as continued for to a greater extent than than 3 decades; he had a regular utter demo with calypso performances, The Original Side of Walter as well as Brownie.
Salsa: In the 1950s through acquaint twenty-four hr catamenia Milo as well as the Kings (Emile Francis - music director) kept Latin music alive, especially on St. Thomas. Milo as well as the Kings were famous for playing with such infamous bands every bit El Gran Combo (Rafael Ithier - music managing director as well as Salsa Maestro to Milo), Tito Puento, Joe Cuba, Mongo Santa Maria, to call a few. Present twenty-four hr catamenia Milo's Kings sometimes travail to laurels Milo with Salsa. In 1998 Puerto RIco became the birthplace of Reggaeton music, a mix of Reggae as well as Latin music combined with Castilian Rap & Reggae. Prominent Reggaeton Artist from the Virgin Islands include Kamakazi, Nicky Jam, Nene Ganja, Panty Man.
Soca: The Virgin Islands has been abode to a number of well-known soca bands. Among the oldest as well as most respected are: Milo & The Kings, Mandingo Brass, Imaginations Brass, & Eddie & the Movements (later renamed the "Awesome JamBand").
The "Jam Band" (formerly Eddie & the Movements) are 20 fourth dimension Road March Champions. The original "Jam Band" slowed upwards with the decease of the band's principal front end human being "Nick 'Daddy' Friday" who died inwards 2005. The Enforcements band hailed out of Monbijou, St. Croix (many members branched out to shape dissimilar bands).
The Imaginations Brass was the first of all grouping to contain the used of electronic drums & keyboard sequencers into their music. They started the tendency & other groups (such every bit Seventeen Plus & the JamBand) afterward advanced the technique. It demonstrated the total job of the drum machines, electronic keyboards, vocals, as well as a bass line working together to laid a novel criterion for Caribbean Area Music.
Other pop bands included: Seventeen Plus (17+); VIO International; Xpress Band (St. Croix Festival's 2006-2007 Roadmarch Champions); Starlites; P'your Passion Band; Xtaushun Band (St. Croix Festival two-time Road March Champions)."; Fusion Band(St. Croix Festival four-time Road March Champions); DJATC (Daddy Jones And The Crew); the Jammerz HP (formerly known every bit JDPP Jammerz); De Fabulous Stroka Band; Hyvoltage Band; Code 9; Xpress Band; Jam Tyme; UMB Soldiers; Rupsion Band; Spectrum Band (St. Thomas Carnival four-time Road March Champions); Kylo & Stylee Band; as well as Pumpa & The Unit have got also made names for themselves.
Reggae: A reggae scene has been flourishing inwards the Virgin Islands, especially the isle of St. Croix. The Virgin Islands reggae scene has achieved much popularity throughout the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, the United States, South America as well as Europe. Prominent reggae artists from the Virgin Islands include Pressure, Midnite, Dezarie, Army, Abja, De Apostle, Niyorah, Emanuel, Bambu Station, Inner Visions, Sabbattical Ahdah, Eno, Revalation, Iba Wicked, Jah Rubal, Jah Croix as well as many more. The reggae music of St. Croix has a distinct "roots" feeling as well as is strongly rooted inwards Rastafari. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 prominent known reggae label inwards St. Croix is I Grade Records, who have got released countless Midnite releases, 2 Dezarie albums, Niyorah albums, Army albums as well as Abja albums. Bambu Station guitarist Tuff Lion, along with Laurent Alfred of I Grade Records make many of the tracks.
St. Croix also boasts a reggae radio station, WSTX 100.3 FM, which features Virgin Islands reggae.
Band Music: European-based military machine band music first of all came to the Virgin Islands through ship-based bands every bit good every bit the little military machine ensembles of the Danish troops based inwards the islands. Regular band concerts were given past times Danish musicians inwards Charlotte Amalie at to the lowest degree every bit early on every bit 1888 at the Emancipation Garden bandstand. The Native Brass Band, reportedly the first of all official band of local musicians, was formed nether the management of Lionel Roberts inwards 1907, piece the Adams Juvenile Band appeared inwards 1910 as well as would live inducted into the U.S. Navy when the service took over the direction of the islands from Kingdom of Denmark inwards 1917. The induction of this all-black unit of measurement into the U.S. Navy was remarkable for its fourth dimension as well as hence recognized the first of all dark musicians inwards the U.S. Navy since the War of 1812. The U.S. of America Navy Band of the Virgin Islands gave regular world concerts on St. Thomas until the difference of the naval direction inwards 1931, as well as non long after its founding 2 additional navy band units were stationed on St. Croix. Alton Augustus Adams, Sr., the founder of the Juvenile Band as well as the bandmaster of the Navy ensemble, also wrote the Virgin Islands March (1919), at nowadays the official territorial anthem of the Virgin Islands, every bit good every bit The Governor's Own, the official march of the Virgin Islands Governor. With the exception of a single surviving bamboula arrangement, Adams's marches are alone inwards the criterion American march trend of his idol, John Philip Sousa.

Hip-Hop: There has been the evolution of a hip-hop scene inwards the Virgin Islands, especially on the isle of St. Thomas. There is also a burgeoning hip-hop scene alongside Virgin Islands artists inwards the Atlanta metropolitan area. Prominent Virgin Islands hip-hop artists include DJ Many from St.Croix Iyaz from Tortola, Rock City, Verse Simmonds from St. Thomas, K'Are from Tortola, Virgin Islands, British of the CB 4 Lyfe army camp who also does Solo but is silent a fellow member of CB as well as the VI centered hip hop grouping Dem Rude Boyz.

Sports
Americanization inwards the U.S. Virgin Islands has led to the preponderance of American sports such every bit baseball, American football game as well as basketball, piece sports to a greater extent than pop inwards the English-speaking Caribbean, such every bit cricket as well as football, are also played.
Americanization inwards sports tin live seen inwards the British Virgin Islands, every bit well. For example, basketball game is much to a greater extent than widely played than cricket, 1 of the most pop sports inwards the Anglophone Caribbean.

Although dependent territories, the U.S. as well as British Virgin Islands both have got their ain independent national sports teams as well as compete inwards regional as well as international athletic events. In cricket, both territories are represented past times the West Indies Cricket Team.

SOURCE:http://webpac.uvi.edu/imls/pi_uvi/european_african_influences_culture.pdf
                http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-Virgin-Islands.html

St. John Slave Rebellion past times Akan Akwamu people of Gold Coast (Ghana)

Excerpted from St. John Off The Beaten Track

The Slave Trade
The Danish colonization of St. John was undertaken inwards 1718 for the purpose of establishing plantations where tropical products such every bit sugar, cotton, indigo as well as other crops could live cultivated. The most profitable of these crops was sugar.

St John Slave revolt

Sugar production inwards the West Indies was an extremely lucrative affair. The precipitous introduction of saccharide to Europe created a corking demand for this exotic novel product. With this high demand as well as preciously little supply, the toll of saccharide was high, as well as the turn a profit potential was enormous. Many of those involved inwards this novel manufacture were able to accumulate corking wealth as well as power. It has been said that the only acquaint twenty-four hr catamenia line of piece of work concern comparable to the saccharide merchandise of the colonial days is drug trafficking.

European colonial powers battled fiercely over command of the novel colonies. Pirates as well as privateers infested the seas inwards an orgy of murder as well as plunder. Worst of all was the evolution of slavery every bit an establishment inwards the Americas. Slave project was employed for the exploitation, settlement, as well as evolution of the novel territories.

When the Castilian first of all invaded as well as colonized the New World, they attempted to job the indigenous population every bit a slave project force. Disease brought past times the Europeans, warfare, roughshod treatment, as well as overwork all but wiped out this race within a brusque time.

When the Danes occupied St. Thomas inwards 1672 in that location were no indigenous inhabitants living there, nor were in that location whatever on St. John inwards 1718. Therefore, the possibility of obtaining slave project from this source was non available to the Danes.

The Danish regime as well as the government-supported as well as subsidized Danish West Bharat Company tried to encourage immature Danes to emigrate to St. Thomas to project on the plantations. Very few responded. Prisoners were so brought over to piece of work every bit indentured servants with the stipulation that they would have their liberty after 6 years, though few would last that long. Apart from this, indentured servitude was exactly the same every bit slavery. They lived, ate as well as worked with the slaves as well as were bailiwick to the same arbitrary punishments. Their social topographic point was of the lowest monastic tell as well as they were looked downward upon past times both Africans as well as Europeans. The prisoners viewed emigration to the colonies every bit a decease sentence. Their desperation as well as discontent resulted inwards mutinies as well as resistance. In response, the Danes began to identify to a greater extent than emphasis on the importation of slave project from Africa.

The first of all African slaves were brought to Hispaniola inwards 1502, as well as slavery was non completely abolished until the early on twentieth century. During this roughly iv hundred twelvemonth span, it has been estimated that every bit many every bit 12 meg Africans were unwillingly transported to the Americas.

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 shape of slavery existed within Africa prior to the advent of European colonialism. Tribalism has been a major influence inwards African political history, as well as warfare betwixt challenger tribes was a mutual occurrence. Many of the Africans who were sold into slavery were prisoners captured inwards these tribal wars.

The establishment of slavery that developed inwards the colonization of the Americas was, first of all as well as foremost, a business. It was characterized past times the turn a profit motive, greed, as well as lacked morality, pity as well as human decency. The Europeans' demand for inexpensive project created the demand. The existence of slaves acquired through the persistent warring of African nations provided the supply. Thus, a marketplace as well as merchandise for human beings was established.

The captives were brought to the European forts or slave factories. The factors, or buyers, at the fort would purchase the slaves using a barter system. The slaves were so chained as well as stored inwards warehouses called barrcoons until the slave ships arrived.

The Danes maintained such a fort at Accra on the Republic of Guinea Coast called Christianborg. The Danish West Bharat as well as Republic of Guinea Company sent fellowship ships bearing items such every bit rum, firearms, gunpowder, article of apparel as well as other goods, which were bartered for ivory, aureate as well as slaves to the tribal leaders controlling the trade.

The voyage to the New World was known every bit the Middle Passage. Captives were confined into such little areas that it was impossible to stand upwards or fifty-fifty sit. Inside the ship's holds, it was dark, dank as well as stuffy. There was no proper ventilation or sanitary facilities. The ship's officers as well as crew were made upwards of the prisoners, misfits as well as outcasts of Europe. Women were subjected to rapes as well as indignities. Disease, desperation as well as suicide claimed many lives earlier the ships fifty-fifty reached their in conclusion destinations inwards America or the West Indies.

Upon arrival the slaves were sold at world auction as well as so marched to the plantations for a catamenia of "seasoning". One 3rd of these novel arrivals from Africa, called bussals, died during the seasoning period.

Early Danish settlement
The Danish West Bharat as well as Republic of Guinea Company was chartered inwards 1671 as well as given the right to principle as well as exploit Denmark's first of all colony inwards the New World - St. Thomas. The fellowship was granted a violet charter to St. John from the King of Kingdom of Denmark inwards 1717 as well as St. John was nether fellowship dominion until King Frederick of Kingdom of Denmark terminated this understanding inwards 1755.

Twenty 5 settlers (eleven Dutch, nine Danes as well as 5 Frenchmen), 16 enslaved Africans, as well as 5 Danish soldiers, nether the command of Axel Dahl, sailed to St. John inwards the fellowship of the governor of St. Thomas, Erik Bredal. They landed inwards Coral Bay on the eastward terminate of the island.

Seventeenth century Kingdom of Denmark had marginal resources as well as a relatively little population of about 1 one-half meg people. Moreover, the Danes were reluctant to emigrate to the novel colonies as well as Kingdom of Denmark lacked a sufficient population to effectively occupy their novel territories. To compensate for this, foreigners were invited into the population of the colonies.

The largest as well as most influential of these foreigners to settle inwards St. Thomas, as well as afterward to settle on St. John, were Dutch. By 1721, of the 39 planters on St. John in that location were 25 Dutchmen as well as only nine Danes. The Dutch, to a greater extent than than whatever other national group, influenced the civilisation of the Danish colonies, which prior to the acquisition of St. Croix inwards 1733, consisted only of St. Thomas as well as St. John. The most of import linguistic communication was Dutch as well as Dutch Creole became the "lingua franca" of the Danish islands.

By 1733 to a greater extent than than 1,000 slaves labored on 109 plantations on St. John. Twenty-one of these plantations were inwards the line of piece of work concern of planting as well as processing sugar. The residuum grew cotton wool as well as other crops. By the terminate of the century, however, the vast bulk of the plantations were dedicated to saccharide production, as well as in that location were to a greater extent than than 2,500 slaves on the island. On average, 1 slave was used for the tillage of each acre of land.

African Background of the Rebellion
As early on every bit the kickoff of the seventeenth century, Accra on the Republic of Guinea Coast had acquire a centre of economical power. The Accra tribe acted every bit the middleman inwards the telephone substitution of slaves, aureate as well as ivory from the interior for manufactured goods such every bit firearms, powder, lead, rum as well as textile from the Europeans who operated out of fortifications on the coast.

The Danes entered the slave merchandise inwards 1657 past times attacking the Swedes who were already established on the West Coast of Africa. By the kickoff of the eighteenth century, the Danish West Bharat as well as Republic of Guinea Company had consolidated their slave performance to the vicinity of Accra as well as traded with the Accra tribe.

All move as well as shipping from the interior to the coast occurred along narrow woods paths. The Accras used some other tribe, the Akwamu, whom the Danes called the Amina, to command the passage of merchants as well as merchandise along these trails. This was done so that all goods from the interior would have got to go past times through an Accra-dominated expanse northward of the region's capital, Great Accra. Thus, direct access to the Europeans was denied to the traders from the interior, as well as merchants were forced to have got the Accras every bit middlemen. For this unwanted service, the Accras demanded a percent of the profits of this lucrative trade.

As fourth dimension went on, the Akwamu, who had been paying tribute to the Accras, became to a greater extent than powerful. They direct controlled the paths leading from the inland centers to the European commanded forts on the coast. Realizing their power, the Akwamu demanded a tribute inwards aureate from the Accras inwards monastic tell to permit traders to go past times through Akwamu territory. In the 1670s the Akwamus allied themselves with the Accras' neighboring tribes, the Agaves to the eastward as well as the Agonas to the west. These alliances position farther describe per unit of measurement area on the Accras.

The Akwamus were first-class warriors. They developed an improved military machine strategy specific to the atmospheric condition imposed past times the heavily forested environment. They also emphasized the job of missile weaponry, such every bit bows as well as arrows as well as flintlock rifles, which they obtained from the Europeans.

In 1677 the Akwamus attacked as well as conquered the Accras. Through a serial of violent as well as bloody military machine campaigns, the Akwamus became the dominant tribe inwards the district of Accra, along the lower Gold Coast as well as the Upper Slave Coast.

Thousands were killed, as well as many prisoners were taken. The Accras, one-time allies as well as trading partners of the Danes, fled to the fort at Christianborg seeking protection. The commanders of the fort chose to remain neutral as well as did nix to halt the slaughter as well as capture of the Accras.

The Akwamus were heavy-handed inwards dealing with the tribes they had conquered. They forcibly conscripted troops from the conquered tribes, demanded tributes as well as payments, levied excessive taxes, as well as resorted to the instigation of disputes as well as other forms of trickery as well as unfair tactics to justify the enslavement of peoples from the conquered tribes.

For example, I. Akwamu Wilks inwards The Rise of the Akwamu Empire, 1650-1710, wrote:

In every town (the Akwamu) took some wives, 3 or iv according to the size of the town, as well as left them in that location to stay. Then every twelvemonth they would move from identify to place, as well as create these wives consume fetish (That is, swear to tell the truth on hurting of decease from divine power) so that they would confess what men had had contact with them. These disclosures were made willingly, since the women would acquire component subdivision of the fines, as well as the gallants mightiness live sold every bit slaves unless their friends ransomed them.

The Akwamu abuse of ability eventually led to resistance as well as rebellion from the tyrannized peoples. When the Akwamu manlike mortal monarch died inwards 1725, a conflict arose over who would have got power. This weakened the Akwamus, as well as the conquered peoples of the expanse attacked the Akwamu nation. By 1730 the Akwamu were defeated, their working capital missive of the alphabet urban kernel destroyed, as well as their reigning manlike mortal monarch beheaded.

Once in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than the oppressed became the oppressors as well as thousands of Akwamu men as well as women were sold into slavery. Many of these Akwamus were sold to the Danes at the fort inwards Christianborg inwards the early on component subdivision of the 1730s. They were so placed on ships confine for the slave marketplace inwards St. Thomas. Many were sold to plantations on St. John.

From the company's records:
Haabet Galley, Danish registry, Captain A.H. Hammer, came to St. Thomas, Feb 1731, to sell 21 men 29 women, 5 boys, total of 55 out of Guinea; Cost to fellowship wholesale seventy rigsdalers, cost to planter 120 rigsdalers.

From the company's records:
Laarburg Galley, Danish registry, Captain Lorenzo Jaeger (replaced past times Captain Hammer) May 1733. It carried 443 captives out of Republic of Guinea of whom 242 survived (124 men, 64 women, 26, boys, 28 girls); 199 died of dysentery as well as 2 were sold to the Portuguese. The ship made an overall turn a profit of 69.5% from the survivors; cost to company; seventy rigsdalers, cost to planters; 120-150 rigsdalers. (From MAPes MONDe Collection)

In 1733 at the fourth dimension of the slave rebellion in that location were hundreds of Akwamu men as well as women alongside the slave population of St. John. Of the about 150 Africans who were involved inwards the rebellion, all were Akwamus. Africans of other ethnic backgrounds, some of whom had been sold into slavery past times the Akwamus, did non back upwards the rebellion. Some fifty-fifty joined the Europeans against the Akwamus.

The Akwamus on St. John did non reckon themselves every bit slaves, but rather every bit slave owners. Many were nobles, wealthy merchants or powerful warriors who were accustomed to large commands.

Information on the African background came from Sandra F. Greene's question appearing inwards The Danish West Indian Slave Trade, past times George F. Tyson as well as Arnold R. Highfield.

Causes of the rebellion
Weakness of the Central Government as well as the Military
As previously mentioned, Denmark, a comparatively weak nation, began their colonization of the New World afterward than the other European colonial powers. St. Thomas as well as St. John were rocky, mountainous, as well as lacked a important amount of rainfall. The Danes were able to colonize as well as settle these islands mainly because none of the other Europeans showed much involvement inwards acquiring this territory.

Without a sufficient number of their ain citizens to inhabit their novel colonies, Kingdom of Denmark invited peoples of other nations to settle them. Thus, foreigners exerted a strong influence on regime decisions.

The plantations were only marginally profitable, as well as the Danish West Bharat Company lacked the motivation as well as the resources to provide a strong the world forces for the defence forcefulness of the islands. They relied instead on a citizen's militia. On St. John this province of affairs bordered on the absurd. Aside from the ineffective civil guard, the number of soldiers stationed on St. John at the fourth dimension of the slave rebellion numbered six. Moreover, morale was depression as well as the incidence of disease, alcoholism as well as mortality were high.

Absentee Ownership of Plantations
Many of St. John's plantations were owned past times men as well as women from St. Thomas who also had estates on that island. The St. Thomians commonly hired overseers called Mesterknegte to deal their holdings on St. John. These overseers were non ever honest as well as often failed to deed inwards the best interests of the planters. (Out of sight, out of mind.) The overseers sure enough did non give the interests of the slaves much attention.

Low Ratio of European to Africans on St. John
Partly because many of the plantation owners as well as their families lived inwards St. Thomas, as well as partly due to the nature of the plantation scheme itself, the ratio of European planters to African slaves on St. John became extremely low. The lack of a town or whatever alternative industries also contributed to this depression ratio.

Drought, Starvation as well as Marooning
On St. John slaves were required to provide the project necessary to grow the nutrient they ate. They did this on their ain plots of land, which were cultivated inwards their spare time. Because in that location was no supervision past times the owners or overseers, slaves could job the fourth dimension spent tending these grounds to utter freely alongside themselves as well as to create plans.

In 1725 as well as 1726 as well as in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than inwards 1733, St. John experienced prolonged droughts, as well as the provision grounds could non yield sufficient food; the slaves faced starvation.

In 1733 much of the the world on St. John was non yet cleared as well as in that location were silent large areas of thick bush as well as forest. The opportunities provided past times this environment, combined with the skills the slaves developed from tending their provision grounds, made it possible for them to run away from the plantation. They were able to disappear into the bush as well as provide for themselves past times tending little gardens, gathering as well as fishing. The violent as well as warlike Akwamu (or Aminas every bit they were called past times the Danes) also demanded the back upwards of slaves silent on the plantations.

By 1733 starvation, overwork, as well as harsh handling had caused a important number of slaves from the Amina tribe to maroon.

US Virgin islander

Slave Code of 1733
The drought of 1733 ended with a severe hurricane inwards July. This was followed past times a plague of insects. Both plantation crops as well as provision grounds were devastated. Governor Philip Gardelin's Code of 1733 was written primarily every bit a reply to the job of marooning. Almost one-half of the 19 provisions included inwards the code provided punishments for diverse forms as well as aspects of maroonage.

If slaves ran away to some other country, or fifty-fifty contemplated, conspired, or attempted to exit the country, the penalization was torture past times red-hot pincers at 3 carve upwards world locations, followed past times execution.

Those running away or conspiring to run away from the plantation, but non involving escape from the Danish islands were to lose a leg. If their masters pardoned them, they were to have 150 strokes as well as endure the loss of an ear.

Punishments of varying severity such every bit the cutting off of a leg, branding or whipping were prescribed for dissimilar degrees of maroonage, such every bit maroonage lasting over 6 months, maroonage over 2 weeks, as well as failure to inform of plots to run away.

The outnumbered whites also felt it necessary to include inwards the code, punishments for failure to demo proper abide by as well as deference. Menacing gestures or verbal insults to whites could live punishable past times hanging, preceded past times 3 applications of glowing pincers. At the discretion of the insulted or menaced victim, the slave's penalization could alternatively live the amputation of an arm. If a slave met a white mortal on the street, the slave would have got to pace aside.

It was prohibited for slaves to have on iron-tipped sticks or knives at their sides, although the carrying of machetes was allowed. The argue for this was that because the slaves were prohibited from owning weapons, they had developed the fine art of fighting with their walking sticks. This shape of fighting reached the sophistication of the advanced martial arts practiced inwards other areas of the world. Machetes, on the other hand, were perceived every bit tools.

Theft of belongings past times slaves was punishable past times torture followed past times hanging. Petty theft as well as possession of stolen belongings was punishable past times branding on the brow as well as upwards to 150 strokes.

Being out past times curfew was punishable past times whipping. Dancing, feasts, or funeral rites involving the job of "Negro instruments" every bit good every bit the exercise of Obeah was prohibited as well as would live punished past times whipping.

Conspiracy to poison, or the job of poison, was punishable past times torture with hot pincers, existence broken on the bicycle as well as so burnt alive.

The preamble to the code expressed the philosophy that the slave was the belongings of the possessor as well as had no rights.

The police describe was written inwards an travail to command the slaves through intimidation as well as terror and, thereby to forestall marooning. The passage of the law, however, produced the opposite effect. The slaves, faced with the impossible alternative betwixt starvation on 1 manus as well as mutilation as well as execution on the other, realized that their only means out was rebellion.

Rebellion
On Nov 23, 1733 slaves carrying bundles of wood were permit into the fort at Coral Bay. Concealed inwards the wood were cane knives, which the rebels used to kill the half-asleep as well as surprised soldiers who were guarding the fort. One soldier, John Gabriel, escaped past times hiding nether his bed as well as running away when he had a chance. He was able to acquire to St. Thomas inwards a little boat as well as tell the story to Danish officials there. The rebels raised the flag as well as fired 3 cannon shots. This was the signal for slaves on the plantations to kill their masters as well as have got command of the island.

The rebels proceeded to kill many of the whites inwards the Coral Bay area. The insurgents gained inwards number every bit they progressed from plantation to plantation. Some whites were spared, notably the company's doctor, Cornelius Bödger, because of the expert human relationship he had with the Africans inwards treating their medical needs. Also spared were Dr. Bödger's 2 stepsons. They were saved from decease out of abide by for the surgeon, as well as also to live made into servants for the novel rebel leaders.

The stated aim of the rebels was to create St. John an Akwamu ruled state, governed nether the Akwamu system. Africans of other tribal origins were to serve every bit slaves inwards the production of saccharide as well as other crops.

Many of the little planters on the East End, who had few slaves or possessions, were able to escape to other islands inwards their line of piece of work solid unit of measurement boats. Some of the whites from the western as well as southern parts of the isle were warned past times loyal slaves, as well as they were either able to escape to St. Thomas or to get together with the other surviving planters at Durloe's Plantation at Caneel Bay (then known every bit Klein Caneel Bay). The approach to the plantation was guarded inwards component subdivision past times 2 cannons. Captain Jannis von Beverhaut as well as Lt. Charles assumed command. Women as well as children were sent to Henley Cay with the intention that they live picked upwards afterward as well as brought to St. Thomas.

Meanwhile, the rebels attacked Cinnamon Bay (then called Caneel Bay). John as well as Lieven Jansen as well as a little grouping of their slaves resisted the onslaught. The rebel forcefulness was overwhelming. Jansen's loyal slaves fought a nurture guard activity as well as held off the advancing rebels with gunfire, hence allowing the Jansens to retreat to their waiting boat as well as escape to Durloe's Plantation. Miraculously, the loyal slaves were also able to escape.

The rebels paused to loot the Jansen plantation earlier pressing onward to human face the white planters at Durloe's. The attackers became disorganized when faced with the initial cannon as well as musket forcefulness out of the defenders, as well as the onrush on Durloe's plantation was repulsed.

Meanwhile inwards St. Thomas, Governor Philip Gardelin, nether describe per unit of measurement area from one-time Governor Moth, consented to send a little political party of soldiers to St. John to relieve the besieged planters. More troops nether the leadership of William Barrens, every bit good every bit a detachment consisting mainly of African slaves sent past times the Danish West Bharat Company as well as past times St. Thomas planters, arrived on St. John presently afterwards. This well-armed as well as well-supplied the world forces was able to recapture the fort as well as scatter the rebels who so took to hiding inwards the bush to struggle a state of war of attrition.

To find the status quo, the planters needed to wipe out the in conclusion vestiges of resistance. The remaining rebels could go along to last past times looting abandoned plantations as well as little farms as well as past times living off the the world where cattle at nowadays ran wild all over the island. The rebels would live a constant harassment to the orderly evolution as well as performance of whatever restored plantations. Furthermore, the Company as well as the St. Thomas planters feared that the St. John rebellion would inspire uprisings on St. Thomas as well as wanted to discourage slaves on that isle from taking similar action.

The insurgents held their ground, fighting a guerrilla trend state of war as well as disappearing into the bush when confronted with direct onrush past times the numerically superior troops led past times the planters. This status quo continued for 10 weeks.

The British were also concerned that the rebellion mightiness spread to Tortola, as well as they decided to assist the Danes past times sending an English linguistic communication Man O' War from Tortola to St. John. The warship was commanded past times a Captain Tallard had a crew of 60 soldiers.

When the British ship landed on St. John, the rebels staged an ambush inwards which iv of Tallard's men were wounded. Tallard as well as his men, demoralized past times this defeat, sailed dorsum to Tortola.

Meanwhile, the possessor of the plantation at Maho Bay, William Vessuup, had abandoned his plantation as well as fled to Tortola after existence implicated inwards a murder. Maroon slaves had taken upwards residence at his plantation as well as had afterward used it every bit a headquarters for their troops inwards the rebellion.

In an travail to find favor with the Danes as well as live exonerated from the criminal charges against him, Vessuup offered a conception to play a joke on the rebels. He was to lure the leaders aboard his ship with the hope of supplying them with badly needed guns as well as ammunition. He so planned to capture the rebel leaders as well as plow them over to the Danes. This travail at treachery, however, proved to live unsuccessful.
In Feb of 1734 the St. John planters in 1 lawsuit to a greater extent than solicited assistance from the English, as well as shortly afterwards Captain John Maddox, a privateer, sailing from St. Christopher (St. Kitts) arrived on the ship Diamond with 50 volunteers. His motivation was personal gain. He arranged a contract with Danish officials that would have got allowed him to maintain all rebel slaves captured except for the 10 considered most dangerous. They were to live turned over to the Danes for punishment. For these 10 he demanded a payment of 20 pieces-of-eight each. On their first of all confrontation with the Africans, the forces of John Maddox suffered a loss of 3 killed (including 1 of his sons) as well as 5 wounded. Like his predecessor Captain Tollard, Captain Maddox as well as his men left St. John shortly after their defeat.

English linguistic communication Governor Mathews wrote:
On St. John the Danes at acquaint hardly have got possession. Their negroes rose upon them almost 6 months ago. At my first of all arrival I heard they had quelled their slaves, but it was non so, they have got inwards a trend drove the Danes off, at to the lowest degree they dare non at nowadays travail whatever to a greater extent than to trim these Negroes, who have got ever beaten them, as well as inwards a trend are masters of that Island. The governor of St. Thomas, was fifty-fifty pocket-size plenty to wish I would send some of H. M. ships to trim them...and I at nowadays acquire a rash boyfriend from St. Christophers, inwards opened upwards defiance of my positive orders to the contrary, having made a compact with the Danish governor, went with his 2 sons as well as 3 or iv as well as 20 to a greater extent than on this errand, that the negroes have got killed 1 if non both his sons, as well as 2 or 3 to a greater extent than of his company, as well as beaten them off.

In early on Apr of 1734 a grouping of almost xl rebels attacked Durloe's Plantation. This assault, similar the previous one, was almost successful, but was finally repulsed past times the defenders. The insurgents managed, though, to laid forcefulness out to the defenders provide magazine.

Events inwards far away Europe were to bargain a deathblow to the rebel cause. King Louis of French Republic wanted to create his father-in-law, Stanislas Leszcynski the King of Poland. This would hateful state of war with Poland, as well as French Republic needed to know that Kingdom of Denmark would at to the lowest degree rest neutral. In add-on to this, French Republic was inwards demand of coin after having suffered severe fiscal losses inwards their Mississippi colony.
The Danes had been interested inwards the isle of St. Croix for quite some time. Sensing an opportunity, the Danish West Bharat Company offered the French 750,000 livres for St. Croix as well as sweetened the bargain with the hope of Danish neutrality.
As a gesture of solidarity with their novel friends, French Republic offered Kingdom of Denmark assist inwards subduing the slave rebellion on St. John. Monsieur de Champigny, the Governor of the French West Indies, sent Commander Chevalier de Longueville from Martinique to St. John with a forcefulness of 2 hundred soldiers. This included a gratis colored corps whose specialty was the tracking down, capturing as well as killing of runaway slaves, an activity they called maroon hunting.
The French detachment arrived on St. John on Apr 23, 1734 inwards 2 vessels, 1 commanded past times Monsieur de Longueville as well as the other commanded past times Monsieur Nadau. Danish Governor Gardelin dispatched a forcefulness of almost xxx men nether the command of Lt. Froling to offering whatever assistance necessary to the French soldiers. Gardelin also sent attorney Fries who was to mete out justice to captured rebels.
The French troops proceeded to relentlessly pursue the remaining rebels. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 rebel encampment of twenty-six huts was found as well as destroyed. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 immature severely wounded slave named Jan was captured as well as led the soldiers to a indicate of the world (Ram Head Point) where 11 rebels had committed suicide. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 few weeks afterward 8 slaves, 2 of whom were women, surrendered after their master copy promised them clemency.
From St. John Backtime, "The Raw Truth has Been Reported," Commander Longueville, from a document discovered as well as inwards the Colonies department of the French National Archives past times Aimery P. Caron as well as Arnold R. Highfield:
On Lord's Day the 16 (May 16, 1734), 6 Negroes as well as 2 negroe women surrendered at the appeal of their master copy who spared their lives. He so informed me of the matter. I ordered him to convey them to me, since they were identified every bit rebels. I have got them position into chains. Three of them were burned at the stake on 3 dissimilar plantations on St. John. I had previously informed the governor piece passing through St. Thomas that should I grab a few of the rebels, I would position most of them to decease as well as send him the residuum so that he could create an instance of them. The next twenty-four hr catamenia I informed him of their capture. He sent a justice who passed judgement for the sake of formality; I sent him the 3 other rebels along with the 2 women as well as requested that he non have got them executed until I live present. One was burned to decease slowly, some other was sawed inwards one-half as well as the 3rd was impaled. The 2 Negroe women had their hands as well as heads cutting off after all 5 had been tortured with hot pincers inwards the town.
One calendar week afterward twenty-five rebels were found dead on an "outjutting indicate of the world inwards an unsuspected place" identified afterward every bit nigh Brown Bay. Commander Longueville as well as his men left St. John a few days afterward on May 26, 1744 as well as sailed to St. Thomas.
Unbeknownst to Longueville at the fourth dimension of this departure, silent at large, but hiding inwards the bush, was 1 of the leaders of the rebellion as well as a little grouping of his followers. He was a one-time Akwamu noble who was named Prince past times his master. Through an intermediary, a bargain was arranged whereby Prince as well as his supporters would live forgiven as well as allowed to come upwards dorsum to work. Prince as well as 14 others surrendered to a Sergeant Øttingen. Prince was summarily shot as well as killed. His caput was cutting off every bit a trophy as well as his followers were captured. Subsequently iv of the followers died inwards jail inwards St. Thomas, 6 were tortured to decease as well as iv were sent to St. Croix to live worked to death.
Sergeant Øttingen was given a vantage as well as was promoted to Lieutenant for his bravery. The soldiers nether him were also honored as well as rewarded.
The Danish West Bharat Company reported that their losses inwards this rebellion amounted to 7,905 Rigsbankdalers.
source:http://www.stjohnbeachguide.com/Slave%20Rebellion.htm

Little Thatch Cay, Caribbean, US-Virgin-Islands

Saba Bay Parcels - US Virgin Islands, Caribbean

Photo source:http://stthomassource.com/galleryimage/john-baur/2010/04/30/carnival-2010-childrens-parade
http://simonsen.photoshelter.com/gallery/St-Thomas-Carnival/G00005BQidYAnTTA/

Share this post