Info For Y'all Sandawe People: I Of The Africa`S Oldest Ethnic Grouping In Addition To The Bushmen Shaman In Addition To Artists Of The Spirit World
The Sandawe are an indigenous hunter-gathering and click-speaking ethnic grouping of Southeast Africa, residing inwards the Kondoa district of Southeast Arusha inwards the Dodoma Region of north-central Tanzania. They receive got lived predominantly betwixt the Bubu as well as Mponde rivers for eons earlier Europeans colonized Africa inwards the 18th as well as 19th centuries. The Sandawe population is currently estimated to live 60,000.
Sandawe hunter with bow as well as arrow hunting a game at Kondoa, Tanzania. by andreasroksvaag.com
Scholars advise that the ancestors of introduce 24-hour interval Hadza (another click-speaking hunter-gatherers) as well as Sandawe speakers resided inwards the part similar a shot known equally Tanzania long earlier the arrival of neighboring agricultural as well as pastoral populations. It is also averred that the herding as well as cultivating Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) speakers, who originated from Ethiopia, as well as showtime reached northern Tanzania roughly 4000 years ago, as well as were also followed yesteryear largely pastoral Nilotic (Nilo-Saharan) speakers, originating from southern Sudan (Newman 1995) came to run into Sandawe people. Anthropologist John A. Cavallo refer to them equally the "bushman shamans as well as artists of the spirit world" equally a resultant of their esoteric practices.
Sandawe elders inwards their Kandoa village, Tanzania
H5N1 highly ambitious genetic study of the root of Sandawe conducted yesteryear American molecular biologist Sarah Tishkoff has shown that it is the Sandawe of primal Tanzania who possess the oldest deoxyribonucleic acid lineages as well as who part a mutual ancestry with “the bushmen from the S of Africa as well as southern bushmen of Botswana, Namibia, as well as South Africa... inside nearly 35,000 years.” Tishkoff believes “the southern bushmen [and Sandawe] originated inwards East Africa [probably Ethiopia] as well as that both are remnants of a really one-time grouping of hunter-gatherers [called proto-Khoisan], possibly the earliest ancestors of modern humans.” From the genetic data, she as well as her colleagues guess that modern humans showtime emerged nearly 170,000 years ago.
They are reported to live ane of the early on settlers who artistically push clit the rocks arts inwards Tanzania, especially Mongomi wa Kolo which comprises a complex of grouping of rocks known equally the Basement stone system". Mongomi wa Kolo is role of the Kondoa stone fine art World Heritage Site, as well as is ane of the richest areas with a high concentration of stone paintings inwards Tanzania. The sites covert an expanse of 2336 foursquare kilometres including the hamlet of Kolo, Kinyasi, Pahi, Kundusi, Chungai, Chora, Cheke, Kisese, Thlawi, Swera as well as Bubu River (Kondoa administration programme 2004). The Kondoa stone paintings consist of iii stone icon traditions: hunter-gatherer, pastoralist as well as Bantu language-speakers (Masao 1979; Leakey 1983; Anati 1986; Mturi 1998; Smith 1997), each tradition has a distinctive trend as well as content, as well as sometimes these iii traditions are found inwards the same shelter.Mary Leakey (1983) surveyed as well as documented the stone paintings of Kondoa as well as reported a broad gain of animals depicted yesteryear hunter-gathers inwards stone shelters including giraffe, eland, elephants, antelopes, birds, dogs, rhinoceroses, reedbuck, zebra, kudu, hartebeest, pigs, snake, baboons, wildebeest, buffalo, hares, crocodiles, bat, oryx, tortoise as well as scorpion. Many of these animals were introduce merely about Kondoa inwards the early on 1900s (Nash 1984).
The Sandawe people receive got long been considered skilful survivalists during times of nutrient shortages equally a resultant of having a rigid hunting as well as gathering tradition. By the fourth dimension of the expeditions of European adventurers/explorers Charles Stokes as well as Emin Pasha, they had also go herders as well as agriculturalists, but silent tended to live grouped with the Wagogo people. It was non until the travels of Lt. Prince inwards 1895 that the Sandawe were finally recognized yesteryear Europeans equally a separate people maintaining their independence. Despite their technologically unproblematic culture, European colonists considered them politically as well as militarily meaning at to the lowest degree until the plough of the 20th century.
The Sandawe people believe inwards their traditions strongly as well as hardly depart from from their ancient civilization as well as tradition. In their traditional religion: "The gods of the Sandawe are activated yesteryear an erotic dance, phek'umo, inwards which the human activity of love is mimicked inwards comprehend yesteryear the dancers. The Luna is seen to live role of the wheel of fertility; inwards the wheel of months as well as inwards the period of time of women...so people trip the low-cal fantastic yesteryear moonlight as well as adopt stances as well as postures inwards the trip the low-cal fantastic which stand upwards for the phases of the moon. This trip the low-cal fantastic embeds the necessity for human as well as public fertility inwards the body, mind, as well as spirit of the dancers equally they function the fields or the banana inwards Tanzania."
The Sandawe were as well as stay an outgoing people, fond of singing, dancing, making music, as well as drinking beer, as well as receive got an enormous shop of songs. All ceremonials as well as rituals differed from ane another, such equally those of harvest as well as courtship, equally did those of the curing rituals with their trances, the circumcision festivals, as well as simba possession dances, inwards which dancers imitated lions inwards monastic tell to fighting witchcraft. The Sandawe
silent retain a rigid oral tradition, loving to recount stories, which embody the collective wisdom of the group.
Many Sandawe are small, light-boned, as well as low-cal brown-skinned, or equally Lieutenant Tom von Prince of the German linguistic communication East Africa Company wrote, 'small as well as yellowish'; the are also noted for having sparse lips, an epicanthic oculus fold, as well as excessive wrinkling of the peel inwards one-time age. Some, peculiarly women, demonstrate signs of steatopygia, or accumulated fatty inwards the buttocks as well as haunches.
The present-day Sandawe were forced to abandon their hunting as well as gathering means of life several decades agone as well as are similar a shot considered “an agricultural ethnic group” An estimated 50,000 of them silent reside inwards the Kondoa District of the Dodoma Region inwards north-central Tanzania betwixt the Maponde as well as Bubu rivers. Although some receive got been influenced yesteryear Christianity as well as Islam a bulk are said to silent do their
animistic faith which includes, alongside many other commonalities, worship of the Luna as well as harmony with nature, similar to that of the South African Bushmen.
Geography
The master copy vegetation of Kondoa consisted of savannah woodland with pocket-size pockets of montane woods as well as savannah grassland (Kessy 2005). The master copy vegetation has been subjected to many centuries of human activities such equally cultivation, grazing, burn downward as well as wood harvesting. The programme Hifadhi Ardhi
Dodoma (HADO)2 intervened inwards 1980s as well as helped to regenerate natural vegetation. The natural vegetation of Kondoa supported a multifariousness of wild animals that was exploited yesteryear hunter-gatherer societies.
The introduce 24-hour interval vegetation is dominated yesteryear savannah grassland, miombo woodland, scrub and, inwards a few areas, thickets. The mutual trees are Brachystegia sp., Pterocarpus sp., Angloensis sp., Dicanthium sp. as well as Baobab sp. In the valleys Acacia kirkii, Tortillis sp. as well as Delenix alata sp. are mutual trees (Aitken 1950). The ridge crests with their granite outcroppings as well as sparse stony soil do non back upwards much to a greater extent than than a handful of thorny shrubs of Preudo posoppis, Combretum, Burthia, Grewia as well as Bussia sp. (Aitken 1950).
Generally the climatic designing inwards Central Tanzania is determined yesteryear the motility of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) betwixt the northern as well as the southern hemisphere (Christiansson 1981). On this footing Kondoa experiences a rainfall government betwixt 600mm as well as 800mm with an annual average of 640mm. The rainy flavour is betwixt October/November as well as March/April with a curt dry out spell inwards between, in
Jan as well as Feb (Mung’ong’o 1999). The genuine dry out flavour lasts betwixt vi to 8 months from May to October. The pocket-size rivers, such equally the river Kolo at Mongomi wa Kolo, are ephemeral, flowing during as well as afterwards downpours. There were seasonal swamps but these receive got silted upwards due to deposition of eroded materials from latterly cleared sections of highland. Mongomi wa Kolo hence sits inwards a wooded
landscape with seasonal water.
Traditional origin
According to Sandawe oral history "The Sandawe entered the province (Tanzania) which they similar a shot inhabit nearly a century ago, most of it beingness so unoccupied. They came from a part called Mambaka inwards south-western Usandawe close Ugogo, where a few silent live. The master copy Sandawe were lighter inwards peel colouring than are those of today. * They were at ane fourth dimension hunters, without stock or agriculture, but they collected as well as ate wild dearest equally good equally edible roots. Some 5 hundred years agone they met Nyaturu as well as Tatogat with cattle (humbu, a corruption of the Nyaturu ng'ombe). These the Sandawe at showtime took to live wild beasts as well as wished to hunt but did non do so when it was seen that they were tended yesteryear humans. The Sandawe were taught stock-keeping yesteryear the Nyaturu as well as the Tatoga, from whom they acquired cattle,sheep as well as goats inwards substitution for their women.
The bridewealth was 4 cattle (five inwards the instance of a virgin) as well as 8 sheep or goats. H5N1 sheep or a caprine animal was eaten at the matrimony feast. The Nyaturu also instructed the Sandawe inwards husbandry, equally the Tatoga were so purely pastoral. About 4 hundred as well as l years ago, afterwards the Sandawe had almost abandoned hunting, at that spot was a severe famine, caused yesteryear failure of the rains. Perhaps half the tribe, which was smaller than it is now, left Usandawe, never to live heard of again. Those remaining had their stock stolen yesteryear the Nyaturu as well as the Tatoga, as well as they began ane time to a greater extent than to hunt as well as to collect honey. The famine'lasted 7 years, inwards the course of study of which some Sandawe became serfs to the Nyaturu. Others, at the terminate of it, returned to agriculture. There receive got been iii subsequent famines, the first, due to locusts, l years ago, the instant at the terminate of the 1914-1918 war, as well as the 3rd inwards 1942-43. Over l Sandawe clans (boyo) exist, some of which convey their names from nearby hills. In the early on days at that spot were non chiefs but solely clan councils. The Alagwa clan of Tatoga root were rainmakers. The Elewa were one-half Gogo. The Bisa are a Sandawe clan speaking a linguistic communication allied to Ngomvia. It is non sure enough who made the rock-paintings inwards Usandawe but " people say the Portuguese." (http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Trevor-1947-JRAI-Sandawe.pdf)
Sandawe people
Language
About 60,000 population of Sandawe people speaks ane of the Africa`s click language in the Dodoma part of Tanzania. African click languages receive got been classified into 5 groups: Ju, !Ui-Taa, Khoe, Sandawe, as well as Hadza (Ehret 2000; Güldemann as well as Vossen 2000). Linguists oftentimes grouping the Ju, Khoe, as well as !Ui-Taa languages into a southern African Khoisan (SAK) branch as well as consider the eastern African Hadza as well as Sandawe click languages to live to a greater extent than distantly related (Heine as well as Nurse 2000). However, recent investigations (Güldemann forthcoming) advise that Sandawe may live related to the Khoe seat unit of measurement regardless of the validity of Khoesan equally a whole.
Language usage is vigorous alongside both adults as well as children, with people inwards some areas monolingual. Sandawe had to a greater extent than oftentimes than non been classified equally a fellow member of the defunct Khoisan seat unit of measurement since Albert Drexel inwards the 1920s, due to the presence of clicks inwards the language.
Sandawe has 2 main dialects, the differences betwixt which are ‘slight as well as gradual’ (ten Raa 1970:147) as well as include speech communication speed as well as other pronunciation features, lexis, grammatical phenomena as well as the usage of taboo language. Speakers of dissimilar dialects study no problems with mutual intelligibility. The 2 dialects are referred to hither equally western Sandawe as well as eastern Sandawe, corresponding to Dtelha (‘proper Sandawe’) as well as Bisa (‘uncouth Sandawe’) inwards 10 Raa’s function (1970:131). Western Sandawe tin live farther divided into 2 sub-varieties, with ane beingness labelled western as well as the other central. The differences betwixt these 2 varieties are non equally considerable equally those which differentiate the western as well as eastern dialects.
Most Sandawe also beak Swahili to a marking that allows basic conversation with neighbouring peoples. Swahili competency depends partly on geographical location, with the Sandawe living inwards to a greater extent than remote areas beingness less probable to know Swahili well, as well as partly on historic period of time as well as pedagogy level, with older as well as less educated Sandawe beingness less familiar with Swahili.(click here: http://www-01.sil.org/silepubs/Pubs/52718/52718_EatonH_Sandawe_Grammar.pdf)
History
The Sandawe today are considered descendants of an master copy Bushman-like people. They and may part a mutual ancestor with the Khoe speaking people of southern Africa. Sandawe people had lived inwards Tanzania for many years earlier the Iron-age Bantu people came to settle inwards East Africa.
Agricultural Bantu (Niger-Kordofanian) speakers, originating from West Africa, reached northwestern Tanzania ∼2,500 years agone (Newman 1995). According to Iliffe (1979), the linguistically as well as culturally divergent groups of Tanzania interacted extensively next their arrival inwards the region, as well as ethnic labels receive got been highly fluid, suggesting that at that spot mightiness live lilliputian genetic difference alongside whatsoever of the Tanzanian populations.
The Sandawe, who currently alive inside 150 km of the Hadza, are the solely other population inwards eastern Africa whose linguistic communication has been classified equally role of the Khoisan linguistic communication family. Series of genetic research has been performed on both mtDNA as well as Y chromosome variation of the Sandawe, Hadza, as well as neighboring Tanzanian populations.
H5N1 novel genetic information demonstrate that the Sandawe as well as southern African click speakers part rare mtDNA as well as Y chromosome haplogroups; however, mutual ancestry of the 2 populations dates dorsum >35,000 years. These information also dot that mutual ancestry of the Hadza as well as Sandawe populations dates dorsum >15,000 years. These findings advise that at the fourth dimension of the spread of agriculture as well as pastoralism, the click-speaking populations were already isolated from ane some other as well as are consistent with relatively deep linguistic difference alongside the respective click languages.
During the mid-19th century, when Deutschland began to colonize sub-Saharan Africa, some Sandawe clans used their prestige equally rainmakers to lay claim to chiefly status, but were never actually accepted equally such. Others defied European dominion as well as the volume migrations of arriving colonists merely about them. The Germans were told that a homo named Mtoro wielded some authority. He was officially made headman or leader of the latterly established Nyamwezi colony.
The Sandawe so hated Mtoro as well as the Nyamwezi settlers that they threw them out inwards 1902, seizing their cattle. Lieutenant Kohlerman was called to continue the peace as well as inside iii days killed 800 Sandawe men, reportedly without suffering a casualty, piece a instant expedition so came as well as captured 1,100 cattle. The district commander reported 'progress':
The rock-strewn solid reason of Usandawe...is inhabited yesteryear a silent thoroughly warlike, predatory, as well as unexplored mount people whose members do non recognize German linguistic communication rule, alive far apart as well as tolerate no headmen or superiors, as well as receive got hereto rid themselves inwards drastic fashion of those experimentally installed yesteryear the station. We similar a shot receive got the province of affairs good inwards hand.
Encouraged, the German linguistic communication colony withdrew its military. But the Sandawe attacked equally the soldiers left, announcing a willingness to human face a novel expedition, as well as began harassing the Nyamwezi. In the end, the Sandawe were 'pacified', as well as 22 headmen were appointed chiefs, mainly from the traditional rainmaking clans. One of the headmen said, "If whatsoever ane defies my order, I volition appeal to the European Sergeant Linke. He is ane who punishes with fetters as well as the whip....Therefore, my people see that you lot alive inwards peace."
With the terminate of colonialism, however, the establishment of chiefdom rapidly crumbled as well as disappeared. In telling their stories, the Sandawe seat with pocket-size animals that usage their cunning as well as tidings to outwit their unsafe as well as to a greater extent than powerful enemies. As Tom von Prince understood it inwards his volume Gegen Araber und Wahehe, "the deathly fearfulness that must receive got existed to drive these people thousands of kilometers from their homes S of the equator, into the middle of countless foreign tribes to observe peace, tin solely live guessed at."
Economy
The Sandawe are hunter-gatherers. They cultivate the soil with a mattock, fertilize with manure, as well as continue cattle, sheep, as well as goats. The men clear the land, tend the animals, as well as hunt, piece the women do the tillage as well as nutrient gathering.
The staple nutrient is millet, supplemented with fat, milk, as well as butter, meat beingness rarely eaten.
Socio-political as well as Cultural practices
For some 30,000 years, archaeological testify indicates they were the solely human inhabitants of Tanzania along with Hazabes. They lived inwards pocket-size seat unit of measurement groups of nearly 25 men, women as well as children. Households, each comprising a nuclear family, are organized into patrilineal exogamous clans that shape the footing for autonomous local communities.
They hunted with bows as well as arrows tipped with deadly toxicant that enabled them to kill really large prey, such equally giraffe as well as eland as well as fifty-fifty can large carnivores from kills to scavenge flesh from the carcasses. Smaller game was caught inwards traps or snares. However, lx to 80 per centum of their diet consisted of a broad multifariousness of seasonally available flora foods. Large animals required cooperative communal hunts. When ane was killed, the hunter whose poisoned arrow penetrated deep plenty to permit the toxicant to work, owned the kill. It was so his responsibleness to oversee its distribution alongside the residual of the hunters as well as the community. Sharing as well as gift-giving were strongly emphasized.
Anthropologists class them equally a “band society” inwards which at that spot are no elected leaders, chiefs, or spokespersons. Social determined yesteryear the full general consensus of all adult or near-adult members, irrespective of sex. The condition of women was relatively equal to that of men.
Many aspects of their civilization demonstrate the influence of their Bantu neighbours. Their isolated wooden houses with roofs of clay are built inwards the lee of the wind. Their traditional clothe were of hika-grass, feathers, as well as hides, as well as the dominant cosmetic practices include shaving of hair, earlobe piercing, as well as human face tattooing.
Marriage, which is monogamous as well as requires bridewealth, is forbidden with parallel cousins as well as preferred with the maternal uncle’s daughter. Residence is patrilocal, oftentimes afterwards an initial period of time close the wife’s parents.
Religious Belief
The Sandawe believe inwards a Supreme beingness as well as Creator God known equally Warongwe, who was so abstract, distant, as well as unrelated to the well-being of normal life that it was rarely prayed to or given sacrifices. Their faith consisted of a long employment of ancestors as well as a strongly-knit extended seat unit of measurement arrangement that mediated betwixt living beings as well as a really remote all-powerful God.
Spirits are silent believed to occupy stone shelters as well as shallow caves inwards the hills as well as are respected as well as fifty-fifty feared. So equally non to disturb these spirits, the stone shelters were avoided yesteryear all but their shamans; no animals
were herded there, as well as no wood cutting or twig broken. Once a twelvemonth the Wasandawe would go to the caves to sacrifice inwards monastic tell to brand sure enough the spirits would non live spiteful as well as interfere with the full general good being. In the hills, groups of people would yell prayers to the spirits, assuring them that no ane had come upwards to disturb
them, but had come upwards to pay their respects.
These prayers were shouted equally loudly equally possible, to brand sure enough that the spirits could listen them.
The Sandawe demonstrate peachy reverence for bees, honey, as well as also honour for pocket-size cunning animals who outwitted larger enemies. Part human-part animate beingness figures representing transformed shamans (called
“their anthropes”) are quite mutual inwards Kondoa.
H5N1 publish of cultural attributes of the Sandawe are similar to those of the southern San. This included the Sandawe girl’s puberty ritual (the phek’umo) as well as the southern San eland bull dance. Both rituals involved women bending over as well as suggestively bearing their buttocks to attract the manful somebody dancers. According to anthropologist Eric 10 Raa, what the Sandawe women were inwards fact doing inwards this ritual, was re-enacting “the role of the Luna inwards the basic creation tradition, according to which, the Luna entices the Sun into the heaven for
the showtime celestial copulation.
The whole rite is held nether the aegis of the Luna as well as has the explicit role of ‘making the province fertile.’’ It is also believed to command the fertility wheel inwards women. There are other Sandawe beliefs that venerate the stars as well as the seasons. Like the San, they also revered the praying mantis who was considered the divine messenger of god.
The Sandawe simbo rituals involves vehement trance sense equally good equally sure enough beliefs as well as metaphors, like
transformation into a lion.” The bulk of Sandawe shamans induced trance (also known equally altered states of consciousness) through vigorous all-night ritual dancing, sometimes lasting upwards to twenty-four hours, accompanied yesteryear the singing as well as clapping of women. Eventually the dancers suffered the effects of this activity inwards the shape of dehydration as well as hyperventilation that led to stiffening of the muscles and, finally, bodily
collapse. At that point, shamans are said to receive got left their bodies, transformed into animals as well as traveled to the spirit public that existed beneath as well as higher upwards the existent world. This enabled them to teach supernatural potency as well as negotiate with deities, their deceased ancestors as well as battle evil spirits for the do goodness of their communities.
Returning to the textile public with their newly acquired power, they were able to cure sickness, brand rain, command the movements of game animals so their hunters could successfully ambush them, restore as well as maintain harmony inwards their communities, as well as perform other vital tasks. Upon recovering from trance, they painted their cosmological experiences on the walls of stone shelters.
SOURCE:http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/10/2180.full
http://nitokesafaris.com/Tutoke_Magazine_Issue_1.pdf
Sandawe hunter with bow as well as arrow hunting a game at Kondoa, Tanzania. by andreasroksvaag.com
Scholars advise that the ancestors of introduce 24-hour interval Hadza (another click-speaking hunter-gatherers) as well as Sandawe speakers resided inwards the part similar a shot known equally Tanzania long earlier the arrival of neighboring agricultural as well as pastoral populations. It is also averred that the herding as well as cultivating Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) speakers, who originated from Ethiopia, as well as showtime reached northern Tanzania roughly 4000 years ago, as well as were also followed yesteryear largely pastoral Nilotic (Nilo-Saharan) speakers, originating from southern Sudan (Newman 1995) came to run into Sandawe people. Anthropologist John A. Cavallo refer to them equally the "bushman shamans as well as artists of the spirit world" equally a resultant of their esoteric practices.
Sandawe elders inwards their Kandoa village, Tanzania
H5N1 highly ambitious genetic study of the root of Sandawe conducted yesteryear American molecular biologist Sarah Tishkoff has shown that it is the Sandawe of primal Tanzania who possess the oldest deoxyribonucleic acid lineages as well as who part a mutual ancestry with “the bushmen from the S of Africa as well as southern bushmen of Botswana, Namibia, as well as South Africa... inside nearly 35,000 years.” Tishkoff believes “the southern bushmen [and Sandawe] originated inwards East Africa [probably Ethiopia] as well as that both are remnants of a really one-time grouping of hunter-gatherers [called proto-Khoisan], possibly the earliest ancestors of modern humans.” From the genetic data, she as well as her colleagues guess that modern humans showtime emerged nearly 170,000 years ago.
They are reported to live ane of the early on settlers who artistically push clit the rocks arts inwards Tanzania, especially Mongomi wa Kolo which comprises a complex of grouping of rocks known equally the Basement stone system". Mongomi wa Kolo is role of the Kondoa stone fine art World Heritage Site, as well as is ane of the richest areas with a high concentration of stone paintings inwards Tanzania. The sites covert an expanse of 2336 foursquare kilometres including the hamlet of Kolo, Kinyasi, Pahi, Kundusi, Chungai, Chora, Cheke, Kisese, Thlawi, Swera as well as Bubu River (Kondoa administration programme 2004). The Kondoa stone paintings consist of iii stone icon traditions: hunter-gatherer, pastoralist as well as Bantu language-speakers (Masao 1979; Leakey 1983; Anati 1986; Mturi 1998; Smith 1997), each tradition has a distinctive trend as well as content, as well as sometimes these iii traditions are found inwards the same shelter.Mary Leakey (1983) surveyed as well as documented the stone paintings of Kondoa as well as reported a broad gain of animals depicted yesteryear hunter-gathers inwards stone shelters including giraffe, eland, elephants, antelopes, birds, dogs, rhinoceroses, reedbuck, zebra, kudu, hartebeest, pigs, snake, baboons, wildebeest, buffalo, hares, crocodiles, bat, oryx, tortoise as well as scorpion. Many of these animals were introduce merely about Kondoa inwards the early on 1900s (Nash 1984).
Sandawe girl
The Sandawe people receive got long been considered skilful survivalists during times of nutrient shortages equally a resultant of having a rigid hunting as well as gathering tradition. By the fourth dimension of the expeditions of European adventurers/explorers Charles Stokes as well as Emin Pasha, they had also go herders as well as agriculturalists, but silent tended to live grouped with the Wagogo people. It was non until the travels of Lt. Prince inwards 1895 that the Sandawe were finally recognized yesteryear Europeans equally a separate people maintaining their independence. Despite their technologically unproblematic culture, European colonists considered them politically as well as militarily meaning at to the lowest degree until the plough of the 20th century.
Sandawe woman
The Sandawe people believe inwards their traditions strongly as well as hardly depart from from their ancient civilization as well as tradition. In their traditional religion: "The gods of the Sandawe are activated yesteryear an erotic dance, phek'umo, inwards which the human activity of love is mimicked inwards comprehend yesteryear the dancers. The Luna is seen to live role of the wheel of fertility; inwards the wheel of months as well as inwards the period of time of women...so people trip the low-cal fantastic yesteryear moonlight as well as adopt stances as well as postures inwards the trip the low-cal fantastic which stand upwards for the phases of the moon. This trip the low-cal fantastic embeds the necessity for human as well as public fertility inwards the body, mind, as well as spirit of the dancers equally they function the fields or the banana inwards Tanzania."
The Sandawe were as well as stay an outgoing people, fond of singing, dancing, making music, as well as drinking beer, as well as receive got an enormous shop of songs. All ceremonials as well as rituals differed from ane another, such equally those of harvest as well as courtship, equally did those of the curing rituals with their trances, the circumcision festivals, as well as simba possession dances, inwards which dancers imitated lions inwards monastic tell to fighting witchcraft. The Sandawe
silent retain a rigid oral tradition, loving to recount stories, which embody the collective wisdom of the group.
Many Sandawe are small, light-boned, as well as low-cal brown-skinned, or equally Lieutenant Tom von Prince of the German linguistic communication East Africa Company wrote, 'small as well as yellowish'; the are also noted for having sparse lips, an epicanthic oculus fold, as well as excessive wrinkling of the peel inwards one-time age. Some, peculiarly women, demonstrate signs of steatopygia, or accumulated fatty inwards the buttocks as well as haunches.
The present-day Sandawe were forced to abandon their hunting as well as gathering means of life several decades agone as well as are similar a shot considered “an agricultural ethnic group” An estimated 50,000 of them silent reside inwards the Kondoa District of the Dodoma Region inwards north-central Tanzania betwixt the Maponde as well as Bubu rivers. Although some receive got been influenced yesteryear Christianity as well as Islam a bulk are said to silent do their
animistic faith which includes, alongside many other commonalities, worship of the Luna as well as harmony with nature, similar to that of the South African Bushmen.
Geography
The master copy vegetation of Kondoa consisted of savannah woodland with pocket-size pockets of montane woods as well as savannah grassland (Kessy 2005). The master copy vegetation has been subjected to many centuries of human activities such equally cultivation, grazing, burn downward as well as wood harvesting. The programme Hifadhi Ardhi
Dodoma (HADO)2 intervened inwards 1980s as well as helped to regenerate natural vegetation. The natural vegetation of Kondoa supported a multifariousness of wild animals that was exploited yesteryear hunter-gatherer societies.
The introduce 24-hour interval vegetation is dominated yesteryear savannah grassland, miombo woodland, scrub and, inwards a few areas, thickets. The mutual trees are Brachystegia sp., Pterocarpus sp., Angloensis sp., Dicanthium sp. as well as Baobab sp. In the valleys Acacia kirkii, Tortillis sp. as well as Delenix alata sp. are mutual trees (Aitken 1950). The ridge crests with their granite outcroppings as well as sparse stony soil do non back upwards much to a greater extent than than a handful of thorny shrubs of Preudo posoppis, Combretum, Burthia, Grewia as well as Bussia sp. (Aitken 1950).
Generally the climatic designing inwards Central Tanzania is determined yesteryear the motility of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) betwixt the northern as well as the southern hemisphere (Christiansson 1981). On this footing Kondoa experiences a rainfall government betwixt 600mm as well as 800mm with an annual average of 640mm. The rainy flavour is betwixt October/November as well as March/April with a curt dry out spell inwards between, in
Jan as well as Feb (Mung’ong’o 1999). The genuine dry out flavour lasts betwixt vi to 8 months from May to October. The pocket-size rivers, such equally the river Kolo at Mongomi wa Kolo, are ephemeral, flowing during as well as afterwards downpours. There were seasonal swamps but these receive got silted upwards due to deposition of eroded materials from latterly cleared sections of highland. Mongomi wa Kolo hence sits inwards a wooded
landscape with seasonal water.
Traditional origin
According to Sandawe oral history "The Sandawe entered the province (Tanzania) which they similar a shot inhabit nearly a century ago, most of it beingness so unoccupied. They came from a part called Mambaka inwards south-western Usandawe close Ugogo, where a few silent live. The master copy Sandawe were lighter inwards peel colouring than are those of today. * They were at ane fourth dimension hunters, without stock or agriculture, but they collected as well as ate wild dearest equally good equally edible roots. Some 5 hundred years agone they met Nyaturu as well as Tatogat with cattle (humbu, a corruption of the Nyaturu ng'ombe). These the Sandawe at showtime took to live wild beasts as well as wished to hunt but did non do so when it was seen that they were tended yesteryear humans. The Sandawe were taught stock-keeping yesteryear the Nyaturu as well as the Tatoga, from whom they acquired cattle,sheep as well as goats inwards substitution for their women.
The bridewealth was 4 cattle (five inwards the instance of a virgin) as well as 8 sheep or goats. H5N1 sheep or a caprine animal was eaten at the matrimony feast. The Nyaturu also instructed the Sandawe inwards husbandry, equally the Tatoga were so purely pastoral. About 4 hundred as well as l years ago, afterwards the Sandawe had almost abandoned hunting, at that spot was a severe famine, caused yesteryear failure of the rains. Perhaps half the tribe, which was smaller than it is now, left Usandawe, never to live heard of again. Those remaining had their stock stolen yesteryear the Nyaturu as well as the Tatoga, as well as they began ane time to a greater extent than to hunt as well as to collect honey. The famine'lasted 7 years, inwards the course of study of which some Sandawe became serfs to the Nyaturu. Others, at the terminate of it, returned to agriculture. There receive got been iii subsequent famines, the first, due to locusts, l years ago, the instant at the terminate of the 1914-1918 war, as well as the 3rd inwards 1942-43. Over l Sandawe clans (boyo) exist, some of which convey their names from nearby hills. In the early on days at that spot were non chiefs but solely clan councils. The Alagwa clan of Tatoga root were rainmakers. The Elewa were one-half Gogo. The Bisa are a Sandawe clan speaking a linguistic communication allied to Ngomvia. It is non sure enough who made the rock-paintings inwards Usandawe but " people say the Portuguese." (http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Trevor-1947-JRAI-Sandawe.pdf)
Sandawe people
Language
About 60,000 population of Sandawe people speaks ane of the Africa`s click language in the Dodoma part of Tanzania. African click languages receive got been classified into 5 groups: Ju, !Ui-Taa, Khoe, Sandawe, as well as Hadza (Ehret 2000; Güldemann as well as Vossen 2000). Linguists oftentimes grouping the Ju, Khoe, as well as !Ui-Taa languages into a southern African Khoisan (SAK) branch as well as consider the eastern African Hadza as well as Sandawe click languages to live to a greater extent than distantly related (Heine as well as Nurse 2000). However, recent investigations (Güldemann forthcoming) advise that Sandawe may live related to the Khoe seat unit of measurement regardless of the validity of Khoesan equally a whole.
Language usage is vigorous alongside both adults as well as children, with people inwards some areas monolingual. Sandawe had to a greater extent than oftentimes than non been classified equally a fellow member of the defunct Khoisan seat unit of measurement since Albert Drexel inwards the 1920s, due to the presence of clicks inwards the language.
Sandawe has 2 main dialects, the differences betwixt which are ‘slight as well as gradual’ (ten Raa 1970:147) as well as include speech communication speed as well as other pronunciation features, lexis, grammatical phenomena as well as the usage of taboo language. Speakers of dissimilar dialects study no problems with mutual intelligibility. The 2 dialects are referred to hither equally western Sandawe as well as eastern Sandawe, corresponding to Dtelha (‘proper Sandawe’) as well as Bisa (‘uncouth Sandawe’) inwards 10 Raa’s function (1970:131). Western Sandawe tin live farther divided into 2 sub-varieties, with ane beingness labelled western as well as the other central. The differences betwixt these 2 varieties are non equally considerable equally those which differentiate the western as well as eastern dialects.
Most Sandawe also beak Swahili to a marking that allows basic conversation with neighbouring peoples. Swahili competency depends partly on geographical location, with the Sandawe living inwards to a greater extent than remote areas beingness less probable to know Swahili well, as well as partly on historic period of time as well as pedagogy level, with older as well as less educated Sandawe beingness less familiar with Swahili.(click here: http://www-01.sil.org/silepubs/Pubs/52718/52718_EatonH_Sandawe_Grammar.pdf)
History
The Sandawe today are considered descendants of an master copy Bushman-like people. They and may part a mutual ancestor with the Khoe speaking people of southern Africa. Sandawe people had lived inwards Tanzania for many years earlier the Iron-age Bantu people came to settle inwards East Africa.
Agricultural Bantu (Niger-Kordofanian) speakers, originating from West Africa, reached northwestern Tanzania ∼2,500 years agone (Newman 1995). According to Iliffe (1979), the linguistically as well as culturally divergent groups of Tanzania interacted extensively next their arrival inwards the region, as well as ethnic labels receive got been highly fluid, suggesting that at that spot mightiness live lilliputian genetic difference alongside whatsoever of the Tanzanian populations.
The Sandawe, who currently alive inside 150 km of the Hadza, are the solely other population inwards eastern Africa whose linguistic communication has been classified equally role of the Khoisan linguistic communication family. Series of genetic research has been performed on both mtDNA as well as Y chromosome variation of the Sandawe, Hadza, as well as neighboring Tanzanian populations.
H5N1 novel genetic information demonstrate that the Sandawe as well as southern African click speakers part rare mtDNA as well as Y chromosome haplogroups; however, mutual ancestry of the 2 populations dates dorsum >35,000 years. These information also dot that mutual ancestry of the Hadza as well as Sandawe populations dates dorsum >15,000 years. These findings advise that at the fourth dimension of the spread of agriculture as well as pastoralism, the click-speaking populations were already isolated from ane some other as well as are consistent with relatively deep linguistic difference alongside the respective click languages.
During the mid-19th century, when Deutschland began to colonize sub-Saharan Africa, some Sandawe clans used their prestige equally rainmakers to lay claim to chiefly status, but were never actually accepted equally such. Others defied European dominion as well as the volume migrations of arriving colonists merely about them. The Germans were told that a homo named Mtoro wielded some authority. He was officially made headman or leader of the latterly established Nyamwezi colony.
The Sandawe so hated Mtoro as well as the Nyamwezi settlers that they threw them out inwards 1902, seizing their cattle. Lieutenant Kohlerman was called to continue the peace as well as inside iii days killed 800 Sandawe men, reportedly without suffering a casualty, piece a instant expedition so came as well as captured 1,100 cattle. The district commander reported 'progress':
The rock-strewn solid reason of Usandawe...is inhabited yesteryear a silent thoroughly warlike, predatory, as well as unexplored mount people whose members do non recognize German linguistic communication rule, alive far apart as well as tolerate no headmen or superiors, as well as receive got hereto rid themselves inwards drastic fashion of those experimentally installed yesteryear the station. We similar a shot receive got the province of affairs good inwards hand.
Encouraged, the German linguistic communication colony withdrew its military. But the Sandawe attacked equally the soldiers left, announcing a willingness to human face a novel expedition, as well as began harassing the Nyamwezi. In the end, the Sandawe were 'pacified', as well as 22 headmen were appointed chiefs, mainly from the traditional rainmaking clans. One of the headmen said, "If whatsoever ane defies my order, I volition appeal to the European Sergeant Linke. He is ane who punishes with fetters as well as the whip....Therefore, my people see that you lot alive inwards peace."
With the terminate of colonialism, however, the establishment of chiefdom rapidly crumbled as well as disappeared. In telling their stories, the Sandawe seat with pocket-size animals that usage their cunning as well as tidings to outwit their unsafe as well as to a greater extent than powerful enemies. As Tom von Prince understood it inwards his volume Gegen Araber und Wahehe, "the deathly fearfulness that must receive got existed to drive these people thousands of kilometers from their homes S of the equator, into the middle of countless foreign tribes to observe peace, tin solely live guessed at."
Economy
The Sandawe are hunter-gatherers. They cultivate the soil with a mattock, fertilize with manure, as well as continue cattle, sheep, as well as goats. The men clear the land, tend the animals, as well as hunt, piece the women do the tillage as well as nutrient gathering.
The staple nutrient is millet, supplemented with fat, milk, as well as butter, meat beingness rarely eaten.
Socio-political as well as Cultural practices
For some 30,000 years, archaeological testify indicates they were the solely human inhabitants of Tanzania along with Hazabes. They lived inwards pocket-size seat unit of measurement groups of nearly 25 men, women as well as children. Households, each comprising a nuclear family, are organized into patrilineal exogamous clans that shape the footing for autonomous local communities.
They hunted with bows as well as arrows tipped with deadly toxicant that enabled them to kill really large prey, such equally giraffe as well as eland as well as fifty-fifty can large carnivores from kills to scavenge flesh from the carcasses. Smaller game was caught inwards traps or snares. However, lx to 80 per centum of their diet consisted of a broad multifariousness of seasonally available flora foods. Large animals required cooperative communal hunts. When ane was killed, the hunter whose poisoned arrow penetrated deep plenty to permit the toxicant to work, owned the kill. It was so his responsibleness to oversee its distribution alongside the residual of the hunters as well as the community. Sharing as well as gift-giving were strongly emphasized.
Anthropologists class them equally a “band society” inwards which at that spot are no elected leaders, chiefs, or spokespersons. Social determined yesteryear the full general consensus of all adult or near-adult members, irrespective of sex. The condition of women was relatively equal to that of men.
Many aspects of their civilization demonstrate the influence of their Bantu neighbours. Their isolated wooden houses with roofs of clay are built inwards the lee of the wind. Their traditional clothe were of hika-grass, feathers, as well as hides, as well as the dominant cosmetic practices include shaving of hair, earlobe piercing, as well as human face tattooing.
Marriage, which is monogamous as well as requires bridewealth, is forbidden with parallel cousins as well as preferred with the maternal uncle’s daughter. Residence is patrilocal, oftentimes afterwards an initial period of time close the wife’s parents.
Religious Belief
The Sandawe believe inwards a Supreme beingness as well as Creator God known equally Warongwe, who was so abstract, distant, as well as unrelated to the well-being of normal life that it was rarely prayed to or given sacrifices. Their faith consisted of a long employment of ancestors as well as a strongly-knit extended seat unit of measurement arrangement that mediated betwixt living beings as well as a really remote all-powerful God.
Spirits are silent believed to occupy stone shelters as well as shallow caves inwards the hills as well as are respected as well as fifty-fifty feared. So equally non to disturb these spirits, the stone shelters were avoided yesteryear all but their shamans; no animals
were herded there, as well as no wood cutting or twig broken. Once a twelvemonth the Wasandawe would go to the caves to sacrifice inwards monastic tell to brand sure enough the spirits would non live spiteful as well as interfere with the full general good being. In the hills, groups of people would yell prayers to the spirits, assuring them that no ane had come upwards to disturb
them, but had come upwards to pay their respects.
These prayers were shouted equally loudly equally possible, to brand sure enough that the spirits could listen them.
The Sandawe demonstrate peachy reverence for bees, honey, as well as also honour for pocket-size cunning animals who outwitted larger enemies. Part human-part animate beingness figures representing transformed shamans (called
“their anthropes”) are quite mutual inwards Kondoa.
H5N1 publish of cultural attributes of the Sandawe are similar to those of the southern San. This included the Sandawe girl’s puberty ritual (the phek’umo) as well as the southern San eland bull dance. Both rituals involved women bending over as well as suggestively bearing their buttocks to attract the manful somebody dancers. According to anthropologist Eric 10 Raa, what the Sandawe women were inwards fact doing inwards this ritual, was re-enacting “the role of the Luna inwards the basic creation tradition, according to which, the Luna entices the Sun into the heaven for
the showtime celestial copulation.
The whole rite is held nether the aegis of the Luna as well as has the explicit role of ‘making the province fertile.’’ It is also believed to command the fertility wheel inwards women. There are other Sandawe beliefs that venerate the stars as well as the seasons. Like the San, they also revered the praying mantis who was considered the divine messenger of god.
The Sandawe simbo rituals involves vehement trance sense equally good equally sure enough beliefs as well as metaphors, like
transformation into a lion.” The bulk of Sandawe shamans induced trance (also known equally altered states of consciousness) through vigorous all-night ritual dancing, sometimes lasting upwards to twenty-four hours, accompanied yesteryear the singing as well as clapping of women. Eventually the dancers suffered the effects of this activity inwards the shape of dehydration as well as hyperventilation that led to stiffening of the muscles and, finally, bodily
collapse. At that point, shamans are said to receive got left their bodies, transformed into animals as well as traveled to the spirit public that existed beneath as well as higher upwards the existent world. This enabled them to teach supernatural potency as well as negotiate with deities, their deceased ancestors as well as battle evil spirits for the do goodness of their communities.
Returning to the textile public with their newly acquired power, they were able to cure sickness, brand rain, command the movements of game animals so their hunters could successfully ambush them, restore as well as maintain harmony inwards their communities, as well as perform other vital tasks. Upon recovering from trance, they painted their cosmological experiences on the walls of stone shelters.
SOURCE:http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/10/2180.full
http://nitokesafaris.com/Tutoke_Magazine_Issue_1.pdf
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