Info For Y'all San (Bushmen) People: The Globe Virtually Ancient Race/People
The San 'Bushmen' also known every bit Khwe, Sho, too Basarwa are the oldest inhabitants of southern Africa, (and are portion of the Khoisan group), where they have got lived for at to the lowest degree 20,000 years. They are hunter-gatherer peoples of southern Africa. Genetic evidence also suggests the San Bushmen are ane of the oldest peoples inwards the world. Their habitation is inwards the vast expanse of the Kalahari desert.
San Bushman carrying his ii kids
The Bushmen are the remnants of Africa's oldest cultural group, genetically the closest surviving people to the original Homo sapiens “core” from which the Negroid people of Africa emerged. Bushmen are pocket-sized inwards stature mostly with low-cal yellowish skin, which wrinkles really early on inwards life. Bushmen traditionally lived inwards Southern Africa inwards the next countries, although virtually none alive purely past times hunting too gathering today: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Republic of Zimbabwe too Angola, with loosely related groups inwards Tanzania.
Recorded history also placed them inwards Kingdom of Lesotho too Mozambique. Rock fine art too archaeological evidence tin seat them every bit far due north every bit Libya, Egypt, Sudan too Ethiopia, with the evidence of legend & racial type suggesting some traces remain.
San one-time man
Bushmen is an Anglicization of boesman, the Dutch too Afrikaner call for them; saan (plural) or saa (singular) is the Nama word for “bush dweller(s),” too the Nama call is at nowadays mostly favoured past times anthropologists. Each of these terms has a problematic history, every bit they have got been used past times outsiders to refer to them, often with pejorative connotations. The private groups seat past times names such every bit Ju/'hoansi too !Kung (the punctuation characters representing dissimilar click consonants), too most telephone band themselves past times the pejorative "Bushmen" when referring to themselves collectively.
San kids with facial painting
The term San was historically applied past times their ethnic relatives too historic rivals, the Khoikhoi. This term way "outsider" inwards the Nama linguistic communication too was derogatory because it distinguished the Bushmen from what the Khoikhoi called themselves, namely the "First People". Western anthropologists adopted San extensively inwards the 1970s, where it remains preferred inwards academic circles. The term Bushmen is widely used, but opinions vary on whether it is appropriate because it is sometimes viewed every bit pejorative.
San women of Ghanzi inwards Botswana
Language
San languages, characterised past times implosive consonants or 'clicks', belonged to a totally dissimilar linguistic communication menage unit of measurement from those of the Bantu speakers. Broadly speaking, they are ii dissimilar too identifiable languages, namely the Khoikhoi too San. Many dialects have got evolved from these, including /Xam, N?¡, !Xu, Khwe too Khomani. Nà má, previously called Hottentot, is the most populous too widespread of the Khoikhoi too San languages.
Ju/’hoansi San People making arrows
The San bushmen major linguistic communication groups include !Kung, Khomani, Vasekela, Mbarakwena, /Auni, Auen, /Gwi, //Ganaa, Kua, /Tannekwe, /Geinin, /Xoma, //Obanen Ganin, /Xam-ka!ke too !Xo.
Very niggling is known well-nigh the dissimilar dialects of South Africa's San people, every bit most of these beautiful, ancient languages were never recorded. Fortunately, the /Xam dialect, which is spoken past times the San, was recorded almost inwards its entirety, thank you lot to the piece of work of a High German linguist, Dr WHI Bleek.
San adult woman holding her beautiful babe boy
/Xam speakers originally occupied a large portion of western South Africa, but past times 1850, only a few hundred /Xam speakers lived inwards remote parts of the Northern Cape. Today, the linguistic communication is no longer exists, but survives inwards 12 000 pages of hand-written testimony taken downwardly word-for-word from some of the lastly /Xam speakers inwards the 1860s too 1870s. These pages tape non just the /Xam language, but also their myths, beliefs too rituals. H5N1 comprehensive /Xam lexicon was produced past times Dr Bleek at the time, but was only published years subsequently (DF Bleek: 1956).
San adult woman with her baby
South Africa's motto, written on the SA coat of arms is a /Xam phrase: !ke e: /xarra //ke, literally meaning: various people unite.
Economy too Socio-Political Structure
Bushmen were hunter/gatherers, with traditionally well-nigh 70/80% of their diet consisting of works life food, including berries, nuts, roots too melons gathered primarily past times the women. The remaining 20/30% was meat (mostly antelopes), hunted past times the men using poisoned arrows too spears on hunts that could lastly several days. They made their ain temporary homes from woods that they gathered.
Their hunting & gathering economic scheme too social construction had remained virtually unchanged for tens of thousands of years until really recently, a socio-economic civilisation that has sustained mankind universally during their development until the advent of agriculture. The Bushmen did non farm or maintain livestock, having no concept of the ownership of Blue Planet or animal.
San beauty
Their social construction is non tribal because they have got no paramount leader too their ties of kinship are fairly relaxed. They are a loosely knit menage unit of measurement civilisation where decisions are made past times universal give-and-take too understanding past times consensus. An individual's sentiment is naturally weighted according to their story of science too experience inwards the particular acre of discussion.
Families within a clan would speak a mutual linguistic communication but neighboring clans would usually speak a dissimilar tongue, although at that spot would commonly live a fair score of similarity & understanding betwixt them. Apart from menage unit of measurement relations, bearing the same call (out of only well-nigh 35 names per gender) would also foster a “name kinship”.Bushmen are mostly nomadic within fairly express boundaries, governed past times the proximity of other families too clans. As a really loose guideline, the territory of a menage unit of measurement may stretch to a 25-mile circle. Obviously, if at that spot are no other bordering clans or other people these areas may stretch further, every bit far every bit is needed to ensure adequate nutrient too H2O sources.
San (Bushmen) children of Kalahari Desert
The roles of men & women were really distinct too rarely overlapped, which is a characteristic almost universal with hunter/gatherers the world over. It based on survival needs encouraging the most efficient utilisation of available skills too resources. Despite what is often perceived every bit a really sexist society, the importance of women is really high within the grouping too their opinions often take precedence, especially where nutrient is concerned.
San (Bushmen) of Kalahari Desert
Traditionally, bushman women spent 3-4 days a calendar week gathering veldkost (wild plants), often going out inwards groups to search for edible or medicinal plants. Furthermore, earlier the advent of merchandise with Bantu or white settlers, all tools, construction material, weapons or clothe were made of plants or beast products.
About 400-500 local plants too their uses were known to bushmen, along with the places where they grew – non only providing a balanced nutrition, but also wet from roots fifty-fifty inwards fourth dimension of drought.
Khomanani Boesman (San) people of Kalahari Desert
Plants were used inwards ways similar to western phytomedicine to process wounds too heal illnesses; other plants where rather portion of healing ceremonies inwards which a healer would give the axe plants to brand rain, trance to heal an ailment, or perform a charm to convey fertility. The arrive at of ailments treated included wounds including ophidian bites, colds, tummy ache, molar ache or headache, or diarrhea but also infections similar malaria, tuberculosis, or syphilis. One bushman plant, Hoodia gordonii, fifty-fifty made the worldwide word since it was patented past times a pharma society every bit a diet back upwards due to its traditional bushman usage to suppress appetite too hunger – a constabulary instance against “bio piracy” ensued, with the parties settling to royalties beingness paid to bushmen organisations.
Bushmen (San) tribe, Tsumkwe, Namibia having their repast past times the fireside
The bushmen’s diet too relaxed lifestyle have got prevented most of the stress-related diseases of the western world. Bushmen health, inwards general, is non goodness though: 50% of children expire earlier the historic period of 15; 20% expire within their foremost twelvemonth (mostly of gastrointestinal infections). Average life expectancy is well-nigh 45-50 years; respiratory infections too malaria are the major reasons for decease inwards adults. Only 10% go older than lx years.
Bead making from ostrich shell.
Birth, Death, Marriage too initiation
Amongst the Bushman or San, nascence is non mostly a large issue. They don't genuinely ready too or go to a infirmary similar modern man. It is claimed that a Bushman women who is well-nigh to give nascence volition simply go behind a bush too "squeeze out" the baby.
San adult woman carrying her babe inwards a blanket sling
There is also some claims that they ready a medicine from devils hook (Harpagophytum spp.), have got the baby, too is dorsum inwards her daily routine within a hour. In reality she is likely to take her mom or an elderberry aunt along, for comfort too help. The volume "Shadow Bird" past times Willemien le Roux, describes a Bushman nascence with complications, too the one-time adult woman that was called to help, so it doesn't ever go every bit piece of cake every bit it is supposed to.
After the nascence a Bushman kid volition have much dearest too attending from his parents too other adults too fifty-fifty older children. Their dearest of children, both their ain too that of other people, is ane of the most noticeable things well-nigh the Bushman
.
San girls from Namibia
If a kid is born nether really severe drought conditions, when the fertility of the Bushman women are inwards whatever instance low, maybe to forestall such an occurrence. The woman parent volition quietly salve the just born babe of severe too sure hereafter suffering past times ending its life. This is most likely to hap inwards lean years, if she is silent suckling some other kid too volition patently non live able to feed both of the children
. This is accepted behaviour, too born out of necessity too non malice or whatever other consideration. It stems from the unproblematic realiy of alive inwards a harsh climate, too the realisation that the life of the kid that a lot has already been invested in, too that mightiness live pose at chance past times tender feelings for a new-born that are inwards whatever instance likely to expire soon, are non likely to have got a goodness outcome.
Children of the San people (Bushmen) inwards Omatako village, Namibia
Death is a really natural affair to the Bushmen every bit shown past times the next lines from a Bushman song, quoted past times Coral Fourie inwards her volume "Living Legends of a dying culture". "The twenty-four hr period nosotros expire a soft breeze volition wipe out our footprints inwards the sand. When the air current dies down, who volition tell the timelessness that ane time nosotros walked this way inwards the dawn of time?"
If some-ones dies at a specific camp, the clan volition displace away too never campsite at that spot again. Bushmen volition never knowingly cross the seat where some-one has been buried. If they have got to transcend close such a place, they volition throw a pebble on the grave too mutter nether their breath, to the spirits to ensure goodness luck. They never stair on a grave too believe that the spirit remains active on that spot higher upwards ground, too they don't desire to shock it.
Among most Bushmen, a marriage ceremony is a private lawsuit betwixt the Bridegroom too the Bride. Only inwards special cases may a invitee live invited, but at that spot is no celebration or other ritual every bit nosotros empathise it, only a private "ceremony" or understanding betwixt the ii people involved.
The Bushmen don't have got initiation ceremonies. There is some dancing too cleansing ceremony after a initiatory has shed her foremost menstrual blood. Boys are non considered men until they have got killed their foremost large too unsafe animal. Thereafter they are are treated every bit total members of the clan or tribe.
San Barwa elderberry with pipe
Religion
Most Kalahari Bushmen believe inwards a "Greater" too a "Lesser" Supreme beingness or God. There are other supernatural beings every bit well, too the spirits of the dead. The "God" or supreme beingness foremost created himself, so the Blue Planet too its food, the H2O too air. He is mostly a goodness power, that protects too wards of illness too teaches people skills. However, when he is angered, he tin send bad fortune. The greater god, depending on his manifestation, is called dissimilar names past times the same people at dissimilar times, too also have got dissimilar names amid the dissimilar linguistic communication groups.
San one-time adult woman too her grandchild
The lesser god is regarded every bit bad or/and evil, a dark magician, a destroyer rather than builder, too a bearer of bad luck too disease. Just similar the "supreme being" he is called past times various names. They believe bad luck too illness is caused past times the spirits of the dead, because they desire to convey the living to the same seat they are. Similar to the dark people inwards South Africa, the Bushman have got a strong believe that the ancestral spirits play an of import role inwards the fate of the living, but they don't work the same rituals to appease them.
Cagn/Kaggen is the call the Bushmen gave their god; the foremost sociologists translated this every bit “Mantis”, maybe wrongly. This god beingness null else than the unseen presence of nature too everything that surrounded them. They also prayed to the Moon too the stars but they could never explicate precisely why they did this. Cagn/Kaggen was seen every bit human similar too also had magical powers too charms.
The Bushmen's beliefs go beyond that. The eland is their most spiritual beast too appears inwards 4 rituals: boys' foremost kill, girls' puberty, matrimony too trance dance.
H5N1 ritual is held where the man child is told how to rail an eland too how the eland volition autumn ane time shot with an arrow.
He becomes an adult when he kills his foremost large antelope, preferably an eland. The eland is skinned too the fatty from the elands' pharynx too neckband os is made into a broth. This broth has bully potency.
In the girls' puberty rituals, a immature missy is isolated inwards her hut at her foremost menstruation. The women of the tribe perform the Eland Bull Dance where they copy the mating behavior of the eland cows. H5N1 adult man volition play the portion of the eland bull, usually with horns on his head.
This ritual volition maintain the missy beautiful, gratis from hunger too thirst too peaceful.
San Maidens
As portion of the matrimony ritual, the adult man gives the fatty from the elands' pump to the girls' parents. At a subsequently stage the missy is anointed with eland fat.
In the trance dance, the eland is considered the most strong of all animals, too the shamans aspire to possess eland potency.
The Bushmen believed that the eland was /Kaggen's favourite animal.
The modern Bushmen of the Kalahari believe inwards ii gods: ane who lives inwards the due east too ane from the west. Like the southern Bushmen they believe inwards spirits of the dead, but non every bit portion of ancestor worship. The spirits are only vaguely identified too are idea to convey sickness too death.
'Medicine People' or shamans protect everyone from these spirits too sickness.
H5N1 shaman is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, protect them from evil spirits too sickness, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too mostly attempt to aspect after the good beingness of their group.
Healing
Studies have got shown that the Bushmen have got many strategies for dealing with sick health.
The women are experts at harvesting too preparing medicinal plants for the handling of a broad arrive at of ailments.
Blood letting too scarification may also serve every bit a medicinal function.
The best-known Bushmen medical practise is the healing dance. This is when the healers or shamans go into a trance past times way of rhythmic clapping too stamping of the dancers feet.
The shamans too medicine people
H5N1 shaman or medicine individual is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too so forth.
The Bushmen have got many shamans. They are ordinary people who perform everyday tasks too are non a privileged class. The shamans sometimes exercise their supernatural powers inwards the dream world, but principally it's practiced at a trance dance.
At a trance trip the low-cal fantastic the women sit down around a cardinal give the axe too clap the musical rhythm of songs. The men volition trip the low-cal fantastic around the women. With the sounds of the dancing rattles too thudding steps combined with the women's songs they activate a supernatural say-so that resides inwards the songs too inwards the shaman themselves. When the say-so 'boils' too rises upwards the shamans' spine, they go into a trance.
The shamans rely on hyperventilation, intense concentration too highly rhythmic dancing to alter their nation consciousness. Inexperienced shaman tin autumn to the ground unconscious if they can't command their story of concentration.
When entering a trance, shamans often bleed from their olfactory organ too experience excruciating physical pain. The shamans' arms stretch behind them every bit the transformation into the spirit world takes place.
During the trance the shamans perform their tasks, the most of import is to cure people of whatever ailments. They lay their trembling hands on these people too push clit sickness from them into their ain bodies. Then, with a high pitched shriek, they expel the sickness through a 'hole' inwards the nape of the neck, the n//au spot. The sickness thus returns to its source, which is idea to live unidentified wicked shamans.
The side past times side day, fully recovered, the shaman volition tell people of his experiences with the spiritual world. It is from these experiences that the Bushmen painted the stone fine art too to a greater extent than of late on canvas.
Shaman healing trip the low-cal fantastic of San people
Today well-nigh one-half of the men too a tertiary of the women inwards the Kalahari are said to live shamans. Most immature men strive to go shamans, non for personal gain, but to serve their community inwards that capacity. In their tardily teens they volition inquire an experienced shaman to instruct them. The apprenticeship may lastly some years, during which the novice volition trip the low-cal fantastic with the older man, absorbing his potency.
San healing dance
San Trance Dance
H5N1 trance trip the low-cal fantastic occurs non only for the healing of the sick but also serves every bit a social too sacred function.
H5N1 give the axe is lit where a group, mostly women sit down inwards a circle around it. The dancers, mostly men, volition start dancing inwards a circle around these women. They volition have got rattles on their legs made from dried seed pods. The grouping sitting around the give the axe volition sing, clap too tend to the give the axe piece the dancers are trying to go into a trance.
The foremost few hours of a trance trip the low-cal fantastic are relaxed too sociable. Then, when the foremost individual shows signs of entering a trance, the clapping too singing gets to a greater extent than intense. This could live when they start to sweat profusely, get to breath heavily too have got glossy stares.
Traditional healing trip the low-cal fantastic – non only curing illness, but also a way of relieving whatever existing social tensions.
The dancers volition presently get to go into a trance. From hither they volition live able to start healing the people. H5N1 normal trip the low-cal fantastic volition lastly well-nigh six hours but occasionally tin go for the whole day.
San Dancers
San Rock Art
The Sans stone fine art is ane of the greatest inwards the world. The San/bushmen paintings are ane of Southern Africa's greatest cultural treasures. Subjects of the bushmen/san paintings arrive at from animals (mainly eland) to humans, therianthropes to ox-wagons too mounted men with rifles.
When Europeans foremost encountered stone fine art of the San people, or Bushmen, inwards southern Africa some 350 years ago, they considered it primitive too crude. They were just “Bushman paintings,” two-dimensional accounts of hunting too fighting too daily life. Twentieth-century scholars had much to a greater extent than observe for the aesthetics of the paintings—often finely detailed too exquisitely colored—but many also viewed them largely every bit narrative accounts of hunter-gatherer life
In terms of archeology nosotros have got a seemless stone tool tradition, too a seemless fine art tradition, going dorsum 27,000 years with the 'Apollo 11' stones - indeed, the San have got longest continuing fine art tradition inwards the world.
The 'Apollo 11' Stones
The full general features of southern African San fine art are explained inwards terms of concepts that pervade the cognitive systems of San people from all areas. Amongst all San groups the most of import ritual is the Great Dance. In this dance, through trance, the San say that they harness a form of spiritual ability that is similar electricity. In a Bushmen society, shamanism is practised at a trance dance.The visions that are seen past times the shamans inwards a trance, is where they larn their inspiration to paint.
San stone art
Because so many of the paintings depict trance visions, many researchers believe that all the artists were shamans. It seems impossible that shamans made the paintings too engravings piece they were inwards a trance. It is to a greater extent than likely that they remembered or experienced after-images too so depicted these experiences. It is also exclusively possible that anybody familiar with the mythology well-nigh the spirit world too beliefs well-nigh the healing ritual, too who possessed artistic science too imagination, may have got been an artist.
Rock paintings, Tsodilo Hills,Botswana
They work this ability for things such every bit healing, hunting, removing societal tensions too making rain. It is aspects relating to this trip the low-cal fantastic that are pervasive inwards San stone art, partly because this trip the low-cal fantastic was of such bully significance to the San, but to a greater extent than importantly because the human activeness of making stone fine art seems to have got been portion of the procedure past times which San ritual specialists harnessed too shared the ability of the dance.
In all areas, therefore, stone fine art images depict aspects of the dance, most often just fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic rather than entire trip the low-cal fantastic scenes. We reckon private or pocket-sized groups of dancers bending forwards, wearing dancing rattles, holding wildebeest tails or dancing sticks too haemorrhage from the nose: these are all features particular to the dance.
Capturing the "Rain-Bull"
Around these fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic are placed animals, but non just a random pick of animals. Those animals that have got special supernatural say-so are the ones especially chosen too repeated often. It is from these animals that the San say they push clit ability inwards the trip the low-cal fantastic too the stone fine art sometimes shows this. Lines of ability connect animals to dancers inwards the art. More than this, dancers are regularly depicted taking on features of powerful animals such every bit their hooves or heads.
Rock fine art inwards Game Pass Shelter, Kamberg Nature Reserve.
The fine art also shows the magical other-worldly things such every bit rain-animals (above left), monsters too spirit people that are encountered past times dancers on their out-of-body vision journeys. We thus empathise San fine art every bit a deeply spiritual art, ane that harnesses too shares with others the ability of successive generations of San spiritual experience too enlightenment.
Engraved past times scratching away the stone patina
By linking specific San beliefs to recurrent features inwards the art, researchers have got been able to crevice many of the codes of San stone art. Unfortunately at that spot are no recorded interviews with the painters themselves, inwards monastic enjoin to shed low-cal on the paintings. However, inwards the tardily nineteenth century a Bushman named Qing guided Joseph Millerd Orpen, a magistrate from the Cape colony, through the Drakensberg.
Elephant engravings
On their journey, Qing too Orpen came across many magnificent paintings inwards stone shelters. Orpen was so impressed that he copied several of them. He so sent these to a mag editor inwards Cape town, who showed them to a Dr Wilhelm Bleek. Bleek was a High German linguist who was living inwards Cape Town. He was studying the linguistic communication of the /Xam people - a San grouping from the Northern Cape - at this time. When Bleek showed Orpen’s drawing of the foreign looking beast to the grouping of /Xam San he was interviewing, they straightaway saw inwards it 'the pelting animal', too proceeded to explicate its spiritual too religious significance. It was this historical explanation that began the decoding of the paintings.
It was so the piece of work of Professor David Lewis-Williams, the South African scholar too professor of archeology at the University of the Witwatersrand inwards Johannesburg, South Africa, threw to a greater extent than low-cal on the paintings. The 'Rosetta Stone' of this stone fine art is located at the Game Pass Shelter inwards the Drakensberg Mountains. "One day, I was looking at a epitome inwards which at that spot was a dying eland too a adult man apparently holding its tail. The adult man had hooves, similar the eland; his pilus was standing out, similar the eland's hair; his legs were crossed, inwards simulated of the eland's legs," he explained.
Dancing figures with sticks
Studying this detail, the important savage into place: both the eland too the adult man are behaving every bit if they are dying. The adult man is a shaman going into trance. He is well-nigh to exit this world for the spirit world, too he is taking on the ability of the eland, the most powerful beast of all, too the god /Kaggen's favourite.
The San depict their experiences of out-of-body move every bit similar flying
Trance is so overwhelming that it is hard to describe. To explicate it too to assist people who were non shamans to reckon what they had been through, the painters of stone fine art images looked for comparative experiences. Crossing over to the spirit world during trance could live compared to 'death'. This did non hateful that they genuinely died, but that they believed that piece they were inwards trance, their spirits would exit their bodies too encounter others inwards the spirit world. 'Death' is used every bit a metaphor for the trance state. Trance is really much similar death. Sometimes it is called 'half-death'.
Professor Lewis-Williams explained how all this all of a precipitous made sense to him: "I saw that the dying eland was a metaphor for the dying medicine man. Shamans are said to expire when they go into the spirit world through trance. And sthe dying eland is a source of say-so (spiritual power)."
The stone fine art paintings reverberate the San travelling to the spirit realm
To present their experiences, the artists also used visual metaphors such every bit showing shamans 'underwater' too 'dead'. These capture aspects of how it feels to live inwards trance. The artists also present their actions inwards the spirit world, such every bit their capturing of the pelting animal, their activation of say-so for work inwards healing or inwards fighting off enemies or other unsafe forces. But, the fine art was far from just a tape of spirit journeys. Powerful substances such every bit eland blood were pose into the paints so to brand each epitome a reservoir of potency. As each generation of artists painted or engraved layer past times layer of fine art on the stone surfaces their expansion created strong spiritual places.
H5N1 partly transformed shaman holds the tail of a dying eland
Today’s Fri Find is the so-called Linton Panel – for sure the most astounding instance of San stone fine art at nowadays housed inwards a South African museum. The Linton Panel is a large slab of rock, criterion 2m past times .8m that was removed inwards 1918 from a stone shelter on a farm named Linton. Rock shelters through out most of South Africa are adorned with some exquisite stone paintings made past times San hunters too gatherers. The imagery is typical of those depicted to present San shamans’ experiences inwards the spirit World.
San (Bushmen) manlike individual parent too his baby
What problems do bushmen human face upwards today?
The Bushmen had their homelands invaded past times cattle herding Bantu tribes from around 1,500 years ago, too past times white colonists over the lastly few hundred years. From that fourth dimension they faced discrimination, eviction from their ancestral lands, murder too oppression amounting to a massive though unspoken genocide, which reduced them inwards numbers from several 1000000 to 100,000. Today, although all endure from a perception that their lifestyle is 'primitive' too that they demand to live made to alive similar the bulk cattle-herding tribes, specific problems vary according to where they live.
In South Africa, for example, the !Khomani at nowadays have got most of their Blue Planet rights recognised, but many other Bushman tribes have got no Blue Planet rights at all.
Khomani San people
Situation inwards Namibia
H5N1 fairly large community of bushmen, the Ju/'hoansi, today alive on both sides of the border betwixt Namibia too Botswana, named Bushmanland. This grouping has been studied, filmed too assisted past times Western scholars since 1951.
The academic studies proceed to this twenty-four hr period too they are nether the full general guidance of the "Ju/wa Bushman
Development Foundation" which is essentially a grouping of concerned individuals too academia. In 1991, with the formation of the "Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative" too with representation too guidance from the "Ju/wa Bushman Development Foundation", they managed to secure Blue Planet rights within Bushmanland.
They are silent permitted to hunt within the boundaries, despite beingness a game conservation area, every bit long every bit they work traditional methods. It way no firearms, dogs, vehicles or horses, rules that are occasionally broken too usually results inwards a prison theatre term for the offenders.
One of the biggest problems is alcoholism, brought well-nigh mainly past times armed forces stationed inwards the local town of Tsumkwe bringing alcohol into the part despite a regime ban on bringing inwards spirits. Having virtually no tolerance of alcohol, at that spot was a massive growth inwards drunkenness, alcoholism too offense with a full general turn down inwards menage unit of measurement structures too community well-being.
Situation inwards Republic of Botswana – Central Kalahari Bushmen
The Gana (G//ana) too Gwi (G/wi) tribes inwards Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve are amid the most
persecuted. Far from recognising their ownership rights over the Blue Planet they have got lived on for thousands of years, the Republic of Botswana regime has inwards fact forced almost all of them off it. In the early on 1980s, diamonds were discovered inwards the reserve. Soon after, regime ministers went into the reserve to tell the Bushmen living at that spot that they would have got to exit because of the diamond finds.
In iii large clearances, inwards 1997, 2002 too 2005, virtually all the Bushmen were forced out. Their homes were dismantled, their schoolhouse too wellness post were closed, their H2O provide was destroyed too the people were threatened too trucked away.
Almost all were forced out past times these tactics, but a large number have got since returned, with many to a greater extent than desperate to do so. They at nowadays alive inwards resettlement camps exterior the reserve. Rarely able to hunt, too arrested too beaten when they do, they are dependent on regime handouts. They are at nowadays gripped past times alcoholism, boredom, depression, too illnesses such every bit TB too HIV/AIDS.
Although the Bushmen won the right inwards courtroom to go dorsum to their lands inwards 2006, the regime has done everything it tin to brand their render impossible. Since so the regime has arrested to a greater extent than than 50 Bushmen for hunting to feed their families, too banned the Bushmen from using their H2O borehole.
Hundreds silent languish inwards resettlement camps, unable or scared to render home. Unless they tin render to their
ancestral lands, their unique societies too way of life volition live destroyed, too many of them volition die.
Botswana - Ghanzi Bushmen
Bushmen around the town of Ghanzi had served every bit cattle herders to Afrikaans farmers since early on 20th century. They worked inwards largely unfenced ranges. There were silent some benefits for the Bushmen every bit game was silent fairly abundant, piece getting the spin-off benefits of some milk, some coin too fifty-fifty the occasional moo-cow that died naturally.
San People inwards Botswana
All this changed significantly, courtesy of the European Common Market, who inwards their wisdom offered a really high cost for Botswana's beef every bit long every bit they instituted major illness command measures to eliminate pes & mouth, anthrax too a few other endemic ailments. This resulted inwards an extensive game command fencing functioning to split upwards the cattle from the “disease ridden wildlife”. Unfenced ranges with moderate levels of wild fauna became fenced inwards lands with a catastrophic drib inwards game numbers due to a cutting of the herds’ migration routes to contend with drought.
The Common Market (later the European Economic Community) were happy too paid the massively inflated prices, piece subsistence game hunting became meaningless. The cattle monoculture farther destroyed the bushmen’s works life resources, severely impacting their traditional hunter too gatherer lifestyle.
South Africa - Khomani Bushmen
These Bushmen from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (now the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park) part were ejected from the Reserve betwixt 1931, upon its formation, & 1973 when the lastly were finally evicted. They had initially during this period been allowed express assess too piece of work within the reserve but were finally removed past times the management.
San People inwards Cape Town,SA
Despite many attempts to larn access to their traditional hunting areas, entry was denied on the footing that they would go a job begging from tourists. This was despite the valid declaration that the large southwestern part requested was off limits to visitors to the reserve too thus should non acquaint whatever difficulties. They remained a pocket-sized impoverished grouping largely integrating themselves within the mixed coloured communities that developed along the fringes of the Reserve, working where possible for local farmers.
H5N1 grouping of bushmen silent partially adhering to their traditional life too menage unit of measurement structure, nether their leader Dawid Kruiper were finally successful inwards 1999 when xl 000 hectares of Blue Planet side past times side to the Kgalagadi Park was purchased past times the regime from local farmers too given dorsum to the Khomani community. In 2001 it was agreed that an additional 25 000 hectares of the Kalahari Gemsbok common was to live returned to them for managed utilisation but non for residence.
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park San (Bushmen) too his son
Tension betwixt the traditional too westernised bushmen led to various ability struggles, but some of the bushmen proceed to occasionally hunt too gather. Furthermore, the community-owned !Xaus luxury lodge of late opened inwards the Southwestern-most portion of Kgalagadi Park.
San folklore
Creation of the foremost Bushmen
As the Bushmen lived inwards a really dry out area, H2O to them have got a really magical ability that could revive them. In the legend of creation Mantis appears too the entire world is silent covered past times water. H5N1 bee (a symbol of wisdom) carries Mantis over the turbulent waters of the ocean. The bee however, became really tired too flew lower too lower. He searched for solid Blue Planet to brand his decent to but he only grew to a greater extent than too to a greater extent than tired. But so he saw a blossom drifting on the water. He set Mantis downwardly inwards the blossom too within inwards him the seed of the foremost human. The bee drowned but when the Sun came upwards Mantis awoke too from the seed the bee had left the foremost human was born.
Nharo-San man child making fire
Mantis too his family
The bushmen don't regard the Mantis every bit god but rather a superbeing. They are non the only civilization who has this belief too other African tribes do reckon it every bit a God. Even the Greeks believed it had divine too magical powers. Mantis is a Greek word important divine, or soothsayer. All over the world many legends is told well-nigh this magical creature. To the Bushmen silent he is a "dream Bushman". He is really human. Many paintings of the bushmen figure a Bushman with the caput of a Mantis.
Mantis also has a large family. His married adult woman is Dassie (rock hyrax). His boy is also a Mantis too he also has an adopted daughter, Porcupine. Her existent manlike individual parent is the evil monster called the All-Devourer who she is also afraid of. Porcupine is married to a creature that is portion of the rainbow, called Kwammanga. They have got ii sons, Mongoose or Ichneumon too so Kwammanga, after his dad. Mantis also has a sister, Blue Crane that he loves really much.
The Baboons
At a fourth dimension long agone the baboons were niggling people similar the Bushmen, but they were really mischievous. They loved making trouble. On a twenty-four hr period Cagn sent his con Cogaz to go too aspect for sticks they could work inwards making bows. When the niggling people saw him they started dancing around the man child shouting: "Your manlike individual parent thinks he is clever too wants to brand bows to kill us, at nowadays nosotros volition kill you!" They did every bit they said too Cogaz's body was hung inwards a tree. The niggling people danced over again too sang: "Cagn thinks he is clever!"
Then Cagn awoke from his sleep. He had a feeling that something was incorrect so he asked hi married adult woman Coti to convey him his charms. He idea too thought. Then it came to him. He realized what the niggling people did to his son. He straightaway went inwards search of his son. When the niggling people saw him coming they started singing an other song.
A niggling missy sitting nearby told Cagn that they were singing something else earlier he came. He ordered them to sing what the missy heard before. When he heard this he ordered them to remain where they are until he returns. He returned with a handbasket total of pegs. As they danced he drove a peg inwards each of their backsides. They fled to the mountains because they at nowadays had tails too they started living with animals. Cagn so climbed into the tree too used his magic to resurrect his son.
San people
How Mantis stole give the axe from Ostrich
Mantis also gave the Bushmen fire. Before this people ate their nutrient similar all the other predators, raw. They also had no low-cal at nighttime too were surrounded past times darkness. Mantis noticed that Ostrich's nutrient ever smelt really goodness too decided to regain what he did to his food. As he crept closed ane twenty-four hr period he saw Ostrich take some give the axe from beneath his wing too dip his nutrient inwards it. After eating he would tuck dorsum the give the axe nether his wing.
Mantis knew Ostrich would non give him the give the axe so he planned a play a trick on on Ostrich to steal the give the axe from him. One twenty-four hr period he called Ostrich too showed him a tree carrying delicious plums. As Ostrich started to eat Mantis shouted at him that the best ones were at that top. Ostrich jumped higher too higher too every bit presently every bit he opened his wings Mantis stole the give the axe from him too ran off. Ostrich was really ashamed of this too since that twenty-four hr period kept his wings pressed to his sides too volition never fly.
San Bushman
The Rainbow
Rain was ane time a beautiful adult woman who lived inwards the sky. She wore a rainbow around her waist too she was married to the creator of the earth. They had iii daughters. When the eldest missy grew upwards she asked her woman parent to go downwardly to earth. Her woman parent gave her permission but every bit presently every bit se went downwardly she got married to a hunter. While she was gone Rain had some other child. This fourth dimension a man child which she called Son-eib. When he was one-time plenty his sisters asked Rain if they could all go downwardly to reckon the world. In fright of losing them all Rain didn't desire them to go. But so a friend Wolf who liked the ii daughters said he would accompany them downwardly too aspect after them. The manlike individual parent believed this wicked beast too gave his permission.
As presently every bit they got to ground they went to a village. H5N1 adult woman inwards the hamlet saw Son-eib too he looked really familiar to her. She offered them nutrient too Wolf accepted this. They all ate of this nutrient except Son-eib every bit Wolf told everybody that he is non a individual but only a thing. Son-eib turned away too went to sit down inwards the grass, all past times himself. While sitting at that spot he caught a niggling blood-red bird. He concealed it nether his coat.
That nighttime the adult woman offered them shelter inwards her house. But ane time over again Wolf did non allow the man child to slumber within the theatre too said that Son-eib should slumber inwards the pocket-sized hut outside. While everybody was sleeping Wolf went too fetched all the bad people inwards the village. They set give the axe to the hut killing pitiable Son-eib.
However, the niggling aeroplane managed to escape. It flew upwards into the heaven too went straight to Rain, the boy's mother.As presently every bit it arrived it told Rain of what has happened. Rain told her married adult man too they were furious. H5N1 niggling piece subsequently the people of the hamlet saw a bully tempest approaching them fast too around its waist was a rainbow. Lightning started to flash striking all around them. Only Wolf too his beau bad people were hitting too killed. Then a mighty voice
came from the heaven with the words: "Don't kill the children of the sky!"
Ever since this all Bushmen are afraid of the rainbow. When the bushmen reckon a rainbow they would hitting on sticks too holler for it to go away!
One of the stories of the Sun says that he is a adult man from whose armpits smoothen the rays of light. He did non desire to part his low-cal with all the people so he stayed inwards his hut. The foremost Busman ordered hi children to throw him into the sky. They threw him upwards too this is where he silent shines from today. In the nighttime he is really mutual frigidity so he draws his blanket over him. This blanket is really one-time too has lots of niggling holes inwards it. This is the stars nosotros reckon at night.Another tale tells of a immature adult woman who waits for the hunters to render every night. When it grows dark she throws upwards a handful of white ash. This becomes the Milky-way that guide the hunters home.
The Moon is believed to live the one-time shoe of Mantis. He placed it inwards the air to guide him at night. The Sun is really jealous of the Moon when it is at its total brightness. The Sun uses its abrupt rays to cutting of pieces of the Moon fleck past times fleck until at that spot is almost null left of the moon. The Moon begs the Sun to halt too so he ever goes away. Soon after the Moon starts growing over again until it is total too the whole procedure repeats itself.
San women of Ghanzi inwards Botswana
Language
San languages, characterised past times implosive consonants or 'clicks', belonged to a totally dissimilar linguistic communication menage unit of measurement from those of the Bantu speakers. Broadly speaking, they are ii dissimilar too identifiable languages, namely the Khoikhoi too San. Many dialects have got evolved from these, including /Xam, N?¡, !Xu, Khwe too Khomani. Nà má, previously called Hottentot, is the most populous too widespread of the Khoikhoi too San languages.
Ju/’hoansi San People making arrows
The San bushmen major linguistic communication groups include !Kung, Khomani, Vasekela, Mbarakwena, /Auni, Auen, /Gwi, //Ganaa, Kua, /Tannekwe, /Geinin, /Xoma, //Obanen Ganin, /Xam-ka!ke too !Xo.
Very niggling is known well-nigh the dissimilar dialects of South Africa's San people, every bit most of these beautiful, ancient languages were never recorded. Fortunately, the /Xam dialect, which is spoken past times the San, was recorded almost inwards its entirety, thank you lot to the piece of work of a High German linguist, Dr WHI Bleek.
San adult woman holding her beautiful babe boy
/Xam speakers originally occupied a large portion of western South Africa, but past times 1850, only a few hundred /Xam speakers lived inwards remote parts of the Northern Cape. Today, the linguistic communication is no longer exists, but survives inwards 12 000 pages of hand-written testimony taken downwardly word-for-word from some of the lastly /Xam speakers inwards the 1860s too 1870s. These pages tape non just the /Xam language, but also their myths, beliefs too rituals. H5N1 comprehensive /Xam lexicon was produced past times Dr Bleek at the time, but was only published years subsequently (DF Bleek: 1956).
San adult woman with her baby
South Africa's motto, written on the SA coat of arms is a /Xam phrase: !ke e: /xarra //ke, literally meaning: various people unite.
Economy too Socio-Political Structure
Bushmen were hunter/gatherers, with traditionally well-nigh 70/80% of their diet consisting of works life food, including berries, nuts, roots too melons gathered primarily past times the women. The remaining 20/30% was meat (mostly antelopes), hunted past times the men using poisoned arrows too spears on hunts that could lastly several days. They made their ain temporary homes from woods that they gathered.
Their hunting & gathering economic scheme too social construction had remained virtually unchanged for tens of thousands of years until really recently, a socio-economic civilisation that has sustained mankind universally during their development until the advent of agriculture. The Bushmen did non farm or maintain livestock, having no concept of the ownership of Blue Planet or animal.
San beauty
Their social construction is non tribal because they have got no paramount leader too their ties of kinship are fairly relaxed. They are a loosely knit menage unit of measurement civilisation where decisions are made past times universal give-and-take too understanding past times consensus. An individual's sentiment is naturally weighted according to their story of science too experience inwards the particular acre of discussion.
Families within a clan would speak a mutual linguistic communication but neighboring clans would usually speak a dissimilar tongue, although at that spot would commonly live a fair score of similarity & understanding betwixt them. Apart from menage unit of measurement relations, bearing the same call (out of only well-nigh 35 names per gender) would also foster a “name kinship”.Bushmen are mostly nomadic within fairly express boundaries, governed past times the proximity of other families too clans. As a really loose guideline, the territory of a menage unit of measurement may stretch to a 25-mile circle. Obviously, if at that spot are no other bordering clans or other people these areas may stretch further, every bit far every bit is needed to ensure adequate nutrient too H2O sources.
San (Bushmen) children of Kalahari Desert
The roles of men & women were really distinct too rarely overlapped, which is a characteristic almost universal with hunter/gatherers the world over. It based on survival needs encouraging the most efficient utilisation of available skills too resources. Despite what is often perceived every bit a really sexist society, the importance of women is really high within the grouping too their opinions often take precedence, especially where nutrient is concerned.
San (Bushmen) of Kalahari Desert
Traditionally, bushman women spent 3-4 days a calendar week gathering veldkost (wild plants), often going out inwards groups to search for edible or medicinal plants. Furthermore, earlier the advent of merchandise with Bantu or white settlers, all tools, construction material, weapons or clothe were made of plants or beast products.
About 400-500 local plants too their uses were known to bushmen, along with the places where they grew – non only providing a balanced nutrition, but also wet from roots fifty-fifty inwards fourth dimension of drought.
Khomanani Boesman (San) people of Kalahari Desert
Plants were used inwards ways similar to western phytomedicine to process wounds too heal illnesses; other plants where rather portion of healing ceremonies inwards which a healer would give the axe plants to brand rain, trance to heal an ailment, or perform a charm to convey fertility. The arrive at of ailments treated included wounds including ophidian bites, colds, tummy ache, molar ache or headache, or diarrhea but also infections similar malaria, tuberculosis, or syphilis. One bushman plant, Hoodia gordonii, fifty-fifty made the worldwide word since it was patented past times a pharma society every bit a diet back upwards due to its traditional bushman usage to suppress appetite too hunger – a constabulary instance against “bio piracy” ensued, with the parties settling to royalties beingness paid to bushmen organisations.
Bushmen (San) tribe, Tsumkwe, Namibia having their repast past times the fireside
The bushmen’s diet too relaxed lifestyle have got prevented most of the stress-related diseases of the western world. Bushmen health, inwards general, is non goodness though: 50% of children expire earlier the historic period of 15; 20% expire within their foremost twelvemonth (mostly of gastrointestinal infections). Average life expectancy is well-nigh 45-50 years; respiratory infections too malaria are the major reasons for decease inwards adults. Only 10% go older than lx years.
Bead making from ostrich shell.
Birth, Death, Marriage too initiation
Amongst the Bushman or San, nascence is non mostly a large issue. They don't genuinely ready too or go to a infirmary similar modern man. It is claimed that a Bushman women who is well-nigh to give nascence volition simply go behind a bush too "squeeze out" the baby.
San adult woman carrying her babe inwards a blanket sling
There is also some claims that they ready a medicine from devils hook (Harpagophytum spp.), have got the baby, too is dorsum inwards her daily routine within a hour. In reality she is likely to take her mom or an elderberry aunt along, for comfort too help. The volume "Shadow Bird" past times Willemien le Roux, describes a Bushman nascence with complications, too the one-time adult woman that was called to help, so it doesn't ever go every bit piece of cake every bit it is supposed to.
After the nascence a Bushman kid volition have much dearest too attending from his parents too other adults too fifty-fifty older children. Their dearest of children, both their ain too that of other people, is ane of the most noticeable things well-nigh the Bushman
.
San girls from Namibia
If a kid is born nether really severe drought conditions, when the fertility of the Bushman women are inwards whatever instance low, maybe to forestall such an occurrence. The woman parent volition quietly salve the just born babe of severe too sure hereafter suffering past times ending its life. This is most likely to hap inwards lean years, if she is silent suckling some other kid too volition patently non live able to feed both of the children
. This is accepted behaviour, too born out of necessity too non malice or whatever other consideration. It stems from the unproblematic realiy of alive inwards a harsh climate, too the realisation that the life of the kid that a lot has already been invested in, too that mightiness live pose at chance past times tender feelings for a new-born that are inwards whatever instance likely to expire soon, are non likely to have got a goodness outcome.
Children of the San people (Bushmen) inwards Omatako village, Namibia
Death is a really natural affair to the Bushmen every bit shown past times the next lines from a Bushman song, quoted past times Coral Fourie inwards her volume "Living Legends of a dying culture". "The twenty-four hr period nosotros expire a soft breeze volition wipe out our footprints inwards the sand. When the air current dies down, who volition tell the timelessness that ane time nosotros walked this way inwards the dawn of time?"
If some-ones dies at a specific camp, the clan volition displace away too never campsite at that spot again. Bushmen volition never knowingly cross the seat where some-one has been buried. If they have got to transcend close such a place, they volition throw a pebble on the grave too mutter nether their breath, to the spirits to ensure goodness luck. They never stair on a grave too believe that the spirit remains active on that spot higher upwards ground, too they don't desire to shock it.
Among most Bushmen, a marriage ceremony is a private lawsuit betwixt the Bridegroom too the Bride. Only inwards special cases may a invitee live invited, but at that spot is no celebration or other ritual every bit nosotros empathise it, only a private "ceremony" or understanding betwixt the ii people involved.
The Bushmen don't have got initiation ceremonies. There is some dancing too cleansing ceremony after a initiatory has shed her foremost menstrual blood. Boys are non considered men until they have got killed their foremost large too unsafe animal. Thereafter they are are treated every bit total members of the clan or tribe.
San Barwa elderberry with pipe
Religion
Most Kalahari Bushmen believe inwards a "Greater" too a "Lesser" Supreme beingness or God. There are other supernatural beings every bit well, too the spirits of the dead. The "God" or supreme beingness foremost created himself, so the Blue Planet too its food, the H2O too air. He is mostly a goodness power, that protects too wards of illness too teaches people skills. However, when he is angered, he tin send bad fortune. The greater god, depending on his manifestation, is called dissimilar names past times the same people at dissimilar times, too also have got dissimilar names amid the dissimilar linguistic communication groups.
San one-time adult woman too her grandchild
The lesser god is regarded every bit bad or/and evil, a dark magician, a destroyer rather than builder, too a bearer of bad luck too disease. Just similar the "supreme being" he is called past times various names. They believe bad luck too illness is caused past times the spirits of the dead, because they desire to convey the living to the same seat they are. Similar to the dark people inwards South Africa, the Bushman have got a strong believe that the ancestral spirits play an of import role inwards the fate of the living, but they don't work the same rituals to appease them.
Cagn/Kaggen is the call the Bushmen gave their god; the foremost sociologists translated this every bit “Mantis”, maybe wrongly. This god beingness null else than the unseen presence of nature too everything that surrounded them. They also prayed to the Moon too the stars but they could never explicate precisely why they did this. Cagn/Kaggen was seen every bit human similar too also had magical powers too charms.
The Bushmen's beliefs go beyond that. The eland is their most spiritual beast too appears inwards 4 rituals: boys' foremost kill, girls' puberty, matrimony too trance dance.
H5N1 ritual is held where the man child is told how to rail an eland too how the eland volition autumn ane time shot with an arrow.
He becomes an adult when he kills his foremost large antelope, preferably an eland. The eland is skinned too the fatty from the elands' pharynx too neckband os is made into a broth. This broth has bully potency.
In the girls' puberty rituals, a immature missy is isolated inwards her hut at her foremost menstruation. The women of the tribe perform the Eland Bull Dance where they copy the mating behavior of the eland cows. H5N1 adult man volition play the portion of the eland bull, usually with horns on his head.
This ritual volition maintain the missy beautiful, gratis from hunger too thirst too peaceful.
San Maidens
As portion of the matrimony ritual, the adult man gives the fatty from the elands' pump to the girls' parents. At a subsequently stage the missy is anointed with eland fat.
In the trance dance, the eland is considered the most strong of all animals, too the shamans aspire to possess eland potency.
The Bushmen believed that the eland was /Kaggen's favourite animal.
The modern Bushmen of the Kalahari believe inwards ii gods: ane who lives inwards the due east too ane from the west. Like the southern Bushmen they believe inwards spirits of the dead, but non every bit portion of ancestor worship. The spirits are only vaguely identified too are idea to convey sickness too death.
'Medicine People' or shamans protect everyone from these spirits too sickness.
H5N1 shaman is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, protect them from evil spirits too sickness, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too mostly attempt to aspect after the good beingness of their group.
Healing
Studies have got shown that the Bushmen have got many strategies for dealing with sick health.
The women are experts at harvesting too preparing medicinal plants for the handling of a broad arrive at of ailments.
Blood letting too scarification may also serve every bit a medicinal function.
The best-known Bushmen medical practise is the healing dance. This is when the healers or shamans go into a trance past times way of rhythmic clapping too stamping of the dancers feet.
The shamans too medicine people
H5N1 shaman or medicine individual is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too so forth.
The Bushmen have got many shamans. They are ordinary people who perform everyday tasks too are non a privileged class. The shamans sometimes exercise their supernatural powers inwards the dream world, but principally it's practiced at a trance dance.
At a trance trip the low-cal fantastic the women sit down around a cardinal give the axe too clap the musical rhythm of songs. The men volition trip the low-cal fantastic around the women. With the sounds of the dancing rattles too thudding steps combined with the women's songs they activate a supernatural say-so that resides inwards the songs too inwards the shaman themselves. When the say-so 'boils' too rises upwards the shamans' spine, they go into a trance.
The shamans rely on hyperventilation, intense concentration too highly rhythmic dancing to alter their nation consciousness. Inexperienced shaman tin autumn to the ground unconscious if they can't command their story of concentration.
When entering a trance, shamans often bleed from their olfactory organ too experience excruciating physical pain. The shamans' arms stretch behind them every bit the transformation into the spirit world takes place.
During the trance the shamans perform their tasks, the most of import is to cure people of whatever ailments. They lay their trembling hands on these people too push clit sickness from them into their ain bodies. Then, with a high pitched shriek, they expel the sickness through a 'hole' inwards the nape of the neck, the n//au spot. The sickness thus returns to its source, which is idea to live unidentified wicked shamans.
The side past times side day, fully recovered, the shaman volition tell people of his experiences with the spiritual world. It is from these experiences that the Bushmen painted the stone fine art too to a greater extent than of late on canvas.
Shaman healing trip the low-cal fantastic of San people
Today well-nigh one-half of the men too a tertiary of the women inwards the Kalahari are said to live shamans. Most immature men strive to go shamans, non for personal gain, but to serve their community inwards that capacity. In their tardily teens they volition inquire an experienced shaman to instruct them. The apprenticeship may lastly some years, during which the novice volition trip the low-cal fantastic with the older man, absorbing his potency.
San healing dance
San Trance Dance
H5N1 trance trip the low-cal fantastic occurs non only for the healing of the sick but also serves every bit a social too sacred function.
H5N1 give the axe is lit where a group, mostly women sit down inwards a circle around it. The dancers, mostly men, volition start dancing inwards a circle around these women. They volition have got rattles on their legs made from dried seed pods. The grouping sitting around the give the axe volition sing, clap too tend to the give the axe piece the dancers are trying to go into a trance.
The foremost few hours of a trance trip the low-cal fantastic are relaxed too sociable. Then, when the foremost individual shows signs of entering a trance, the clapping too singing gets to a greater extent than intense. This could live when they start to sweat profusely, get to breath heavily too have got glossy stares.
Traditional healing trip the low-cal fantastic – non only curing illness, but also a way of relieving whatever existing social tensions.
The dancers volition presently get to go into a trance. From hither they volition live able to start healing the people. H5N1 normal trip the low-cal fantastic volition lastly well-nigh six hours but occasionally tin go for the whole day.
San Dancers
San Rock Art
The Sans stone fine art is ane of the greatest inwards the world. The San/bushmen paintings are ane of Southern Africa's greatest cultural treasures. Subjects of the bushmen/san paintings arrive at from animals (mainly eland) to humans, therianthropes to ox-wagons too mounted men with rifles.
When Europeans foremost encountered stone fine art of the San people, or Bushmen, inwards southern Africa some 350 years ago, they considered it primitive too crude. They were just “Bushman paintings,” two-dimensional accounts of hunting too fighting too daily life. Twentieth-century scholars had much to a greater extent than observe for the aesthetics of the paintings—often finely detailed too exquisitely colored—but many also viewed them largely every bit narrative accounts of hunter-gatherer life
In terms of archeology nosotros have got a seemless stone tool tradition, too a seemless fine art tradition, going dorsum 27,000 years with the 'Apollo 11' stones - indeed, the San have got longest continuing fine art tradition inwards the world.
The 'Apollo 11' Stones
The full general features of southern African San fine art are explained inwards terms of concepts that pervade the cognitive systems of San people from all areas. Amongst all San groups the most of import ritual is the Great Dance. In this dance, through trance, the San say that they harness a form of spiritual ability that is similar electricity. In a Bushmen society, shamanism is practised at a trance dance.The visions that are seen past times the shamans inwards a trance, is where they larn their inspiration to paint.
San stone art
Because so many of the paintings depict trance visions, many researchers believe that all the artists were shamans. It seems impossible that shamans made the paintings too engravings piece they were inwards a trance. It is to a greater extent than likely that they remembered or experienced after-images too so depicted these experiences. It is also exclusively possible that anybody familiar with the mythology well-nigh the spirit world too beliefs well-nigh the healing ritual, too who possessed artistic science too imagination, may have got been an artist.
Rock paintings, Tsodilo Hills,Botswana
They work this ability for things such every bit healing, hunting, removing societal tensions too making rain. It is aspects relating to this trip the low-cal fantastic that are pervasive inwards San stone art, partly because this trip the low-cal fantastic was of such bully significance to the San, but to a greater extent than importantly because the human activeness of making stone fine art seems to have got been portion of the procedure past times which San ritual specialists harnessed too shared the ability of the dance.
In all areas, therefore, stone fine art images depict aspects of the dance, most often just fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic rather than entire trip the low-cal fantastic scenes. We reckon private or pocket-sized groups of dancers bending forwards, wearing dancing rattles, holding wildebeest tails or dancing sticks too haemorrhage from the nose: these are all features particular to the dance.
Capturing the "Rain-Bull"
Around these fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic are placed animals, but non just a random pick of animals. Those animals that have got special supernatural say-so are the ones especially chosen too repeated often. It is from these animals that the San say they push clit ability inwards the trip the low-cal fantastic too the stone fine art sometimes shows this. Lines of ability connect animals to dancers inwards the art. More than this, dancers are regularly depicted taking on features of powerful animals such every bit their hooves or heads.
Rock fine art inwards Game Pass Shelter, Kamberg Nature Reserve.
The fine art also shows the magical other-worldly things such every bit rain-animals (above left), monsters too spirit people that are encountered past times dancers on their out-of-body vision journeys. We thus empathise San fine art every bit a deeply spiritual art, ane that harnesses too shares with others the ability of successive generations of San spiritual experience too enlightenment.
Engraved past times scratching away the stone patina
By linking specific San beliefs to recurrent features inwards the art, researchers have got been able to crevice many of the codes of San stone art. Unfortunately at that spot are no recorded interviews with the painters themselves, inwards monastic enjoin to shed low-cal on the paintings. However, inwards the tardily nineteenth century a Bushman named Qing guided Joseph Millerd Orpen, a magistrate from the Cape colony, through the Drakensberg.
Elephant engravings
On their journey, Qing too Orpen came across many magnificent paintings inwards stone shelters. Orpen was so impressed that he copied several of them. He so sent these to a mag editor inwards Cape town, who showed them to a Dr Wilhelm Bleek. Bleek was a High German linguist who was living inwards Cape Town. He was studying the linguistic communication of the /Xam people - a San grouping from the Northern Cape - at this time. When Bleek showed Orpen’s drawing of the foreign looking beast to the grouping of /Xam San he was interviewing, they straightaway saw inwards it 'the pelting animal', too proceeded to explicate its spiritual too religious significance. It was this historical explanation that began the decoding of the paintings.
It was so the piece of work of Professor David Lewis-Williams, the South African scholar too professor of archeology at the University of the Witwatersrand inwards Johannesburg, South Africa, threw to a greater extent than low-cal on the paintings. The 'Rosetta Stone' of this stone fine art is located at the Game Pass Shelter inwards the Drakensberg Mountains. "One day, I was looking at a epitome inwards which at that spot was a dying eland too a adult man apparently holding its tail. The adult man had hooves, similar the eland; his pilus was standing out, similar the eland's hair; his legs were crossed, inwards simulated of the eland's legs," he explained.
Dancing figures with sticks
Studying this detail, the important savage into place: both the eland too the adult man are behaving every bit if they are dying. The adult man is a shaman going into trance. He is well-nigh to exit this world for the spirit world, too he is taking on the ability of the eland, the most powerful beast of all, too the god /Kaggen's favourite.
The San depict their experiences of out-of-body move every bit similar flying
Trance is so overwhelming that it is hard to describe. To explicate it too to assist people who were non shamans to reckon what they had been through, the painters of stone fine art images looked for comparative experiences. Crossing over to the spirit world during trance could live compared to 'death'. This did non hateful that they genuinely died, but that they believed that piece they were inwards trance, their spirits would exit their bodies too encounter others inwards the spirit world. 'Death' is used every bit a metaphor for the trance state. Trance is really much similar death. Sometimes it is called 'half-death'.
Professor Lewis-Williams explained how all this all of a precipitous made sense to him: "I saw that the dying eland was a metaphor for the dying medicine man. Shamans are said to expire when they go into the spirit world through trance. And sthe dying eland is a source of say-so (spiritual power)."
The stone fine art paintings reverberate the San travelling to the spirit realm
To present their experiences, the artists also used visual metaphors such every bit showing shamans 'underwater' too 'dead'. These capture aspects of how it feels to live inwards trance. The artists also present their actions inwards the spirit world, such every bit their capturing of the pelting animal, their activation of say-so for work inwards healing or inwards fighting off enemies or other unsafe forces. But, the fine art was far from just a tape of spirit journeys. Powerful substances such every bit eland blood were pose into the paints so to brand each epitome a reservoir of potency. As each generation of artists painted or engraved layer past times layer of fine art on the stone surfaces their expansion created strong spiritual places.
H5N1 partly transformed shaman holds the tail of a dying eland
Today’s Fri Find is the so-called Linton Panel – for sure the most astounding instance of San stone fine art at nowadays housed inwards a South African museum. The Linton Panel is a large slab of rock, criterion 2m past times .8m that was removed inwards 1918 from a stone shelter on a farm named Linton. Rock shelters through out most of South Africa are adorned with some exquisite stone paintings made past times San hunters too gatherers. The imagery is typical of those depicted to present San shamans’ experiences inwards the spirit World.
San (Bushmen) manlike individual parent too his baby
What problems do bushmen human face upwards today?
The Bushmen had their homelands invaded past times cattle herding Bantu tribes from around 1,500 years ago, too past times white colonists over the lastly few hundred years. From that fourth dimension they faced discrimination, eviction from their ancestral lands, murder too oppression amounting to a massive though unspoken genocide, which reduced them inwards numbers from several 1000000 to 100,000. Today, although all endure from a perception that their lifestyle is 'primitive' too that they demand to live made to alive similar the bulk cattle-herding tribes, specific problems vary according to where they live.
In South Africa, for example, the !Khomani at nowadays have got most of their Blue Planet rights recognised, but many other Bushman tribes have got no Blue Planet rights at all.
Khomani San people
Situation inwards Namibia
H5N1 fairly large community of bushmen, the Ju/'hoansi, today alive on both sides of the border betwixt Namibia too Botswana, named Bushmanland. This grouping has been studied, filmed too assisted past times Western scholars since 1951.
The academic studies proceed to this twenty-four hr period too they are nether the full general guidance of the "Ju/wa Bushman
Development Foundation" which is essentially a grouping of concerned individuals too academia. In 1991, with the formation of the "Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative" too with representation too guidance from the "Ju/wa Bushman Development Foundation", they managed to secure Blue Planet rights within Bushmanland.
They are silent permitted to hunt within the boundaries, despite beingness a game conservation area, every bit long every bit they work traditional methods. It way no firearms, dogs, vehicles or horses, rules that are occasionally broken too usually results inwards a prison theatre term for the offenders.
One of the biggest problems is alcoholism, brought well-nigh mainly past times armed forces stationed inwards the local town of Tsumkwe bringing alcohol into the part despite a regime ban on bringing inwards spirits. Having virtually no tolerance of alcohol, at that spot was a massive growth inwards drunkenness, alcoholism too offense with a full general turn down inwards menage unit of measurement structures too community well-being.
Situation inwards Republic of Botswana – Central Kalahari Bushmen
The Gana (G//ana) too Gwi (G/wi) tribes inwards Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve are amid the most
persecuted. Far from recognising their ownership rights over the Blue Planet they have got lived on for thousands of years, the Republic of Botswana regime has inwards fact forced almost all of them off it. In the early on 1980s, diamonds were discovered inwards the reserve. Soon after, regime ministers went into the reserve to tell the Bushmen living at that spot that they would have got to exit because of the diamond finds.
In iii large clearances, inwards 1997, 2002 too 2005, virtually all the Bushmen were forced out. Their homes were dismantled, their schoolhouse too wellness post were closed, their H2O provide was destroyed too the people were threatened too trucked away.
Almost all were forced out past times these tactics, but a large number have got since returned, with many to a greater extent than desperate to do so. They at nowadays alive inwards resettlement camps exterior the reserve. Rarely able to hunt, too arrested too beaten when they do, they are dependent on regime handouts. They are at nowadays gripped past times alcoholism, boredom, depression, too illnesses such every bit TB too HIV/AIDS.
Although the Bushmen won the right inwards courtroom to go dorsum to their lands inwards 2006, the regime has done everything it tin to brand their render impossible. Since so the regime has arrested to a greater extent than than 50 Bushmen for hunting to feed their families, too banned the Bushmen from using their H2O borehole.
Hundreds silent languish inwards resettlement camps, unable or scared to render home. Unless they tin render to their
ancestral lands, their unique societies too way of life volition live destroyed, too many of them volition die.
Botswana - Ghanzi Bushmen
Bushmen around the town of Ghanzi had served every bit cattle herders to Afrikaans farmers since early on 20th century. They worked inwards largely unfenced ranges. There were silent some benefits for the Bushmen every bit game was silent fairly abundant, piece getting the spin-off benefits of some milk, some coin too fifty-fifty the occasional moo-cow that died naturally.
San People inwards Botswana
All this changed significantly, courtesy of the European Common Market, who inwards their wisdom offered a really high cost for Botswana's beef every bit long every bit they instituted major illness command measures to eliminate pes & mouth, anthrax too a few other endemic ailments. This resulted inwards an extensive game command fencing functioning to split upwards the cattle from the “disease ridden wildlife”. Unfenced ranges with moderate levels of wild fauna became fenced inwards lands with a catastrophic drib inwards game numbers due to a cutting of the herds’ migration routes to contend with drought.
The Common Market (later the European Economic Community) were happy too paid the massively inflated prices, piece subsistence game hunting became meaningless. The cattle monoculture farther destroyed the bushmen’s works life resources, severely impacting their traditional hunter too gatherer lifestyle.
South Africa - Khomani Bushmen
These Bushmen from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (now the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park) part were ejected from the Reserve betwixt 1931, upon its formation, & 1973 when the lastly were finally evicted. They had initially during this period been allowed express assess too piece of work within the reserve but were finally removed past times the management.
San People inwards Cape Town,SA
Despite many attempts to larn access to their traditional hunting areas, entry was denied on the footing that they would go a job begging from tourists. This was despite the valid declaration that the large southwestern part requested was off limits to visitors to the reserve too thus should non acquaint whatever difficulties. They remained a pocket-sized impoverished grouping largely integrating themselves within the mixed coloured communities that developed along the fringes of the Reserve, working where possible for local farmers.
H5N1 grouping of bushmen silent partially adhering to their traditional life too menage unit of measurement structure, nether their leader Dawid Kruiper were finally successful inwards 1999 when xl 000 hectares of Blue Planet side past times side to the Kgalagadi Park was purchased past times the regime from local farmers too given dorsum to the Khomani community. In 2001 it was agreed that an additional 25 000 hectares of the Kalahari Gemsbok common was to live returned to them for managed utilisation but non for residence.
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park San (Bushmen) too his son
Tension betwixt the traditional too westernised bushmen led to various ability struggles, but some of the bushmen proceed to occasionally hunt too gather. Furthermore, the community-owned !Xaus luxury lodge of late opened inwards the Southwestern-most portion of Kgalagadi Park.
San folklore
Creation of the foremost Bushmen
As the Bushmen lived inwards a really dry out area, H2O to them have got a really magical ability that could revive them. In the legend of creation Mantis appears too the entire world is silent covered past times water. H5N1 bee (a symbol of wisdom) carries Mantis over the turbulent waters of the ocean. The bee however, became really tired too flew lower too lower. He searched for solid Blue Planet to brand his decent to but he only grew to a greater extent than too to a greater extent than tired. But so he saw a blossom drifting on the water. He set Mantis downwardly inwards the blossom too within inwards him the seed of the foremost human. The bee drowned but when the Sun came upwards Mantis awoke too from the seed the bee had left the foremost human was born.
Nharo-San man child making fire
Mantis too his family
The bushmen don't regard the Mantis every bit god but rather a superbeing. They are non the only civilization who has this belief too other African tribes do reckon it every bit a God. Even the Greeks believed it had divine too magical powers. Mantis is a Greek word important divine, or soothsayer. All over the world many legends is told well-nigh this magical creature. To the Bushmen silent he is a "dream Bushman". He is really human. Many paintings of the bushmen figure a Bushman with the caput of a Mantis.
Mantis also has a large family. His married adult woman is Dassie (rock hyrax). His boy is also a Mantis too he also has an adopted daughter, Porcupine. Her existent manlike individual parent is the evil monster called the All-Devourer who she is also afraid of. Porcupine is married to a creature that is portion of the rainbow, called Kwammanga. They have got ii sons, Mongoose or Ichneumon too so Kwammanga, after his dad. Mantis also has a sister, Blue Crane that he loves really much.
The Baboons
At a fourth dimension long agone the baboons were niggling people similar the Bushmen, but they were really mischievous. They loved making trouble. On a twenty-four hr period Cagn sent his con Cogaz to go too aspect for sticks they could work inwards making bows. When the niggling people saw him they started dancing around the man child shouting: "Your manlike individual parent thinks he is clever too wants to brand bows to kill us, at nowadays nosotros volition kill you!" They did every bit they said too Cogaz's body was hung inwards a tree. The niggling people danced over again too sang: "Cagn thinks he is clever!"
Then Cagn awoke from his sleep. He had a feeling that something was incorrect so he asked hi married adult woman Coti to convey him his charms. He idea too thought. Then it came to him. He realized what the niggling people did to his son. He straightaway went inwards search of his son. When the niggling people saw him coming they started singing an other song.
A niggling missy sitting nearby told Cagn that they were singing something else earlier he came. He ordered them to sing what the missy heard before. When he heard this he ordered them to remain where they are until he returns. He returned with a handbasket total of pegs. As they danced he drove a peg inwards each of their backsides. They fled to the mountains because they at nowadays had tails too they started living with animals. Cagn so climbed into the tree too used his magic to resurrect his son.
San people
How Mantis stole give the axe from Ostrich
Mantis also gave the Bushmen fire. Before this people ate their nutrient similar all the other predators, raw. They also had no low-cal at nighttime too were surrounded past times darkness. Mantis noticed that Ostrich's nutrient ever smelt really goodness too decided to regain what he did to his food. As he crept closed ane twenty-four hr period he saw Ostrich take some give the axe from beneath his wing too dip his nutrient inwards it. After eating he would tuck dorsum the give the axe nether his wing.
Mantis knew Ostrich would non give him the give the axe so he planned a play a trick on on Ostrich to steal the give the axe from him. One twenty-four hr period he called Ostrich too showed him a tree carrying delicious plums. As Ostrich started to eat Mantis shouted at him that the best ones were at that top. Ostrich jumped higher too higher too every bit presently every bit he opened his wings Mantis stole the give the axe from him too ran off. Ostrich was really ashamed of this too since that twenty-four hr period kept his wings pressed to his sides too volition never fly.
San Bushman
The Rainbow
Rain was ane time a beautiful adult woman who lived inwards the sky. She wore a rainbow around her waist too she was married to the creator of the earth. They had iii daughters. When the eldest missy grew upwards she asked her woman parent to go downwardly to earth. Her woman parent gave her permission but every bit presently every bit se went downwardly she got married to a hunter. While she was gone Rain had some other child. This fourth dimension a man child which she called Son-eib. When he was one-time plenty his sisters asked Rain if they could all go downwardly to reckon the world. In fright of losing them all Rain didn't desire them to go. But so a friend Wolf who liked the ii daughters said he would accompany them downwardly too aspect after them. The manlike individual parent believed this wicked beast too gave his permission.
As presently every bit they got to ground they went to a village. H5N1 adult woman inwards the hamlet saw Son-eib too he looked really familiar to her. She offered them nutrient too Wolf accepted this. They all ate of this nutrient except Son-eib every bit Wolf told everybody that he is non a individual but only a thing. Son-eib turned away too went to sit down inwards the grass, all past times himself. While sitting at that spot he caught a niggling blood-red bird. He concealed it nether his coat.
That nighttime the adult woman offered them shelter inwards her house. But ane time over again Wolf did non allow the man child to slumber within the theatre too said that Son-eib should slumber inwards the pocket-sized hut outside. While everybody was sleeping Wolf went too fetched all the bad people inwards the village. They set give the axe to the hut killing pitiable Son-eib.
However, the niggling aeroplane managed to escape. It flew upwards into the heaven too went straight to Rain, the boy's mother.As presently every bit it arrived it told Rain of what has happened. Rain told her married adult man too they were furious. H5N1 niggling piece subsequently the people of the hamlet saw a bully tempest approaching them fast too around its waist was a rainbow. Lightning started to flash striking all around them. Only Wolf too his beau bad people were hitting too killed. Then a mighty voice
came from the heaven with the words: "Don't kill the children of the sky!"
Ever since this all Bushmen are afraid of the rainbow. When the bushmen reckon a rainbow they would hitting on sticks too holler for it to go away!
One of the stories of the Sun says that he is a adult man from whose armpits smoothen the rays of light. He did non desire to part his low-cal with all the people so he stayed inwards his hut. The foremost Busman ordered hi children to throw him into the sky. They threw him upwards too this is where he silent shines from today. In the nighttime he is really mutual frigidity so he draws his blanket over him. This blanket is really one-time too has lots of niggling holes inwards it. This is the stars nosotros reckon at night.Another tale tells of a immature adult woman who waits for the hunters to render every night. When it grows dark she throws upwards a handful of white ash. This becomes the Milky-way that guide the hunters home.
The Moon is believed to live the one-time shoe of Mantis. He placed it inwards the air to guide him at night. The Sun is really jealous of the Moon when it is at its total brightness. The Sun uses its abrupt rays to cutting of pieces of the Moon fleck past times fleck until at that spot is almost null left of the moon. The Moon begs the Sun to halt too so he ever goes away. Soon after the Moon starts growing over again until it is total too the whole procedure repeats itself.
The Bushmen are the remnants of Africa's oldest cultural group, genetically the closest surviving people to the original Homo sapiens “core” from which the Negroid people of Africa emerged. Bushmen are pocket-sized inwards stature mostly with low-cal yellowish skin, which wrinkles really early on inwards life. Bushmen traditionally lived inwards Southern Africa inwards the next countries, although virtually none alive purely past times hunting too gathering today: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Republic of Zimbabwe too Angola, with loosely related groups inwards Tanzania.
San manlike individual parent hugging his children
Recorded history also placed them inwards Kingdom of Lesotho too Mozambique. Rock fine art too archaeological evidence tin seat them every bit far due north every bit Libya, Egypt, Sudan too Ethiopia, with the evidence of legend & racial type suggesting some traces remain.
San one-time man
Bushmen is an Anglicization of boesman, the Dutch too Afrikaner call for them; saan (plural) or saa (singular) is the Nama word for “bush dweller(s),” too the Nama call is at nowadays mostly favoured past times anthropologists. Each of these terms has a problematic history, every bit they have got been used past times outsiders to refer to them, often with pejorative connotations. The private groups seat past times names such every bit Ju/'hoansi too !Kung (the punctuation characters representing dissimilar click consonants), too most telephone band themselves past times the pejorative "Bushmen" when referring to themselves collectively.
San kids with facial painting
The term San was historically applied past times their ethnic relatives too historic rivals, the Khoikhoi. This term way "outsider" inwards the Nama linguistic communication too was derogatory because it distinguished the Bushmen from what the Khoikhoi called themselves, namely the "First People". Western anthropologists adopted San extensively inwards the 1970s, where it remains preferred inwards academic circles. The term Bushmen is widely used, but opinions vary on whether it is appropriate because it is sometimes viewed every bit pejorative.
San women of Ghanzi inwards Botswana
Language
San languages, characterised past times implosive consonants or 'clicks', belonged to a totally dissimilar linguistic communication menage unit of measurement from those of the Bantu speakers. Broadly speaking, they are ii dissimilar too identifiable languages, namely the Khoikhoi too San. Many dialects have got evolved from these, including /Xam, N?¡, !Xu, Khwe too Khomani. Nà má, previously called Hottentot, is the most populous too widespread of the Khoikhoi too San languages.
Ju/’hoansi San People making arrows
The San bushmen major linguistic communication groups include !Kung, Khomani, Vasekela, Mbarakwena, /Auni, Auen, /Gwi, //Ganaa, Kua, /Tannekwe, /Geinin, /Xoma, //Obanen Ganin, /Xam-ka!ke too !Xo.
Very niggling is known well-nigh the dissimilar dialects of South Africa's San people, every bit most of these beautiful, ancient languages were never recorded. Fortunately, the /Xam dialect, which is spoken past times the San, was recorded almost inwards its entirety, thank you lot to the piece of work of a High German linguist, Dr WHI Bleek.
San adult woman holding her beautiful babe boy
/Xam speakers originally occupied a large portion of western South Africa, but past times 1850, only a few hundred /Xam speakers lived inwards remote parts of the Northern Cape. Today, the linguistic communication is no longer exists, but survives inwards 12 000 pages of hand-written testimony taken downwardly word-for-word from some of the lastly /Xam speakers inwards the 1860s too 1870s. These pages tape non just the /Xam language, but also their myths, beliefs too rituals. H5N1 comprehensive /Xam lexicon was produced past times Dr Bleek at the time, but was only published years subsequently (DF Bleek: 1956).
San adult woman with her baby
South Africa's motto, written on the SA coat of arms is a /Xam phrase: !ke e: /xarra //ke, literally meaning: various people unite.
Economy too Socio-Political Structure
Bushmen were hunter/gatherers, with traditionally well-nigh 70/80% of their diet consisting of works life food, including berries, nuts, roots too melons gathered primarily past times the women. The remaining 20/30% was meat (mostly antelopes), hunted past times the men using poisoned arrows too spears on hunts that could lastly several days. They made their ain temporary homes from woods that they gathered.
Their hunting & gathering economic scheme too social construction had remained virtually unchanged for tens of thousands of years until really recently, a socio-economic civilisation that has sustained mankind universally during their development until the advent of agriculture. The Bushmen did non farm or maintain livestock, having no concept of the ownership of Blue Planet or animal.
San beauty
Their social construction is non tribal because they have got no paramount leader too their ties of kinship are fairly relaxed. They are a loosely knit menage unit of measurement civilisation where decisions are made past times universal give-and-take too understanding past times consensus. An individual's sentiment is naturally weighted according to their story of science too experience inwards the particular acre of discussion.
Families within a clan would speak a mutual linguistic communication but neighboring clans would usually speak a dissimilar tongue, although at that spot would commonly live a fair score of similarity & understanding betwixt them. Apart from menage unit of measurement relations, bearing the same call (out of only well-nigh 35 names per gender) would also foster a “name kinship”.Bushmen are mostly nomadic within fairly express boundaries, governed past times the proximity of other families too clans. As a really loose guideline, the territory of a menage unit of measurement may stretch to a 25-mile circle. Obviously, if at that spot are no other bordering clans or other people these areas may stretch further, every bit far every bit is needed to ensure adequate nutrient too H2O sources.
San (Bushmen) children of Kalahari Desert
The roles of men & women were really distinct too rarely overlapped, which is a characteristic almost universal with hunter/gatherers the world over. It based on survival needs encouraging the most efficient utilisation of available skills too resources. Despite what is often perceived every bit a really sexist society, the importance of women is really high within the grouping too their opinions often take precedence, especially where nutrient is concerned.
San (Bushmen) of Kalahari Desert
Traditionally, bushman women spent 3-4 days a calendar week gathering veldkost (wild plants), often going out inwards groups to search for edible or medicinal plants. Furthermore, earlier the advent of merchandise with Bantu or white settlers, all tools, construction material, weapons or clothe were made of plants or beast products.
About 400-500 local plants too their uses were known to bushmen, along with the places where they grew – non only providing a balanced nutrition, but also wet from roots fifty-fifty inwards fourth dimension of drought.
Khomanani Boesman (San) people of Kalahari Desert
Plants were used inwards ways similar to western phytomedicine to process wounds too heal illnesses; other plants where rather portion of healing ceremonies inwards which a healer would give the axe plants to brand rain, trance to heal an ailment, or perform a charm to convey fertility. The arrive at of ailments treated included wounds including ophidian bites, colds, tummy ache, molar ache or headache, or diarrhea but also infections similar malaria, tuberculosis, or syphilis. One bushman plant, Hoodia gordonii, fifty-fifty made the worldwide word since it was patented past times a pharma society every bit a diet back upwards due to its traditional bushman usage to suppress appetite too hunger – a constabulary instance against “bio piracy” ensued, with the parties settling to royalties beingness paid to bushmen organisations.
Bushmen (San) tribe, Tsumkwe, Namibia having their repast past times the fireside
The bushmen’s diet too relaxed lifestyle have got prevented most of the stress-related diseases of the western world. Bushmen health, inwards general, is non goodness though: 50% of children expire earlier the historic period of 15; 20% expire within their foremost twelvemonth (mostly of gastrointestinal infections). Average life expectancy is well-nigh 45-50 years; respiratory infections too malaria are the major reasons for decease inwards adults. Only 10% go older than lx years.
Bead making from ostrich shell.
Birth, Death, Marriage too initiation
Amongst the Bushman or San, nascence is non mostly a large issue. They don't genuinely ready too or go to a infirmary similar modern man. It is claimed that a Bushman women who is well-nigh to give nascence volition simply go behind a bush too "squeeze out" the baby.
There is also some claims that they ready a medicine from devils hook (Harpagophytum spp.), have got the baby, too is dorsum inwards her daily routine within a hour. In reality she is likely to take her mom or an elderberry aunt along, for comfort too help. The volume "Shadow Bird" past times Willemien le Roux, describes a Bushman nascence with complications, too the one-time adult woman that was called to help, so it doesn't ever go every bit piece of cake every bit it is supposed to.
Naro Bushman child,Central Kalahari inwards Botswana
After the nascence a Bushman kid volition have much dearest too attending from his parents too other adults too fifty-fifty older children. Their dearest of children, both their ain too that of other people, is ane of the most noticeable things well-nigh the Bushman
.
San girls from Namibia
If a kid is born nether really severe drought conditions, when the fertility of the Bushman women are inwards whatever instance low, maybe to forestall such an occurrence. The woman parent volition quietly salve the just born babe of severe too sure hereafter suffering past times ending its life. This is most likely to hap inwards lean years, if she is silent suckling some other kid too volition patently non live able to feed both of the children
San Man
. This is accepted behaviour, too born out of necessity too non malice or whatever other consideration. It stems from the unproblematic realiy of alive inwards a harsh climate, too the realisation that the life of the kid that a lot has already been invested in, too that mightiness live pose at chance past times tender feelings for a new-born that are inwards whatever instance likely to expire soon, are non likely to have got a goodness outcome.
Children of the San people (Bushmen) inwards Omatako village, Namibia
Death is a really natural affair to the Bushmen every bit shown past times the next lines from a Bushman song, quoted past times Coral Fourie inwards her volume "Living Legends of a dying culture". "The twenty-four hr period nosotros expire a soft breeze volition wipe out our footprints inwards the sand. When the air current dies down, who volition tell the timelessness that ane time nosotros walked this way inwards the dawn of time?"
If some-ones dies at a specific camp, the clan volition displace away too never campsite at that spot again. Bushmen volition never knowingly cross the seat where some-one has been buried. If they have got to transcend close such a place, they volition throw a pebble on the grave too mutter nether their breath, to the spirits to ensure goodness luck. They never stair on a grave too believe that the spirit remains active on that spot higher upwards ground, too they don't desire to shock it.
San elder
Among most Bushmen, a marriage ceremony is a private lawsuit betwixt the Bridegroom too the Bride. Only inwards special cases may a invitee live invited, but at that spot is no celebration or other ritual every bit nosotros empathise it, only a private "ceremony" or understanding betwixt the ii people involved.
The Bushmen don't have got initiation ceremonies. There is some dancing too cleansing ceremony after a initiatory has shed her foremost menstrual blood. Boys are non considered men until they have got killed their foremost large too unsafe animal. Thereafter they are are treated every bit total members of the clan or tribe.
San Barwa elderberry with pipe
Religion
Most Kalahari Bushmen believe inwards a "Greater" too a "Lesser" Supreme beingness or God. There are other supernatural beings every bit well, too the spirits of the dead. The "God" or supreme beingness foremost created himself, so the Blue Planet too its food, the H2O too air. He is mostly a goodness power, that protects too wards of illness too teaches people skills. However, when he is angered, he tin send bad fortune. The greater god, depending on his manifestation, is called dissimilar names past times the same people at dissimilar times, too also have got dissimilar names amid the dissimilar linguistic communication groups.
San one-time adult woman too her grandchild
The lesser god is regarded every bit bad or/and evil, a dark magician, a destroyer rather than builder, too a bearer of bad luck too disease. Just similar the "supreme being" he is called past times various names. They believe bad luck too illness is caused past times the spirits of the dead, because they desire to convey the living to the same seat they are. Similar to the dark people inwards South Africa, the Bushman have got a strong believe that the ancestral spirits play an of import role inwards the fate of the living, but they don't work the same rituals to appease them.
Cagn/Kaggen is the call the Bushmen gave their god; the foremost sociologists translated this every bit “Mantis”, maybe wrongly. This god beingness null else than the unseen presence of nature too everything that surrounded them. They also prayed to the Moon too the stars but they could never explicate precisely why they did this. Cagn/Kaggen was seen every bit human similar too also had magical powers too charms.
The Bushmen's beliefs go beyond that. The eland is their most spiritual beast too appears inwards 4 rituals: boys' foremost kill, girls' puberty, matrimony too trance dance.
H5N1 ritual is held where the man child is told how to rail an eland too how the eland volition autumn ane time shot with an arrow.
He becomes an adult when he kills his foremost large antelope, preferably an eland. The eland is skinned too the fatty from the elands' pharynx too neckband os is made into a broth. This broth has bully potency.
In the girls' puberty rituals, a immature missy is isolated inwards her hut at her foremost menstruation. The women of the tribe perform the Eland Bull Dance where they copy the mating behavior of the eland cows. H5N1 adult man volition play the portion of the eland bull, usually with horns on his head.
This ritual volition maintain the missy beautiful, gratis from hunger too thirst too peaceful.
San Maidens
As portion of the matrimony ritual, the adult man gives the fatty from the elands' pump to the girls' parents. At a subsequently stage the missy is anointed with eland fat.
In the trance dance, the eland is considered the most strong of all animals, too the shamans aspire to possess eland potency.
The Bushmen believed that the eland was /Kaggen's favourite animal.
The modern Bushmen of the Kalahari believe inwards ii gods: ane who lives inwards the due east too ane from the west. Like the southern Bushmen they believe inwards spirits of the dead, but non every bit portion of ancestor worship. The spirits are only vaguely identified too are idea to convey sickness too death.
'Medicine People' or shamans protect everyone from these spirits too sickness.
H5N1 shaman is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, protect them from evil spirits too sickness, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too mostly attempt to aspect after the good beingness of their group.
Healing
Studies have got shown that the Bushmen have got many strategies for dealing with sick health.
The women are experts at harvesting too preparing medicinal plants for the handling of a broad arrive at of ailments.
Blood letting too scarification may also serve every bit a medicinal function.
The best-known Bushmen medical practise is the healing dance. This is when the healers or shamans go into a trance past times way of rhythmic clapping too stamping of the dancers feet.
The shamans too medicine people
H5N1 shaman or medicine individual is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too so forth.
The Bushmen have got many shamans. They are ordinary people who perform everyday tasks too are non a privileged class. The shamans sometimes exercise their supernatural powers inwards the dream world, but principally it's practiced at a trance dance.
At a trance trip the low-cal fantastic the women sit down around a cardinal give the axe too clap the musical rhythm of songs. The men volition trip the low-cal fantastic around the women. With the sounds of the dancing rattles too thudding steps combined with the women's songs they activate a supernatural say-so that resides inwards the songs too inwards the shaman themselves. When the say-so 'boils' too rises upwards the shamans' spine, they go into a trance.
The shamans rely on hyperventilation, intense concentration too highly rhythmic dancing to alter their nation consciousness. Inexperienced shaman tin autumn to the ground unconscious if they can't command their story of concentration.
When entering a trance, shamans often bleed from their olfactory organ too experience excruciating physical pain. The shamans' arms stretch behind them every bit the transformation into the spirit world takes place.
During the trance the shamans perform their tasks, the most of import is to cure people of whatever ailments. They lay their trembling hands on these people too push clit sickness from them into their ain bodies. Then, with a high pitched shriek, they expel the sickness through a 'hole' inwards the nape of the neck, the n//au spot. The sickness thus returns to its source, which is idea to live unidentified wicked shamans.
The side past times side day, fully recovered, the shaman volition tell people of his experiences with the spiritual world. It is from these experiences that the Bushmen painted the stone fine art too to a greater extent than of late on canvas.
Shaman healing trip the low-cal fantastic of San people
Today well-nigh one-half of the men too a tertiary of the women inwards the Kalahari are said to live shamans. Most immature men strive to go shamans, non for personal gain, but to serve their community inwards that capacity. In their tardily teens they volition inquire an experienced shaman to instruct them. The apprenticeship may lastly some years, during which the novice volition trip the low-cal fantastic with the older man, absorbing his potency.
San healing dance
San Trance Dance
H5N1 trance trip the low-cal fantastic occurs non only for the healing of the sick but also serves every bit a social too sacred function.
H5N1 give the axe is lit where a group, mostly women sit down inwards a circle around it. The dancers, mostly men, volition start dancing inwards a circle around these women. They volition have got rattles on their legs made from dried seed pods. The grouping sitting around the give the axe volition sing, clap too tend to the give the axe piece the dancers are trying to go into a trance.
The foremost few hours of a trance trip the low-cal fantastic are relaxed too sociable. Then, when the foremost individual shows signs of entering a trance, the clapping too singing gets to a greater extent than intense. This could live when they start to sweat profusely, get to breath heavily too have got glossy stares.
Traditional healing trip the low-cal fantastic – non only curing illness, but also a way of relieving whatever existing social tensions.
The dancers volition presently get to go into a trance. From hither they volition live able to start healing the people. H5N1 normal trip the low-cal fantastic volition lastly well-nigh six hours but occasionally tin go for the whole day.
San Dancers
San Rock Art
The Sans stone fine art is ane of the greatest inwards the world. The San/bushmen paintings are ane of Southern Africa's greatest cultural treasures. Subjects of the bushmen/san paintings arrive at from animals (mainly eland) to humans, therianthropes to ox-wagons too mounted men with rifles.
When Europeans foremost encountered stone fine art of the San people, or Bushmen, inwards southern Africa some 350 years ago, they considered it primitive too crude. They were just “Bushman paintings,” two-dimensional accounts of hunting too fighting too daily life. Twentieth-century scholars had much to a greater extent than observe for the aesthetics of the paintings—often finely detailed too exquisitely colored—but many also viewed them largely every bit narrative accounts of hunter-gatherer life
In terms of archeology nosotros have got a seemless stone tool tradition, too a seemless fine art tradition, going dorsum 27,000 years with the 'Apollo 11' stones - indeed, the San have got longest continuing fine art tradition inwards the world.
The 'Apollo 11' Stones
The full general features of southern African San fine art are explained inwards terms of concepts that pervade the cognitive systems of San people from all areas. Amongst all San groups the most of import ritual is the Great Dance. In this dance, through trance, the San say that they harness a form of spiritual ability that is similar electricity. In a Bushmen society, shamanism is practised at a trance dance.The visions that are seen past times the shamans inwards a trance, is where they larn their inspiration to paint.
San stone art
Because so many of the paintings depict trance visions, many researchers believe that all the artists were shamans. It seems impossible that shamans made the paintings too engravings piece they were inwards a trance. It is to a greater extent than likely that they remembered or experienced after-images too so depicted these experiences. It is also exclusively possible that anybody familiar with the mythology well-nigh the spirit world too beliefs well-nigh the healing ritual, too who possessed artistic science too imagination, may have got been an artist.
Rock paintings, Tsodilo Hills,Botswana
They work this ability for things such every bit healing, hunting, removing societal tensions too making rain. It is aspects relating to this trip the low-cal fantastic that are pervasive inwards San stone art, partly because this trip the low-cal fantastic was of such bully significance to the San, but to a greater extent than importantly because the human activeness of making stone fine art seems to have got been portion of the procedure past times which San ritual specialists harnessed too shared the ability of the dance.
Game Pass Shelter the 'Rosetta Stone' of South African Rock Art
Game Pass Shelter is commonly referred to every bit the 'Rosetta Stone' of South African stone art,
it was hither that archaeologists foremost uncovered a vital key to understanding the
symbolism of the San Bushman stone fine art paintings
it was hither that archaeologists foremost uncovered a vital key to understanding the
symbolism of the San Bushman stone fine art paintings
In all areas, therefore, stone fine art images depict aspects of the dance, most often just fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic rather than entire trip the low-cal fantastic scenes. We reckon private or pocket-sized groups of dancers bending forwards, wearing dancing rattles, holding wildebeest tails or dancing sticks too haemorrhage from the nose: these are all features particular to the dance.
Capturing the "Rain-Bull"
Around these fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic are placed animals, but non just a random pick of animals. Those animals that have got special supernatural say-so are the ones especially chosen too repeated often. It is from these animals that the San say they push clit ability inwards the trip the low-cal fantastic too the stone fine art sometimes shows this. Lines of ability connect animals to dancers inwards the art. More than this, dancers are regularly depicted taking on features of powerful animals such every bit their hooves or heads.
Rock fine art inwards Game Pass Shelter, Kamberg Nature Reserve.
The fine art also shows the magical other-worldly things such every bit rain-animals (above left), monsters too spirit people that are encountered past times dancers on their out-of-body vision journeys. We thus empathise San fine art every bit a deeply spiritual art, ane that harnesses too shares with others the ability of successive generations of San spiritual experience too enlightenment.
Engraved past times scratching away the stone patina
By linking specific San beliefs to recurrent features inwards the art, researchers have got been able to crevice many of the codes of San stone art. Unfortunately at that spot are no recorded interviews with the painters themselves, inwards monastic enjoin to shed low-cal on the paintings. However, inwards the tardily nineteenth century a Bushman named Qing guided Joseph Millerd Orpen, a magistrate from the Cape colony, through the Drakensberg.
Elephant engravings
On their journey, Qing too Orpen came across many magnificent paintings inwards stone shelters. Orpen was so impressed that he copied several of them. He so sent these to a mag editor inwards Cape town, who showed them to a Dr Wilhelm Bleek. Bleek was a High German linguist who was living inwards Cape Town. He was studying the linguistic communication of the /Xam people - a San grouping from the Northern Cape - at this time. When Bleek showed Orpen’s drawing of the foreign looking beast to the grouping of /Xam San he was interviewing, they straightaway saw inwards it 'the pelting animal', too proceeded to explicate its spiritual too religious significance. It was this historical explanation that began the decoding of the paintings.
It was so the piece of work of Professor David Lewis-Williams, the South African scholar too professor of archeology at the University of the Witwatersrand inwards Johannesburg, South Africa, threw to a greater extent than low-cal on the paintings. The 'Rosetta Stone' of this stone fine art is located at the Game Pass Shelter inwards the Drakensberg Mountains. "One day, I was looking at a epitome inwards which at that spot was a dying eland too a adult man apparently holding its tail. The adult man had hooves, similar the eland; his pilus was standing out, similar the eland's hair; his legs were crossed, inwards simulated of the eland's legs," he explained.
Dancing figures with sticks
Studying this detail, the important savage into place: both the eland too the adult man are behaving every bit if they are dying. The adult man is a shaman going into trance. He is well-nigh to exit this world for the spirit world, too he is taking on the ability of the eland, the most powerful beast of all, too the god /Kaggen's favourite.
The San depict their experiences of out-of-body move every bit similar flying
Trance is so overwhelming that it is hard to describe. To explicate it too to assist people who were non shamans to reckon what they had been through, the painters of stone fine art images looked for comparative experiences. Crossing over to the spirit world during trance could live compared to 'death'. This did non hateful that they genuinely died, but that they believed that piece they were inwards trance, their spirits would exit their bodies too encounter others inwards the spirit world. 'Death' is used every bit a metaphor for the trance state. Trance is really much similar death. Sometimes it is called 'half-death'.
Painting from KwaZulu-Natal depicts a typical San circular shaman healing dance
Professor Lewis-Williams explained how all this all of a precipitous made sense to him: "I saw that the dying eland was a metaphor for the dying medicine man. Shamans are said to expire when they go into the spirit world through trance. And sthe dying eland is a source of say-so (spiritual power)."
The stone fine art paintings reverberate the San travelling to the spirit realm
To present their experiences, the artists also used visual metaphors such every bit showing shamans 'underwater' too 'dead'. These capture aspects of how it feels to live inwards trance. The artists also present their actions inwards the spirit world, such every bit their capturing of the pelting animal, their activation of say-so for work inwards healing or inwards fighting off enemies or other unsafe forces. But, the fine art was far from just a tape of spirit journeys. Powerful substances such every bit eland blood were pose into the paints so to brand each epitome a reservoir of potency. As each generation of artists painted or engraved layer past times layer of fine art on the stone surfaces their expansion created strong spiritual places.
H5N1 partly transformed shaman holds the tail of a dying eland
The Linton Panel
The ‘Linton Panel’, at nowadays inwards the South African Museum, Cape Town
Today’s Fri Find is the so-called Linton Panel – for sure the most astounding instance of San stone fine art at nowadays housed inwards a South African museum. The Linton Panel is a large slab of rock, criterion 2m past times .8m that was removed inwards 1918 from a stone shelter on a farm named Linton. Rock shelters through out most of South Africa are adorned with some exquisite stone paintings made past times San hunters too gatherers. The imagery is typical of those depicted to present San shamans’ experiences inwards the spirit World.
In 1985 I too ii colleagues, Paul den Hoed too Zachary Kingdon, traced the panel – it took us 4 days, often working inwards to the pocket-sized hours of the morning. I so created a one-to-one, dark too white reproduction of the panel (see below), which I used for the focus of my honours dissertation inwards archeology at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1986 I returned to Linton farm too constitute the stone shelter from which the panel had been removed. The hole measures 4.5m past times 1.35m, too so at that spot were silent traces of paintings around the border of the hole, indicating this panel was ane time at to the lowest degree 6m inwards length.
The paintings on this slab of stone are with some of the finest of all South Africa’s stone paintings. While seeing stone paintings inwards their original settings is highly recommended, if this is non possible, visiting Cape Town’s South African Museum goodness alternative.
South Africa’s Coat of Arms
Not only is this panel ane of the most spectacular pieces of San stone fine art inwards a South African museum, ane of the human figures on this panel has been used inwards South Africa’s coat of arms (for a total explanation of the symbolism inwards the South African coat of arms, on the South African government’s website, click here). As wonderful every bit it is for the San hunters too gatherers to have got been recognised so prominently inwards a post-apartheid South Africa, the inclusion of a San epitome inwards the coat of arms is rich inwards irony.
Not only is this panel ane of the most spectacular pieces of San stone fine art inwards a South African museum, ane of the human figures on this panel has been used inwards South Africa’s coat of arms (for a total explanation of the symbolism inwards the South African coat of arms, on the South African government’s website, click here). As wonderful every bit it is for the San hunters too gatherers to have got been recognised so prominently inwards a post-apartheid South Africa, the inclusion of a San epitome inwards the coat of arms is rich inwards irony. The human figure on the Linton Panel is male, it clearly has an erect penis. This anatomical particular was, however, removed for the coat of arms. Also, on the coat of arms the human figure has been given a mirror epitome of itself, presumably to do balance. But this is explained every bit creating “an mental attitude of greeting, symbolising unity. This also represents the commencement of the individual’s transformation into the greater sense of belonging to the land too past times extension, collective humanity.” When ane considers that at that spot are literally countless human figures painted or engraved on the rocks of South Africa, inwards my sentiment it is a shame that ii or to a greater extent than other human figures, without penises, could non have got been chosen to dot ‘unity’ too ‘collective humanity’. In fact, it seems a wasted chance for a post-apartheid South Africa to have got opted for such an overtly European-style symbol of identity. Rather than acknowledging the Khoisan peoples every bit the oldest inhabitants of southern Africa, the coat of arms serves to reiterate the way inwards which Khoisan people too their civilisation proceed to live manipulated inwards South Africa today.
My line of piece of work drawing of the Linton Panel, 1987.
You tin regain the Linton Panel on display inwards the Rock Art Gallery of the South African Museum, ane of the Iziko Museums of South Africa. Founded inwards 1825, the South African Museum is located inwards the historic Company’s Garden inwards Cape Town.
San (Bushmen) manlike individual parent too his baby
What problems do bushmen human face upwards today?
The Bushmen had their homelands invaded past times cattle herding Bantu tribes from around 1,500 years ago, too past times white colonists over the lastly few hundred years. From that fourth dimension they faced discrimination, eviction from their ancestral lands, murder too oppression amounting to a massive though unspoken genocide, which reduced them inwards numbers from several 1000000 to 100,000. Today, although all endure from a perception that their lifestyle is 'primitive' too that they demand to live made to alive similar the bulk cattle-herding tribes, specific problems vary according to where they live.
In South Africa, for example, the !Khomani at nowadays have got most of their Blue Planet rights recognised, but many other Bushman tribes have got no Blue Planet rights at all.
Khomani San people
Situation inwards Namibia
H5N1 fairly large community of bushmen, the Ju/'hoansi, today alive on both sides of the border betwixt Namibia too Botswana, named Bushmanland. This grouping has been studied, filmed too assisted past times Western scholars since 1951.
The academic studies proceed to this twenty-four hr period too they are nether the full general guidance of the "Ju/wa Bushman
Development Foundation" which is essentially a grouping of concerned individuals too academia. In 1991, with the formation of the "Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative" too with representation too guidance from the "Ju/wa Bushman Development Foundation", they managed to secure Blue Planet rights within Bushmanland.
They are silent permitted to hunt within the boundaries, despite beingness a game conservation area, every bit long every bit they work traditional methods. It way no firearms, dogs, vehicles or horses, rules that are occasionally broken too usually results inwards a prison theatre term for the offenders.
One of the biggest problems is alcoholism, brought well-nigh mainly past times armed forces stationed inwards the local town of Tsumkwe bringing alcohol into the part despite a regime ban on bringing inwards spirits. Having virtually no tolerance of alcohol, at that spot was a massive growth inwards drunkenness, alcoholism too offense with a full general turn down inwards menage unit of measurement structures too community well-being.
Situation inwards Republic of Botswana – Central Kalahari Bushmen
The Gana (G//ana) too Gwi (G/wi) tribes inwards Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve are amid the most
persecuted. Far from recognising their ownership rights over the Blue Planet they have got lived on for thousands of years, the Republic of Botswana regime has inwards fact forced almost all of them off it. In the early on 1980s, diamonds were discovered inwards the reserve. Soon after, regime ministers went into the reserve to tell the Bushmen living at that spot that they would have got to exit because of the diamond finds.
In iii large clearances, inwards 1997, 2002 too 2005, virtually all the Bushmen were forced out. Their homes were dismantled, their schoolhouse too wellness post were closed, their H2O provide was destroyed too the people were threatened too trucked away.
Almost all were forced out past times these tactics, but a large number have got since returned, with many to a greater extent than desperate to do so. They at nowadays alive inwards resettlement camps exterior the reserve. Rarely able to hunt, too arrested too beaten when they do, they are dependent on regime handouts. They are at nowadays gripped past times alcoholism, boredom, depression, too illnesses such every bit TB too HIV/AIDS.
Although the Bushmen won the right inwards courtroom to go dorsum to their lands inwards 2006, the regime has done everything it tin to brand their render impossible. Since so the regime has arrested to a greater extent than than 50 Bushmen for hunting to feed their families, too banned the Bushmen from using their H2O borehole.
Hundreds silent languish inwards resettlement camps, unable or scared to render home. Unless they tin render to their
ancestral lands, their unique societies too way of life volition live destroyed, too many of them volition die.
Botswana - Ghanzi Bushmen
Bushmen around the town of Ghanzi had served every bit cattle herders to Afrikaans farmers since early on 20th century. They worked inwards largely unfenced ranges. There were silent some benefits for the Bushmen every bit game was silent fairly abundant, piece getting the spin-off benefits of some milk, some coin too fifty-fifty the occasional moo-cow that died naturally.
San People inwards Botswana
All this changed significantly, courtesy of the European Common Market, who inwards their wisdom offered a really high cost for Botswana's beef every bit long every bit they instituted major illness command measures to eliminate pes & mouth, anthrax too a few other endemic ailments. This resulted inwards an extensive game command fencing functioning to split upwards the cattle from the “disease ridden wildlife”. Unfenced ranges with moderate levels of wild fauna became fenced inwards lands with a catastrophic drib inwards game numbers due to a cutting of the herds’ migration routes to contend with drought.
The Common Market (later the European Economic Community) were happy too paid the massively inflated prices, piece subsistence game hunting became meaningless. The cattle monoculture farther destroyed the bushmen’s works life resources, severely impacting their traditional hunter too gatherer lifestyle.
South Africa - Khomani Bushmen
These Bushmen from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (now the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park) part were ejected from the Reserve betwixt 1931, upon its formation, & 1973 when the lastly were finally evicted. They had initially during this period been allowed express assess too piece of work within the reserve but were finally removed past times the management.
San People inwards Cape Town,SA
Despite many attempts to larn access to their traditional hunting areas, entry was denied on the footing that they would go a job begging from tourists. This was despite the valid declaration that the large southwestern part requested was off limits to visitors to the reserve too thus should non acquaint whatever difficulties. They remained a pocket-sized impoverished grouping largely integrating themselves within the mixed coloured communities that developed along the fringes of the Reserve, working where possible for local farmers.
San people of Western Cape,South Africa
H5N1 grouping of bushmen silent partially adhering to their traditional life too menage unit of measurement structure, nether their leader Dawid Kruiper were finally successful inwards 1999 when xl 000 hectares of Blue Planet side past times side to the Kgalagadi Park was purchased past times the regime from local farmers too given dorsum to the Khomani community. In 2001 it was agreed that an additional 25 000 hectares of the Kalahari Gemsbok common was to live returned to them for managed utilisation but non for residence.
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park San (Bushmen) too his son
Tension betwixt the traditional too westernised bushmen led to various ability struggles, but some of the bushmen proceed to occasionally hunt too gather. Furthermore, the community-owned !Xaus luxury lodge of late opened inwards the Southwestern-most portion of Kgalagadi Park.
San folklore
Creation of the foremost Bushmen
As the Bushmen lived inwards a really dry out area, H2O to them have got a really magical ability that could revive them. In the legend of creation Mantis appears too the entire world is silent covered past times water. H5N1 bee (a symbol of wisdom) carries Mantis over the turbulent waters of the ocean. The bee however, became really tired too flew lower too lower. He searched for solid Blue Planet to brand his decent to but he only grew to a greater extent than too to a greater extent than tired. But so he saw a blossom drifting on the water. He set Mantis downwardly inwards the blossom too within inwards him the seed of the foremost human. The bee drowned but when the Sun came upwards Mantis awoke too from the seed the bee had left the foremost human was born.
Nharo-San man child making fire
Mantis too his family
The bushmen don't regard the Mantis every bit god but rather a superbeing. They are non the only civilization who has this belief too other African tribes do reckon it every bit a God. Even the Greeks believed it had divine too magical powers. Mantis is a Greek word important divine, or soothsayer. All over the world many legends is told well-nigh this magical creature. To the Bushmen silent he is a "dream Bushman". He is really human. Many paintings of the bushmen figure a Bushman with the caput of a Mantis.
San hunter-gather with his bow too arrow
Mantis also has a large family. His married adult woman is Dassie (rock hyrax). His boy is also a Mantis too he also has an adopted daughter, Porcupine. Her existent manlike individual parent is the evil monster called the All-Devourer who she is also afraid of. Porcupine is married to a creature that is portion of the rainbow, called Kwammanga. They have got ii sons, Mongoose or Ichneumon too so Kwammanga, after his dad. Mantis also has a sister, Blue Crane that he loves really much.
The Baboons
At a fourth dimension long agone the baboons were niggling people similar the Bushmen, but they were really mischievous. They loved making trouble. On a twenty-four hr period Cagn sent his con Cogaz to go too aspect for sticks they could work inwards making bows. When the niggling people saw him they started dancing around the man child shouting: "Your manlike individual parent thinks he is clever too wants to brand bows to kill us, at nowadays nosotros volition kill you!" They did every bit they said too Cogaz's body was hung inwards a tree. The niggling people danced over again too sang: "Cagn thinks he is clever!"
Then Cagn awoke from his sleep. He had a feeling that something was incorrect so he asked hi married adult woman Coti to convey him his charms. He idea too thought. Then it came to him. He realized what the niggling people did to his son. He straightaway went inwards search of his son. When the niggling people saw him coming they started singing an other song.
A niggling missy sitting nearby told Cagn that they were singing something else earlier he came. He ordered them to sing what the missy heard before. When he heard this he ordered them to remain where they are until he returns. He returned with a handbasket total of pegs. As they danced he drove a peg inwards each of their backsides. They fled to the mountains because they at nowadays had tails too they started living with animals. Cagn so climbed into the tree too used his magic to resurrect his son.
San people
How Mantis stole give the axe from Ostrich
Mantis also gave the Bushmen fire. Before this people ate their nutrient similar all the other predators, raw. They also had no low-cal at nighttime too were surrounded past times darkness. Mantis noticed that Ostrich's nutrient ever smelt really goodness too decided to regain what he did to his food. As he crept closed ane twenty-four hr period he saw Ostrich take some give the axe from beneath his wing too dip his nutrient inwards it. After eating he would tuck dorsum the give the axe nether his wing.
Mantis knew Ostrich would non give him the give the axe so he planned a play a trick on on Ostrich to steal the give the axe from him. One twenty-four hr period he called Ostrich too showed him a tree carrying delicious plums. As Ostrich started to eat Mantis shouted at him that the best ones were at that top. Ostrich jumped higher too higher too every bit presently every bit he opened his wings Mantis stole the give the axe from him too ran off. Ostrich was really ashamed of this too since that twenty-four hr period kept his wings pressed to his sides too volition never fly.
The Rainbow
Rain was ane time a beautiful adult woman who lived inwards the sky. She wore a rainbow around her waist too she was married to the creator of the earth. They had iii daughters. When the eldest missy grew upwards she asked her woman parent to go downwardly to earth. Her woman parent gave her permission but every bit presently every bit se went downwardly she got married to a hunter. While she was gone Rain had some other child. This fourth dimension a man child which she called Son-eib. When he was one-time plenty his sisters asked Rain if they could all go downwardly to reckon the world. In fright of losing them all Rain didn't desire them to go. But so a friend Wolf who liked the ii daughters said he would accompany them downwardly too aspect after them. The manlike individual parent believed this wicked beast too gave his permission.
San boy
As presently every bit they got to ground they went to a village. H5N1 adult woman inwards the hamlet saw Son-eib too he looked really familiar to her. She offered them nutrient too Wolf accepted this. They all ate of this nutrient except Son-eib every bit Wolf told everybody that he is non a individual but only a thing. Son-eib turned away too went to sit down inwards the grass, all past times himself. While sitting at that spot he caught a niggling blood-red bird. He concealed it nether his coat.
That nighttime the adult woman offered them shelter inwards her house. But ane time over again Wolf did non allow the man child to slumber within the theatre too said that Son-eib should slumber inwards the pocket-sized hut outside. While everybody was sleeping Wolf went too fetched all the bad people inwards the village. They set give the axe to the hut killing pitiable Son-eib.
San Children of Kalahari desert
However, the niggling aeroplane managed to escape. It flew upwards into the heaven too went straight to Rain, the boy's mother.As presently every bit it arrived it told Rain of what has happened. Rain told her married adult man too they were furious. H5N1 niggling piece subsequently the people of the hamlet saw a bully tempest approaching them fast too around its waist was a rainbow. Lightning started to flash striking all around them. Only Wolf too his beau bad people were hitting too killed. Then a mighty voice
came from the heaven with the words: "Don't kill the children of the sky!"
Ever since this all Bushmen are afraid of the rainbow. When the bushmen reckon a rainbow they would hitting on sticks too holler for it to go away!
San hunter-gatherers
The sun, Moon too the starsOne of the stories of the Sun says that he is a adult man from whose armpits smoothen the rays of light. He did non desire to part his low-cal with all the people so he stayed inwards his hut. The foremost Busman ordered hi children to throw him into the sky. They threw him upwards too this is where he silent shines from today. In the nighttime he is really mutual frigidity so he draws his blanket over him. This blanket is really one-time too has lots of niggling holes inwards it. This is the stars nosotros reckon at night.Another tale tells of a immature adult woman who waits for the hunters to render every night. When it grows dark she throws upwards a handful of white ash. This becomes the Milky-way that guide the hunters home.
The Moon is believed to live the one-time shoe of Mantis. He placed it inwards the air to guide him at night. The Sun is really jealous of the Moon when it is at its total brightness. The Sun uses its abrupt rays to cutting of pieces of the Moon fleck past times fleck until at that spot is almost null left of the moon. The Moon begs the Sun to halt too so he ever goes away. Soon after the Moon starts growing over again until it is total too the whole procedure repeats itself.
San woman
Hunting Methods:
Out on hunting
The San are splendid hunters. Although they do a fair amount of trapping, the best method of hunting is with bow too arrow. The San arrow does non kill the beast straight away. It is the deadly poison, which eventually causes the death. In the instance of pocket-sized antelope such every bit Duiker or Steenbok, a pair of hours may elapse earlier death. For larger antelope, this could live vii to 12 hours. For large game, such every bit Giraffe it could take every bit long every bit 3 days.
San hunters with their bow too arrow
Today the San brand the toxicant from the larvae of a pocket-sized beetle but volition also work toxicant from plants, such every bit the euphorbia, too ophidian venom. A caterpillar, reddish xanthous inwards color too well-nigh three-quarters of an inch long, called ka or ngwa is also used. The toxicant is boiled repeatedly until it looks similar blood-red currant jelly. It is so allowed to cool too ready to live smeared on the arrows. The toxicant is highly toxic too is greatly feared past times the San themselves; the arrow points are thus reversed so that the toxicant is safely contained within the reed collar. It is also never smeared on the dot but just below it - thus preventing fatal accidents. The toxicant is neuro toxic too does non contaminate the whole animal. The spot where the arrow strikes is cutting out too thrown away, but the relaxation of the meat is lucifer to eat. The number of the toxicant is non instantaneous, too the hunters often have got to track the beast for a few days. The San also dug pitfalls close the larger rivers where the game came to drink. The pitfalls were large too deep, narrowing similar a funnel towards the bottom, inwards the centre of which was planted a abrupt stake. These pitfalls were cleverly covered with branches, which resulted inwards the animals walking over the pit too falling onto the stake. When catching pocket-sized animals such every bit hares, guinea fowls, Steenbok or Duiker, traps made of twisted gut or fibre from plants were used. These had a running noose that strangled the beast when it stepped into the snare to collect the nutrient that had been placed within it. Another way of capturing animals was to hold back at Aardvark holes. Aardvark holes are used past times pocket-sized buck every bit a resting seat to escape the midday sun.
San people gathering for food
The hunter waited patiently behind the hole until the beast left. When this happened, it was live firmly pinned too hitting on the caput with a Kerrie (club). The San are intelligent trackers and know the habits of their prey. On discovering where a herd has gathered, they straightaway examine the administration too forcefulness of the air current past times throwing a handful of dust into the air. If the ground is bare too open, he volition crawl on his belly, sometimes holding a pocket-sized bush inwards front end of him. Hunters send a peel pocketbook slung around ane shoulder, containing personal belongings, poison, medicine, flywhisks too additional arrows.
San people
They may also send a society to throw at too stun pocket-sized game, a long probing stick to extract hares from their burrows or a stick to dig out Aardvark or Warthog. Hunting is a squad effort too the adult man whose arrow killed the beast has the right to distribute the meat to the tribe members too visitors who, after hearing well-nigh the kill, would larn inwards presently afterwards to part inwards the feast. According to San tradition, they were welcome to part the repast too would, inwards the future, have got to respond inwards the same way. However, works life foods, gathered past times the womenfolk, are non shared but eaten past times the woman’s immediate family. The San brand work of over 100 edible species of plant.
While the men hunt, the women, who are experts inwards foraging for edible mushrooms, bulbs, berries too melons, assemble nutrient for the family. Children remain at habitation to live watched over past times those remaining inwards camp, but nursing children are carried on these gathering trips, adding to the charge the women must carry. Gender roles are non jealously guarded inwards the San society. Women sometimes assist inwards the hunt too the men sometimes assist assemble works life foods.
San women gathering for food
source:http://www.kalahari-meerkats.com/fileadmin/files/guides/Bushmen_light.pdfAfrican San people - the world's most ancient race
The African San people have got been constitute to live the most ancient race inwards the world inwards a huge genetic study.
San people
The people, who have got lived every bit hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, are the direct relations of early on modern humans who migrated from the continent to spread their deoxyribonucleic acid throughout the world.
H5N1 study past times the University of Pennsylvania has constitute all populations descended from just fourteen ancient African populations.
San adult woman from Republic of Botswana too her child
Researchers discovered the genetic deoxyribonucleic acid of The San people was to a greater extent than various than whatever other group, suggesting they have got survived longer than whatever other group.
The foremost humans evolved inwards southern Africa, belike close the South Africa-Namibia border, too today the continent has to a greater extent than genetic variation than anywhere else on Earth.
Nearly three-fourths of African-Americans tin draw their ancestry to West Africa, according to the analysis published inwards the online edition of the magazine Science.
It is the largest study of African genetics ever undertaken. Over 10 years, Sarah Tishkoff, a geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania too an international squad of researchers trekked across Africa collecting samples to compare the genes of various peoples.
"Given the fact that modern humans arose inwards Africa, they have got had fourth dimension to accumulate dramatic changes inwards their genes," said Pb researcher.
"Everybody's history is portion of African history because everybody came out of Africa," said Muntaser Ibrahim of the subdivision of molecular biological scientific discipline at the University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Meet the ancestors: deoxyribonucleic acid study pinpoints Namibia every bit habitation to the world's most ancient race
Scientists have got long known that humans originated inwards Africa, but at nowadays a groundbreaking deoxyribonucleic acid study has revealed our 'Garden of Eden' is likely to live on the South African-Namibian border.
For it is the San people, hunter-gatherers inwards this expanse for thousands of years, who researchers at nowadays believe are the oldest human population on Earth.
They are descended from the earliest human ancestors from which all other groups of Africans stalk and, inwards turn, to the people who left the continent to populate other corners of the planet.
San women of Ghanzi inwards Botswana
Language
San languages, characterised past times implosive consonants or 'clicks', belonged to a totally dissimilar linguistic communication menage unit of measurement from those of the Bantu speakers. Broadly speaking, they are ii dissimilar too identifiable languages, namely the Khoikhoi too San. Many dialects have got evolved from these, including /Xam, N?¡, !Xu, Khwe too Khomani. Nà má, previously called Hottentot, is the most populous too widespread of the Khoikhoi too San languages.
Ju/’hoansi San People making arrows
The San bushmen major linguistic communication groups include !Kung, Khomani, Vasekela, Mbarakwena, /Auni, Auen, /Gwi, //Ganaa, Kua, /Tannekwe, /Geinin, /Xoma, //Obanen Ganin, /Xam-ka!ke too !Xo.
Very niggling is known well-nigh the dissimilar dialects of South Africa's San people, every bit most of these beautiful, ancient languages were never recorded. Fortunately, the /Xam dialect, which is spoken past times the San, was recorded almost inwards its entirety, thank you lot to the piece of work of a High German linguist, Dr WHI Bleek.
San adult woman holding her beautiful babe boy
/Xam speakers originally occupied a large portion of western South Africa, but past times 1850, only a few hundred /Xam speakers lived inwards remote parts of the Northern Cape. Today, the linguistic communication is no longer exists, but survives inwards 12 000 pages of hand-written testimony taken downwardly word-for-word from some of the lastly /Xam speakers inwards the 1860s too 1870s. These pages tape non just the /Xam language, but also their myths, beliefs too rituals. H5N1 comprehensive /Xam lexicon was produced past times Dr Bleek at the time, but was only published years subsequently (DF Bleek: 1956).
San adult woman with her baby
South Africa's motto, written on the SA coat of arms is a /Xam phrase: !ke e: /xarra //ke, literally meaning: various people unite.
Economy too Socio-Political Structure
Bushmen were hunter/gatherers, with traditionally well-nigh 70/80% of their diet consisting of works life food, including berries, nuts, roots too melons gathered primarily past times the women. The remaining 20/30% was meat (mostly antelopes), hunted past times the men using poisoned arrows too spears on hunts that could lastly several days. They made their ain temporary homes from woods that they gathered.
Their hunting & gathering economic scheme too social construction had remained virtually unchanged for tens of thousands of years until really recently, a socio-economic civilisation that has sustained mankind universally during their development until the advent of agriculture. The Bushmen did non farm or maintain livestock, having no concept of the ownership of Blue Planet or animal.
San beauty
Their social construction is non tribal because they have got no paramount leader too their ties of kinship are fairly relaxed. They are a loosely knit menage unit of measurement civilisation where decisions are made past times universal give-and-take too understanding past times consensus. An individual's sentiment is naturally weighted according to their story of science too experience inwards the particular acre of discussion.
Families within a clan would speak a mutual linguistic communication but neighboring clans would usually speak a dissimilar tongue, although at that spot would commonly live a fair score of similarity & understanding betwixt them. Apart from menage unit of measurement relations, bearing the same call (out of only well-nigh 35 names per gender) would also foster a “name kinship”.Bushmen are mostly nomadic within fairly express boundaries, governed past times the proximity of other families too clans. As a really loose guideline, the territory of a menage unit of measurement may stretch to a 25-mile circle. Obviously, if at that spot are no other bordering clans or other people these areas may stretch further, every bit far every bit is needed to ensure adequate nutrient too H2O sources.
San (Bushmen) children of Kalahari Desert
The roles of men & women were really distinct too rarely overlapped, which is a characteristic almost universal with hunter/gatherers the world over. It based on survival needs encouraging the most efficient utilisation of available skills too resources. Despite what is often perceived every bit a really sexist society, the importance of women is really high within the grouping too their opinions often take precedence, especially where nutrient is concerned.
San (Bushmen) of Kalahari Desert
Traditionally, bushman women spent 3-4 days a calendar week gathering veldkost (wild plants), often going out inwards groups to search for edible or medicinal plants. Furthermore, earlier the advent of merchandise with Bantu or white settlers, all tools, construction material, weapons or clothe were made of plants or beast products.
About 400-500 local plants too their uses were known to bushmen, along with the places where they grew – non only providing a balanced nutrition, but also wet from roots fifty-fifty inwards fourth dimension of drought.
Khomanani Boesman (San) people of Kalahari Desert
Plants were used inwards ways similar to western phytomedicine to process wounds too heal illnesses; other plants where rather portion of healing ceremonies inwards which a healer would give the axe plants to brand rain, trance to heal an ailment, or perform a charm to convey fertility. The arrive at of ailments treated included wounds including ophidian bites, colds, tummy ache, molar ache or headache, or diarrhea but also infections similar malaria, tuberculosis, or syphilis. One bushman plant, Hoodia gordonii, fifty-fifty made the worldwide word since it was patented past times a pharma society every bit a diet back upwards due to its traditional bushman usage to suppress appetite too hunger – a constabulary instance against “bio piracy” ensued, with the parties settling to royalties beingness paid to bushmen organisations.
Bushmen (San) tribe, Tsumkwe, Namibia having their repast past times the fireside
The bushmen’s diet too relaxed lifestyle have got prevented most of the stress-related diseases of the western world. Bushmen health, inwards general, is non goodness though: 50% of children expire earlier the historic period of 15; 20% expire within their foremost twelvemonth (mostly of gastrointestinal infections). Average life expectancy is well-nigh 45-50 years; respiratory infections too malaria are the major reasons for decease inwards adults. Only 10% go older than lx years.
Bead making from ostrich shell.
Birth, Death, Marriage too initiation
Amongst the Bushman or San, nascence is non mostly a large issue. They don't genuinely ready too or go to a infirmary similar modern man. It is claimed that a Bushman women who is well-nigh to give nascence volition simply go behind a bush too "squeeze out" the baby.
There is also some claims that they ready a medicine from devils hook (Harpagophytum spp.), have got the baby, too is dorsum inwards her daily routine within a hour. In reality she is likely to take her mom or an elderberry aunt along, for comfort too help. The volume "Shadow Bird" past times Willemien le Roux, describes a Bushman nascence with complications, too the one-time adult woman that was called to help, so it doesn't ever go every bit piece of cake every bit it is supposed to.
Naro Bushman child,Central Kalahari inwards Botswana
After the nascence a Bushman kid volition have much dearest too attending from his parents too other adults too fifty-fifty older children. Their dearest of children, both their ain too that of other people, is ane of the most noticeable things well-nigh the Bushman
.
San girls from Namibia
If a kid is born nether really severe drought conditions, when the fertility of the Bushman women are inwards whatever instance low, maybe to forestall such an occurrence. The woman parent volition quietly salve the just born babe of severe too sure hereafter suffering past times ending its life. This is most likely to hap inwards lean years, if she is silent suckling some other kid too volition patently non live able to feed both of the children
San Man
. This is accepted behaviour, too born out of necessity too non malice or whatever other consideration. It stems from the unproblematic realiy of alive inwards a harsh climate, too the realisation that the life of the kid that a lot has already been invested in, too that mightiness live pose at chance past times tender feelings for a new-born that are inwards whatever instance likely to expire soon, are non likely to have got a goodness outcome.
Children of the San people (Bushmen) inwards Omatako village, Namibia
Death is a really natural affair to the Bushmen every bit shown past times the next lines from a Bushman song, quoted past times Coral Fourie inwards her volume "Living Legends of a dying culture". "The twenty-four hr period nosotros expire a soft breeze volition wipe out our footprints inwards the sand. When the air current dies down, who volition tell the timelessness that ane time nosotros walked this way inwards the dawn of time?"
If some-ones dies at a specific camp, the clan volition displace away too never campsite at that spot again. Bushmen volition never knowingly cross the seat where some-one has been buried. If they have got to transcend close such a place, they volition throw a pebble on the grave too mutter nether their breath, to the spirits to ensure goodness luck. They never stair on a grave too believe that the spirit remains active on that spot higher upwards ground, too they don't desire to shock it.
San elder
Among most Bushmen, a marriage ceremony is a private lawsuit betwixt the Bridegroom too the Bride. Only inwards special cases may a invitee live invited, but at that spot is no celebration or other ritual every bit nosotros empathise it, only a private "ceremony" or understanding betwixt the ii people involved.
The Bushmen don't have got initiation ceremonies. There is some dancing too cleansing ceremony after a initiatory has shed her foremost menstrual blood. Boys are non considered men until they have got killed their foremost large too unsafe animal. Thereafter they are are treated every bit total members of the clan or tribe.
San Barwa elderberry with pipe
Religion
Most Kalahari Bushmen believe inwards a "Greater" too a "Lesser" Supreme beingness or God. There are other supernatural beings every bit well, too the spirits of the dead. The "God" or supreme beingness foremost created himself, so the Blue Planet too its food, the H2O too air. He is mostly a goodness power, that protects too wards of illness too teaches people skills. However, when he is angered, he tin send bad fortune. The greater god, depending on his manifestation, is called dissimilar names past times the same people at dissimilar times, too also have got dissimilar names amid the dissimilar linguistic communication groups.
San one-time adult woman too her grandchild
The lesser god is regarded every bit bad or/and evil, a dark magician, a destroyer rather than builder, too a bearer of bad luck too disease. Just similar the "supreme being" he is called past times various names. They believe bad luck too illness is caused past times the spirits of the dead, because they desire to convey the living to the same seat they are. Similar to the dark people inwards South Africa, the Bushman have got a strong believe that the ancestral spirits play an of import role inwards the fate of the living, but they don't work the same rituals to appease them.
Cagn/Kaggen is the call the Bushmen gave their god; the foremost sociologists translated this every bit “Mantis”, maybe wrongly. This god beingness null else than the unseen presence of nature too everything that surrounded them. They also prayed to the Moon too the stars but they could never explicate precisely why they did this. Cagn/Kaggen was seen every bit human similar too also had magical powers too charms.
The Bushmen's beliefs go beyond that. The eland is their most spiritual beast too appears inwards 4 rituals: boys' foremost kill, girls' puberty, matrimony too trance dance.
H5N1 ritual is held where the man child is told how to rail an eland too how the eland volition autumn ane time shot with an arrow.
He becomes an adult when he kills his foremost large antelope, preferably an eland. The eland is skinned too the fatty from the elands' pharynx too neckband os is made into a broth. This broth has bully potency.
In the girls' puberty rituals, a immature missy is isolated inwards her hut at her foremost menstruation. The women of the tribe perform the Eland Bull Dance where they copy the mating behavior of the eland cows. H5N1 adult man volition play the portion of the eland bull, usually with horns on his head.
This ritual volition maintain the missy beautiful, gratis from hunger too thirst too peaceful.
San Maidens
As portion of the matrimony ritual, the adult man gives the fatty from the elands' pump to the girls' parents. At a subsequently stage the missy is anointed with eland fat.
In the trance dance, the eland is considered the most strong of all animals, too the shamans aspire to possess eland potency.
The Bushmen believed that the eland was /Kaggen's favourite animal.
The modern Bushmen of the Kalahari believe inwards ii gods: ane who lives inwards the due east too ane from the west. Like the southern Bushmen they believe inwards spirits of the dead, but non every bit portion of ancestor worship. The spirits are only vaguely identified too are idea to convey sickness too death.
'Medicine People' or shamans protect everyone from these spirits too sickness.
H5N1 shaman is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, protect them from evil spirits too sickness, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too mostly attempt to aspect after the good beingness of their group.
Healing
Studies have got shown that the Bushmen have got many strategies for dealing with sick health.
The women are experts at harvesting too preparing medicinal plants for the handling of a broad arrive at of ailments.
Blood letting too scarification may also serve every bit a medicinal function.
The best-known Bushmen medical practise is the healing dance. This is when the healers or shamans go into a trance past times way of rhythmic clapping too stamping of the dancers feet.
The shamans too medicine people
H5N1 shaman or medicine individual is someone who enters a trance inwards monastic enjoin to heal people, foretell the future, command the weather, ensure goodness hunting too so forth.
The Bushmen have got many shamans. They are ordinary people who perform everyday tasks too are non a privileged class. The shamans sometimes exercise their supernatural powers inwards the dream world, but principally it's practiced at a trance dance.
At a trance trip the low-cal fantastic the women sit down around a cardinal give the axe too clap the musical rhythm of songs. The men volition trip the low-cal fantastic around the women. With the sounds of the dancing rattles too thudding steps combined with the women's songs they activate a supernatural say-so that resides inwards the songs too inwards the shaman themselves. When the say-so 'boils' too rises upwards the shamans' spine, they go into a trance.
The shamans rely on hyperventilation, intense concentration too highly rhythmic dancing to alter their nation consciousness. Inexperienced shaman tin autumn to the ground unconscious if they can't command their story of concentration.
When entering a trance, shamans often bleed from their olfactory organ too experience excruciating physical pain. The shamans' arms stretch behind them every bit the transformation into the spirit world takes place.
During the trance the shamans perform their tasks, the most of import is to cure people of whatever ailments. They lay their trembling hands on these people too push clit sickness from them into their ain bodies. Then, with a high pitched shriek, they expel the sickness through a 'hole' inwards the nape of the neck, the n//au spot. The sickness thus returns to its source, which is idea to live unidentified wicked shamans.
The side past times side day, fully recovered, the shaman volition tell people of his experiences with the spiritual world. It is from these experiences that the Bushmen painted the stone fine art too to a greater extent than of late on canvas.
Shaman healing trip the low-cal fantastic of San people
Today well-nigh one-half of the men too a tertiary of the women inwards the Kalahari are said to live shamans. Most immature men strive to go shamans, non for personal gain, but to serve their community inwards that capacity. In their tardily teens they volition inquire an experienced shaman to instruct them. The apprenticeship may lastly some years, during which the novice volition trip the low-cal fantastic with the older man, absorbing his potency.
San healing dance
San Trance Dance
H5N1 trance trip the low-cal fantastic occurs non only for the healing of the sick but also serves every bit a social too sacred function.
H5N1 give the axe is lit where a group, mostly women sit down inwards a circle around it. The dancers, mostly men, volition start dancing inwards a circle around these women. They volition have got rattles on their legs made from dried seed pods. The grouping sitting around the give the axe volition sing, clap too tend to the give the axe piece the dancers are trying to go into a trance.
The foremost few hours of a trance trip the low-cal fantastic are relaxed too sociable. Then, when the foremost individual shows signs of entering a trance, the clapping too singing gets to a greater extent than intense. This could live when they start to sweat profusely, get to breath heavily too have got glossy stares.
Traditional healing trip the low-cal fantastic – non only curing illness, but also a way of relieving whatever existing social tensions.
The dancers volition presently get to go into a trance. From hither they volition live able to start healing the people. H5N1 normal trip the low-cal fantastic volition lastly well-nigh six hours but occasionally tin go for the whole day.
San Dancers
San Rock Art
The Sans stone fine art is ane of the greatest inwards the world. The San/bushmen paintings are ane of Southern Africa's greatest cultural treasures. Subjects of the bushmen/san paintings arrive at from animals (mainly eland) to humans, therianthropes to ox-wagons too mounted men with rifles.
When Europeans foremost encountered stone fine art of the San people, or Bushmen, inwards southern Africa some 350 years ago, they considered it primitive too crude. They were just “Bushman paintings,” two-dimensional accounts of hunting too fighting too daily life. Twentieth-century scholars had much to a greater extent than observe for the aesthetics of the paintings—often finely detailed too exquisitely colored—but many also viewed them largely every bit narrative accounts of hunter-gatherer life
In terms of archeology nosotros have got a seemless stone tool tradition, too a seemless fine art tradition, going dorsum 27,000 years with the 'Apollo 11' stones - indeed, the San have got longest continuing fine art tradition inwards the world.
The 'Apollo 11' Stones
The full general features of southern African San fine art are explained inwards terms of concepts that pervade the cognitive systems of San people from all areas. Amongst all San groups the most of import ritual is the Great Dance. In this dance, through trance, the San say that they harness a form of spiritual ability that is similar electricity. In a Bushmen society, shamanism is practised at a trance dance.The visions that are seen past times the shamans inwards a trance, is where they larn their inspiration to paint.
San stone art
Because so many of the paintings depict trance visions, many researchers believe that all the artists were shamans. It seems impossible that shamans made the paintings too engravings piece they were inwards a trance. It is to a greater extent than likely that they remembered or experienced after-images too so depicted these experiences. It is also exclusively possible that anybody familiar with the mythology well-nigh the spirit world too beliefs well-nigh the healing ritual, too who possessed artistic science too imagination, may have got been an artist.
Rock paintings, Tsodilo Hills,Botswana
They work this ability for things such every bit healing, hunting, removing societal tensions too making rain. It is aspects relating to this trip the low-cal fantastic that are pervasive inwards San stone art, partly because this trip the low-cal fantastic was of such bully significance to the San, but to a greater extent than importantly because the human activeness of making stone fine art seems to have got been portion of the procedure past times which San ritual specialists harnessed too shared the ability of the dance.
Game Pass Shelter the 'Rosetta Stone' of South African Rock Art
Game Pass Shelter is commonly referred to every bit the 'Rosetta Stone' of South African stone art,
it was hither that archaeologists foremost uncovered a vital key to understanding the
symbolism of the San Bushman stone fine art paintings
it was hither that archaeologists foremost uncovered a vital key to understanding the
symbolism of the San Bushman stone fine art paintings
In all areas, therefore, stone fine art images depict aspects of the dance, most often just fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic rather than entire trip the low-cal fantastic scenes. We reckon private or pocket-sized groups of dancers bending forwards, wearing dancing rattles, holding wildebeest tails or dancing sticks too haemorrhage from the nose: these are all features particular to the dance.
Capturing the "Rain-Bull"
Around these fragments of the trip the low-cal fantastic are placed animals, but non just a random pick of animals. Those animals that have got special supernatural say-so are the ones especially chosen too repeated often. It is from these animals that the San say they push clit ability inwards the trip the low-cal fantastic too the stone fine art sometimes shows this. Lines of ability connect animals to dancers inwards the art. More than this, dancers are regularly depicted taking on features of powerful animals such every bit their hooves or heads.
Rock fine art inwards Game Pass Shelter, Kamberg Nature Reserve.
The fine art also shows the magical other-worldly things such every bit rain-animals (above left), monsters too spirit people that are encountered past times dancers on their out-of-body vision journeys. We thus empathise San fine art every bit a deeply spiritual art, ane that harnesses too shares with others the ability of successive generations of San spiritual experience too enlightenment.
Engraved past times scratching away the stone patina
By linking specific San beliefs to recurrent features inwards the art, researchers have got been able to crevice many of the codes of San stone art. Unfortunately at that spot are no recorded interviews with the painters themselves, inwards monastic enjoin to shed low-cal on the paintings. However, inwards the tardily nineteenth century a Bushman named Qing guided Joseph Millerd Orpen, a magistrate from the Cape colony, through the Drakensberg.
Elephant engravings
On their journey, Qing too Orpen came across many magnificent paintings inwards stone shelters. Orpen was so impressed that he copied several of them. He so sent these to a mag editor inwards Cape town, who showed them to a Dr Wilhelm Bleek. Bleek was a High German linguist who was living inwards Cape Town. He was studying the linguistic communication of the /Xam people - a San grouping from the Northern Cape - at this time. When Bleek showed Orpen’s drawing of the foreign looking beast to the grouping of /Xam San he was interviewing, they straightaway saw inwards it 'the pelting animal', too proceeded to explicate its spiritual too religious significance. It was this historical explanation that began the decoding of the paintings.
It was so the piece of work of Professor David Lewis-Williams, the South African scholar too professor of archeology at the University of the Witwatersrand inwards Johannesburg, South Africa, threw to a greater extent than low-cal on the paintings. The 'Rosetta Stone' of this stone fine art is located at the Game Pass Shelter inwards the Drakensberg Mountains. "One day, I was looking at a epitome inwards which at that spot was a dying eland too a adult man apparently holding its tail. The adult man had hooves, similar the eland; his pilus was standing out, similar the eland's hair; his legs were crossed, inwards simulated of the eland's legs," he explained.
Dancing figures with sticks
Studying this detail, the important savage into place: both the eland too the adult man are behaving every bit if they are dying. The adult man is a shaman going into trance. He is well-nigh to exit this world for the spirit world, too he is taking on the ability of the eland, the most powerful beast of all, too the god /Kaggen's favourite.
The San depict their experiences of out-of-body move every bit similar flying
Trance is so overwhelming that it is hard to describe. To explicate it too to assist people who were non shamans to reckon what they had been through, the painters of stone fine art images looked for comparative experiences. Crossing over to the spirit world during trance could live compared to 'death'. This did non hateful that they genuinely died, but that they believed that piece they were inwards trance, their spirits would exit their bodies too encounter others inwards the spirit world. 'Death' is used every bit a metaphor for the trance state. Trance is really much similar death. Sometimes it is called 'half-death'.
Painting from KwaZulu-Natal depicts a typical San circular shaman healing dance
Professor Lewis-Williams explained how all this all of a precipitous made sense to him: "I saw that the dying eland was a metaphor for the dying medicine man. Shamans are said to expire when they go into the spirit world through trance. And sthe dying eland is a source of say-so (spiritual power)."
The stone fine art paintings reverberate the San travelling to the spirit realm
To present their experiences, the artists also used visual metaphors such every bit showing shamans 'underwater' too 'dead'. These capture aspects of how it feels to live inwards trance. The artists also present their actions inwards the spirit world, such every bit their capturing of the pelting animal, their activation of say-so for work inwards healing or inwards fighting off enemies or other unsafe forces. But, the fine art was far from just a tape of spirit journeys. Powerful substances such every bit eland blood were pose into the paints so to brand each epitome a reservoir of potency. As each generation of artists painted or engraved layer past times layer of fine art on the stone surfaces their expansion created strong spiritual places.
H5N1 partly transformed shaman holds the tail of a dying eland
The Linton Panel
The ‘Linton Panel’, at nowadays inwards the South African Museum, Cape Town
Today’s Fri Find is the so-called Linton Panel – for sure the most astounding instance of San stone fine art at nowadays housed inwards a South African museum. The Linton Panel is a large slab of rock, criterion 2m past times .8m that was removed inwards 1918 from a stone shelter on a farm named Linton. Rock shelters through out most of South Africa are adorned with some exquisite stone paintings made past times San hunters too gatherers. The imagery is typical of those depicted to present San shamans’ experiences inwards the spirit World.
In 1985 I too ii colleagues, Paul den Hoed too Zachary Kingdon, traced the panel – it took us 4 days, often working inwards to the pocket-sized hours of the morning. I so created a one-to-one, dark too white reproduction of the panel (see below), which I used for the focus of my honours dissertation inwards archeology at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1986 I returned to Linton farm too constitute the stone shelter from which the panel had been removed. The hole measures 4.5m past times 1.35m, too so at that spot were silent traces of paintings around the border of the hole, indicating this panel was ane time at to the lowest degree 6m inwards length.
The paintings on this slab of stone are with some of the finest of all South Africa’s stone paintings. While seeing stone paintings inwards their original settings is highly recommended, if this is non possible, visiting Cape Town’s South African Museum goodness alternative.
South Africa’s Coat of Arms
Not only is this panel ane of the most spectacular pieces of San stone fine art inwards a South African museum, ane of the human figures on this panel has been used inwards South Africa’s coat of arms (for a total explanation of the symbolism inwards the South African coat of arms, on the South African government’s website, click here). As wonderful every bit it is for the San hunters too gatherers to have got been recognised so prominently inwards a post-apartheid South Africa, the inclusion of a San epitome inwards the coat of arms is rich inwards irony.
Not only is this panel ane of the most spectacular pieces of San stone fine art inwards a South African museum, ane of the human figures on this panel has been used inwards South Africa’s coat of arms (for a total explanation of the symbolism inwards the South African coat of arms, on the South African government’s website, click here). As wonderful every bit it is for the San hunters too gatherers to have got been recognised so prominently inwards a post-apartheid South Africa, the inclusion of a San epitome inwards the coat of arms is rich inwards irony. The human figure on the Linton Panel is male, it clearly has an erect penis. This anatomical particular was, however, removed for the coat of arms. Also, on the coat of arms the human figure has been given a mirror epitome of itself, presumably to do balance. But this is explained every bit creating “an mental attitude of greeting, symbolising unity. This also represents the commencement of the individual’s transformation into the greater sense of belonging to the land too past times extension, collective humanity.” When ane considers that at that spot are literally countless human figures painted or engraved on the rocks of South Africa, inwards my sentiment it is a shame that ii or to a greater extent than other human figures, without penises, could non have got been chosen to dot ‘unity’ too ‘collective humanity’. In fact, it seems a wasted chance for a post-apartheid South Africa to have got opted for such an overtly European-style symbol of identity. Rather than acknowledging the Khoisan peoples every bit the oldest inhabitants of southern Africa, the coat of arms serves to reiterate the way inwards which Khoisan people too their civilisation proceed to live manipulated inwards South Africa today.
My line of piece of work drawing of the Linton Panel, 1987.
You tin regain the Linton Panel on display inwards the Rock Art Gallery of the South African Museum, ane of the Iziko Museums of South Africa. Founded inwards 1825, the South African Museum is located inwards the historic Company’s Garden inwards Cape Town.
San (Bushmen) manlike individual parent too his baby
What problems do bushmen human face upwards today?
The Bushmen had their homelands invaded past times cattle herding Bantu tribes from around 1,500 years ago, too past times white colonists over the lastly few hundred years. From that fourth dimension they faced discrimination, eviction from their ancestral lands, murder too oppression amounting to a massive though unspoken genocide, which reduced them inwards numbers from several 1000000 to 100,000. Today, although all endure from a perception that their lifestyle is 'primitive' too that they demand to live made to alive similar the bulk cattle-herding tribes, specific problems vary according to where they live.
In South Africa, for example, the !Khomani at nowadays have got most of their Blue Planet rights recognised, but many other Bushman tribes have got no Blue Planet rights at all.
Khomani San people
Situation inwards Namibia
H5N1 fairly large community of bushmen, the Ju/'hoansi, today alive on both sides of the border betwixt Namibia too Botswana, named Bushmanland. This grouping has been studied, filmed too assisted past times Western scholars since 1951.
The academic studies proceed to this twenty-four hr period too they are nether the full general guidance of the "Ju/wa Bushman
Development Foundation" which is essentially a grouping of concerned individuals too academia. In 1991, with the formation of the "Nyae Nyae Farmers Cooperative" too with representation too guidance from the "Ju/wa Bushman Development Foundation", they managed to secure Blue Planet rights within Bushmanland.
They are silent permitted to hunt within the boundaries, despite beingness a game conservation area, every bit long every bit they work traditional methods. It way no firearms, dogs, vehicles or horses, rules that are occasionally broken too usually results inwards a prison theatre term for the offenders.
One of the biggest problems is alcoholism, brought well-nigh mainly past times armed forces stationed inwards the local town of Tsumkwe bringing alcohol into the part despite a regime ban on bringing inwards spirits. Having virtually no tolerance of alcohol, at that spot was a massive growth inwards drunkenness, alcoholism too offense with a full general turn down inwards menage unit of measurement structures too community well-being.
Situation inwards Republic of Botswana – Central Kalahari Bushmen
The Gana (G//ana) too Gwi (G/wi) tribes inwards Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve are amid the most
persecuted. Far from recognising their ownership rights over the Blue Planet they have got lived on for thousands of years, the Republic of Botswana regime has inwards fact forced almost all of them off it. In the early on 1980s, diamonds were discovered inwards the reserve. Soon after, regime ministers went into the reserve to tell the Bushmen living at that spot that they would have got to exit because of the diamond finds.
In iii large clearances, inwards 1997, 2002 too 2005, virtually all the Bushmen were forced out. Their homes were dismantled, their schoolhouse too wellness post were closed, their H2O provide was destroyed too the people were threatened too trucked away.
Almost all were forced out past times these tactics, but a large number have got since returned, with many to a greater extent than desperate to do so. They at nowadays alive inwards resettlement camps exterior the reserve. Rarely able to hunt, too arrested too beaten when they do, they are dependent on regime handouts. They are at nowadays gripped past times alcoholism, boredom, depression, too illnesses such every bit TB too HIV/AIDS.
Although the Bushmen won the right inwards courtroom to go dorsum to their lands inwards 2006, the regime has done everything it tin to brand their render impossible. Since so the regime has arrested to a greater extent than than 50 Bushmen for hunting to feed their families, too banned the Bushmen from using their H2O borehole.
Hundreds silent languish inwards resettlement camps, unable or scared to render home. Unless they tin render to their
ancestral lands, their unique societies too way of life volition live destroyed, too many of them volition die.
Botswana - Ghanzi Bushmen
Bushmen around the town of Ghanzi had served every bit cattle herders to Afrikaans farmers since early on 20th century. They worked inwards largely unfenced ranges. There were silent some benefits for the Bushmen every bit game was silent fairly abundant, piece getting the spin-off benefits of some milk, some coin too fifty-fifty the occasional moo-cow that died naturally.
San People inwards Botswana
All this changed significantly, courtesy of the European Common Market, who inwards their wisdom offered a really high cost for Botswana's beef every bit long every bit they instituted major illness command measures to eliminate pes & mouth, anthrax too a few other endemic ailments. This resulted inwards an extensive game command fencing functioning to split upwards the cattle from the “disease ridden wildlife”. Unfenced ranges with moderate levels of wild fauna became fenced inwards lands with a catastrophic drib inwards game numbers due to a cutting of the herds’ migration routes to contend with drought.
The Common Market (later the European Economic Community) were happy too paid the massively inflated prices, piece subsistence game hunting became meaningless. The cattle monoculture farther destroyed the bushmen’s works life resources, severely impacting their traditional hunter too gatherer lifestyle.
South Africa - Khomani Bushmen
These Bushmen from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (now the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park) part were ejected from the Reserve betwixt 1931, upon its formation, & 1973 when the lastly were finally evicted. They had initially during this period been allowed express assess too piece of work within the reserve but were finally removed past times the management.
San People inwards Cape Town,SA
Despite many attempts to larn access to their traditional hunting areas, entry was denied on the footing that they would go a job begging from tourists. This was despite the valid declaration that the large southwestern part requested was off limits to visitors to the reserve too thus should non acquaint whatever difficulties. They remained a pocket-sized impoverished grouping largely integrating themselves within the mixed coloured communities that developed along the fringes of the Reserve, working where possible for local farmers.
San people of Western Cape,South Africa
H5N1 grouping of bushmen silent partially adhering to their traditional life too menage unit of measurement structure, nether their leader Dawid Kruiper were finally successful inwards 1999 when xl 000 hectares of Blue Planet side past times side to the Kgalagadi Park was purchased past times the regime from local farmers too given dorsum to the Khomani community. In 2001 it was agreed that an additional 25 000 hectares of the Kalahari Gemsbok common was to live returned to them for managed utilisation but non for residence.
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park San (Bushmen) too his son
Tension betwixt the traditional too westernised bushmen led to various ability struggles, but some of the bushmen proceed to occasionally hunt too gather. Furthermore, the community-owned !Xaus luxury lodge of late opened inwards the Southwestern-most portion of Kgalagadi Park.
San folklore
Creation of the foremost Bushmen
As the Bushmen lived inwards a really dry out area, H2O to them have got a really magical ability that could revive them. In the legend of creation Mantis appears too the entire world is silent covered past times water. H5N1 bee (a symbol of wisdom) carries Mantis over the turbulent waters of the ocean. The bee however, became really tired too flew lower too lower. He searched for solid Blue Planet to brand his decent to but he only grew to a greater extent than too to a greater extent than tired. But so he saw a blossom drifting on the water. He set Mantis downwardly inwards the blossom too within inwards him the seed of the foremost human. The bee drowned but when the Sun came upwards Mantis awoke too from the seed the bee had left the foremost human was born.
Nharo-San man child making fire
Mantis too his family
The bushmen don't regard the Mantis every bit god but rather a superbeing. They are non the only civilization who has this belief too other African tribes do reckon it every bit a God. Even the Greeks believed it had divine too magical powers. Mantis is a Greek word important divine, or soothsayer. All over the world many legends is told well-nigh this magical creature. To the Bushmen silent he is a "dream Bushman". He is really human. Many paintings of the bushmen figure a Bushman with the caput of a Mantis.
San hunter-gather with his bow too arrow
Mantis also has a large family. His married adult woman is Dassie (rock hyrax). His boy is also a Mantis too he also has an adopted daughter, Porcupine. Her existent manlike individual parent is the evil monster called the All-Devourer who she is also afraid of. Porcupine is married to a creature that is portion of the rainbow, called Kwammanga. They have got ii sons, Mongoose or Ichneumon too so Kwammanga, after his dad. Mantis also has a sister, Blue Crane that he loves really much.
The Baboons
At a fourth dimension long agone the baboons were niggling people similar the Bushmen, but they were really mischievous. They loved making trouble. On a twenty-four hr period Cagn sent his con Cogaz to go too aspect for sticks they could work inwards making bows. When the niggling people saw him they started dancing around the man child shouting: "Your manlike individual parent thinks he is clever too wants to brand bows to kill us, at nowadays nosotros volition kill you!" They did every bit they said too Cogaz's body was hung inwards a tree. The niggling people danced over again too sang: "Cagn thinks he is clever!"
Then Cagn awoke from his sleep. He had a feeling that something was incorrect so he asked hi married adult woman Coti to convey him his charms. He idea too thought. Then it came to him. He realized what the niggling people did to his son. He straightaway went inwards search of his son. When the niggling people saw him coming they started singing an other song.
A niggling missy sitting nearby told Cagn that they were singing something else earlier he came. He ordered them to sing what the missy heard before. When he heard this he ordered them to remain where they are until he returns. He returned with a handbasket total of pegs. As they danced he drove a peg inwards each of their backsides. They fled to the mountains because they at nowadays had tails too they started living with animals. Cagn so climbed into the tree too used his magic to resurrect his son.
San people
How Mantis stole give the axe from Ostrich
Mantis also gave the Bushmen fire. Before this people ate their nutrient similar all the other predators, raw. They also had no low-cal at nighttime too were surrounded past times darkness. Mantis noticed that Ostrich's nutrient ever smelt really goodness too decided to regain what he did to his food. As he crept closed ane twenty-four hr period he saw Ostrich take some give the axe from beneath his wing too dip his nutrient inwards it. After eating he would tuck dorsum the give the axe nether his wing.
Mantis knew Ostrich would non give him the give the axe so he planned a play a trick on on Ostrich to steal the give the axe from him. One twenty-four hr period he called Ostrich too showed him a tree carrying delicious plums. As Ostrich started to eat Mantis shouted at him that the best ones were at that top. Ostrich jumped higher too higher too every bit presently every bit he opened his wings Mantis stole the give the axe from him too ran off. Ostrich was really ashamed of this too since that twenty-four hr period kept his wings pressed to his sides too volition never fly.
The Rainbow
Rain was ane time a beautiful adult woman who lived inwards the sky. She wore a rainbow around her waist too she was married to the creator of the earth. They had iii daughters. When the eldest missy grew upwards she asked her woman parent to go downwardly to earth. Her woman parent gave her permission but every bit presently every bit se went downwardly she got married to a hunter. While she was gone Rain had some other child. This fourth dimension a man child which she called Son-eib. When he was one-time plenty his sisters asked Rain if they could all go downwardly to reckon the world. In fright of losing them all Rain didn't desire them to go. But so a friend Wolf who liked the ii daughters said he would accompany them downwardly too aspect after them. The manlike individual parent believed this wicked beast too gave his permission.
San boy
As presently every bit they got to ground they went to a village. H5N1 adult woman inwards the hamlet saw Son-eib too he looked really familiar to her. She offered them nutrient too Wolf accepted this. They all ate of this nutrient except Son-eib every bit Wolf told everybody that he is non a individual but only a thing. Son-eib turned away too went to sit down inwards the grass, all past times himself. While sitting at that spot he caught a niggling blood-red bird. He concealed it nether his coat.
That nighttime the adult woman offered them shelter inwards her house. But ane time over again Wolf did non allow the man child to slumber within the theatre too said that Son-eib should slumber inwards the pocket-sized hut outside. While everybody was sleeping Wolf went too fetched all the bad people inwards the village. They set give the axe to the hut killing pitiable Son-eib.
San Children of Kalahari desert
However, the niggling aeroplane managed to escape. It flew upwards into the heaven too went straight to Rain, the boy's mother.As presently every bit it arrived it told Rain of what has happened. Rain told her married adult man too they were furious. H5N1 niggling piece subsequently the people of the hamlet saw a bully tempest approaching them fast too around its waist was a rainbow. Lightning started to flash striking all around them. Only Wolf too his beau bad people were hitting too killed. Then a mighty voice
came from the heaven with the words: "Don't kill the children of the sky!"
Ever since this all Bushmen are afraid of the rainbow. When the bushmen reckon a rainbow they would hitting on sticks too holler for it to go away!
San hunter-gatherers
The sun, Moon too the starsOne of the stories of the Sun says that he is a adult man from whose armpits smoothen the rays of light. He did non desire to part his low-cal with all the people so he stayed inwards his hut. The foremost Busman ordered hi children to throw him into the sky. They threw him upwards too this is where he silent shines from today. In the nighttime he is really mutual frigidity so he draws his blanket over him. This blanket is really one-time too has lots of niggling holes inwards it. This is the stars nosotros reckon at night.Another tale tells of a immature adult woman who waits for the hunters to render every night. When it grows dark she throws upwards a handful of white ash. This becomes the Milky-way that guide the hunters home.
The Moon is believed to live the one-time shoe of Mantis. He placed it inwards the air to guide him at night. The Sun is really jealous of the Moon when it is at its total brightness. The Sun uses its abrupt rays to cutting of pieces of the Moon fleck past times fleck until at that spot is almost null left of the moon. The Moon begs the Sun to halt too so he ever goes away. Soon after the Moon starts growing over again until it is total too the whole procedure repeats itself.
San woman
Hunting Methods:
Out on hunting
The San are splendid hunters. Although they do a fair amount of trapping, the best method of hunting is with bow too arrow. The San arrow does non kill the beast straight away. It is the deadly poison, which eventually causes the death. In the instance of pocket-sized antelope such every bit Duiker or Steenbok, a pair of hours may elapse earlier death. For larger antelope, this could live vii to 12 hours. For large game, such every bit Giraffe it could take every bit long every bit 3 days.
San hunters with their bow too arrow
Today the San brand the toxicant from the larvae of a pocket-sized beetle but volition also work toxicant from plants, such every bit the euphorbia, too ophidian venom. A caterpillar, reddish xanthous inwards color too well-nigh three-quarters of an inch long, called ka or ngwa is also used. The toxicant is boiled repeatedly until it looks similar blood-red currant jelly. It is so allowed to cool too ready to live smeared on the arrows. The toxicant is highly toxic too is greatly feared past times the San themselves; the arrow points are thus reversed so that the toxicant is safely contained within the reed collar. It is also never smeared on the dot but just below it - thus preventing fatal accidents. The toxicant is neuro toxic too does non contaminate the whole animal. The spot where the arrow strikes is cutting out too thrown away, but the relaxation of the meat is lucifer to eat. The number of the toxicant is non instantaneous, too the hunters often have got to track the beast for a few days. The San also dug pitfalls close the larger rivers where the game came to drink. The pitfalls were large too deep, narrowing similar a funnel towards the bottom, inwards the centre of which was planted a abrupt stake. These pitfalls were cleverly covered with branches, which resulted inwards the animals walking over the pit too falling onto the stake. When catching pocket-sized animals such every bit hares, guinea fowls, Steenbok or Duiker, traps made of twisted gut or fibre from plants were used. These had a running noose that strangled the beast when it stepped into the snare to collect the nutrient that had been placed within it. Another way of capturing animals was to hold back at Aardvark holes. Aardvark holes are used past times pocket-sized buck every bit a resting seat to escape the midday sun.
San people gathering for food
The hunter waited patiently behind the hole until the beast left. When this happened, it was live firmly pinned too hitting on the caput with a Kerrie (club). The San are intelligent trackers and know the habits of their prey. On discovering where a herd has gathered, they straightaway examine the administration too forcefulness of the air current past times throwing a handful of dust into the air. If the ground is bare too open, he volition crawl on his belly, sometimes holding a pocket-sized bush inwards front end of him. Hunters send a peel pocketbook slung around ane shoulder, containing personal belongings, poison, medicine, flywhisks too additional arrows.
San people
They may also send a society to throw at too stun pocket-sized game, a long probing stick to extract hares from their burrows or a stick to dig out Aardvark or Warthog. Hunting is a squad effort too the adult man whose arrow killed the beast has the right to distribute the meat to the tribe members too visitors who, after hearing well-nigh the kill, would larn inwards presently afterwards to part inwards the feast. According to San tradition, they were welcome to part the repast too would, inwards the future, have got to respond inwards the same way. However, works life foods, gathered past times the womenfolk, are non shared but eaten past times the woman’s immediate family. The San brand work of over 100 edible species of plant.
While the men hunt, the women, who are experts inwards foraging for edible mushrooms, bulbs, berries too melons, assemble nutrient for the family. Children remain at habitation to live watched over past times those remaining inwards camp, but nursing children are carried on these gathering trips, adding to the charge the women must carry. Gender roles are non jealously guarded inwards the San society. Women sometimes assist inwards the hunt too the men sometimes assist assemble works life foods.
San women gathering for food
source:http://www.kalahari-meerkats.com/fileadmin/files/guides/Bushmen_light.pdfAfrican San people - the world's most ancient race
The African San people have got been constitute to live the most ancient race inwards the world inwards a huge genetic study.
San people
The people, who have got lived every bit hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, are the direct relations of early on modern humans who migrated from the continent to spread their deoxyribonucleic acid throughout the world.
H5N1 study past times the University of Pennsylvania has constitute all populations descended from just fourteen ancient African populations.
San adult woman from Republic of Botswana too her child
Researchers discovered the genetic deoxyribonucleic acid of The San people was to a greater extent than various than whatever other group, suggesting they have got survived longer than whatever other group.
The foremost humans evolved inwards southern Africa, belike close the South Africa-Namibia border, too today the continent has to a greater extent than genetic variation than anywhere else on Earth.
Nearly three-fourths of African-Americans tin draw their ancestry to West Africa, according to the analysis published inwards the online edition of the magazine Science.
It is the largest study of African genetics ever undertaken. Over 10 years, Sarah Tishkoff, a geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania too an international squad of researchers trekked across Africa collecting samples to compare the genes of various peoples.
"Given the fact that modern humans arose inwards Africa, they have got had fourth dimension to accumulate dramatic changes inwards their genes," said Pb researcher.
"Everybody's history is portion of African history because everybody came out of Africa," said Muntaser Ibrahim of the subdivision of molecular biological scientific discipline at the University of Khartoum, Sudan.
SOURCE:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1176140/Meet-ancestors-DNA-study-pinpoints-Namibia-home-worlds-ancient-race.html#ixzz2VCKK1vWU
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HOODIA GORDONII-SAN MEDICINAL PLANT MAGIC TO THE WORLD
What happens after you lot have got lost weight with the hoodia and halt taking it depends exclusively on your lifestyle too diet. If you lot have got a lifestyle too diet which is salubrious you lot volition live able to maintain your weight without whatever problems. In short, the hoodia volition non displace you lot to gain weight after you lot halt using it.
INTERESTING PHOTOS OF SAN PEOPLE
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HOODIA GORDONII-SAN MEDICINAL PLANT MAGIC TO THE WORLD
An organic capsule that trim down appetite & ravenous hunger!
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With our Hoodia Gordonii capsules, the hunger pains are suppressed. It incorporate only 100% pure natural Hoodia Gordonii from Kalahari desert, just every bit the San Bushman people have got been using for centuries. It has been discovered that the works life contains a molecule that copies the number that glucose has on nervus cells inwards the brain, making the body think it is total - thus suppressing the appetite.
The next information are full general guidelines for Namibian too non-European Union customers*
Dosage:
Daily Portion | Daily Dosage | Daily Dosage (in PE 20:1) | Effects | Package Supply in Days: |
1 capsule | 650mg | 13 000mg | below minimum | 90 days |
2 capsules | 1 300mg | 26 000mg | STRONG | 45 days |
3 capsules | 1 950mg | 39 000mg | EXTRA STRONG | 30 days |
to maintain daily minimum dosage of 1200mg, Greenafricana Hoodia volition take hold for fifty-fifty 45 days!
*Hoodia is non yet registered every bit nutrient additive inwards the EU. We are selling our Hoodia products to European Union customers only every bit bathroom additive. Product adhere to the stringent regulations applied to foodstuffs. GMP, HACCP, CITES certified
Origin: Grown & manufactured inwards Namibia
Vegetable capsules
Notice: Not to live taken past times pregnant or lactating women too children.
Keep out attain of immature children replace, Store inwards a cool dry out seat below 25°C.
The San Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert have ancestry that tin live traced dorsum an astounding 150,000 years, right dorsum to the really foremost humans to inhabit Earth
Hoodia Gordonii plant has been used for centuries past times the Sans tribe, it allowed the tribe hunters to go without nutrient or H2O for an extended period of time, allowing them to concentrate too hunt for days interrupted too without feeling hungry
The active ingredient of the Hoodia succulent cactus was identified past times the Council for Scientific too Industrial Research inwards South Africa (CSIR). After careful research, scientists isolated several compounds inwards this all-natural nutrient that was responsible for dramatic weight loss. P57, which has been widely reported, is but ane of several chemic compounds constitute inwards the Hoodia succulent. Not only was it proven completely safe, it contains no stimulates that could contribute to the jittery feeling associated with weight loss products of the lastly decade.
When the foremost human clinical trial was conducted, a morbidly obese grouping of people were placed inwards a "phase 1 unit", a seat every bit closed to prison theatre every bit it gets.
All the volunteers could do all twenty-four hr period was read papers, scout television, too eat.
Half were given Hoodia, one-half placebo. Fifteen days later, the Hoodia grouping had reduced their calorie intake past times 1000 a day. It was a stunning success!
HOODIA Frequently asked questions
Is hoodia a drug? Hoodia is non a drug. Hoodia is the natural world famous appetite suppressant at nowadays widely used inwards the U.S. too around the world.
What is Hoodia Gordonii too Is it New ? Hoodia Gordonii is genuinely a succulent too technically dissimilar from a cactus, it is also know past times the call "Xhoba". Hoodia is non genuinely new, it has been used past times the indigenous tribal people inwards Southern Africa ( SA, Namibia, Botswana) every bit a natural appetite suppressant too thirst quencher during long hunting trips for generations. Hoodia Gordonii is its Latin botanical name. The works life grows wild inwards the harsh conditions of the Kalahari desert of Southern Africa.
Does Hoodia genuinely work? The rediscovered extract from this African succulent has been tested inwards clinical trials too discovered on obese subjects to trim down caloric intake past times 40% to 50%. Meaningful weight loss volition resultant from such a drib inwards daily caloric intake. Hoodia Gordonii contains a unique molecule that works every bit a natural appetite suppressant. Taking Hoodia Gordonii when you lot are hungry tin alleviate the feeling of hunger too so brand you lot less likely to snack betwixt meals due to hunger. When taking Hoodia Gordonii earlier a meal, fifty-fifty a pocket-sized repast tin exit you lot feeling to a greater extent than satisfied, which encourages you lot to eat smaller meals. Hoodia tin take away your craving for nutrient instantly.
It is also of import to regime annotation that whilst our hoodia capsules volition significantly trim down your appetite, they are NOT a repast replacement too should non live used every bit such. Research shows that eating niggling too often is a far to a greater extent than effective way to lose weight than missing meals.
How does it work? The chemic constituents inwards Hoodia Gordonii piece of work within the satiety middle past times releasing a chemic chemical compound similar to glucose but much stronger. The hypothalamus receives this signal every bit an indication that plenty nutrient has been consumed too this inwards plow trim down the appetite.
How tin I live sure at that spot is Hoodia inwards your pills? All Hoodia nosotros sell is certified too have got the right cites certification to assure the raw cloth is pure Southern African Hoodia Gordonii
Do you lot work pure hoodia ? Yes, our hoodia capsules are absolutely gratis of whatever type of stimulants, additives or fillers
Is at that spot a right fourth dimension to take Hoodia ? Hoodia Gordonii does non brand you lot drowsy or maintain you lot awake. General advice suggests that you lot take ane capsule some ane hr earlier your meal.
How much Hoodia Gordonii should I take ? Each capsule contains 650mg(equals 13000 PE20:1) - Take 1 capsule 1 hr earlier breakfast, luncheon & dinner for a total of 1,950mg per twenty-four hr period (39000 PE20:1). Typically for adults, take 1 capsule upwards to iii times a day
Is Hoodia condom to use? Yes! our Hoodia is completely gratis of unsafe stimulants every bit good every bit additives too fillers, Hoodia is a 100% natural with no improver of synthetic substances. It is also suitable for vegetarians too vegans.
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For best results combine with a healthly lifestyle.
Consult your nutritionist for a balanced weight loss program.
Consult a doc earlier work if you lot are nether medical supervision.
Pregnant or lactating women should consult a doc earlier using whatever product.
For best results combine with a healthly lifestyle.
Consult your nutritionist for a balanced weight loss program.
Consult a doc earlier work if you lot are nether medical supervision.
Pregnant or lactating women should consult a doc earlier using whatever product.
Are at that spot whatever side effects? There are no known negative side effects. Our Hoodia capsules are a pure natural supplement. Hoodia which is 100% Pure Hoodia too has had no negative known side effects. Some people have got reported an elevation inwards mood when they are taking Hoodia Gordonii. It volition non brand your pump race. It volition non brand you lot drowsy. It volition non maintain you lot awake at night.
How much weight tin I await to lose?
Hoodia is non a fad or crash diet system; weight loss is salubrious too gradual, every bit it should live — between 1 to 4 pounds per calendar week (0,5-2kg). However, some of our customers have got lost inwards excess of 6lb (3kg) per calendar week over a 3 calendar month period.
Hoodia is non a fad or crash diet system; weight loss is salubrious too gradual, every bit it should live — between 1 to 4 pounds per calendar week (0,5-2kg). However, some of our customers have got lost inwards excess of 6lb (3kg) per calendar week over a 3 calendar month period.
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What happens after you lot have got lost weight with the hoodia and halt taking it depends exclusively on your lifestyle too diet. If you lot have got a lifestyle too diet which is salubrious you lot volition live able to maintain your weight without whatever problems. In short, the hoodia volition non displace you lot to gain weight after you lot halt using it.INTERESTING PHOTOS OF SAN PEOPLE
San man child using stick with hole inwards it to suck H2O from the tree
San children
Fresh H2O inwards the desert
Naro bushman ( San ) men making a give the axe with commiphora sticks , Central Kalahari , Botswana
Meet Kapilolo Mario Mahongo – the lastly storyteller inwards my serial from the Kalahari Desert Festival. Kapilolo has travelled widely to part his inheritance of !Xun stories with audiences inwards Europe too Africa who please inwards hearing the musical sounds of his ancient language. This gifted adult man is the chairperson of the !Xun Council of Elders, the South African San Institute too sits on the S.A. San Council – amid many other things!
He told the Kalahari Festival audience a story well-nigh helping people, interwoven with that powerful symbol of healing – the snake.
the //aanna Khwe, the !Xhanu Qaé !Xun, the !Xema !Xun too the Khomani San dancers
1.If you lot regain a warthog hole inwards the morning, do non stand upwards inwards front end of it. Knowing that lions have got a habit of waiting exterior for their morning time debut, warthogs dorsum into their holes at night. In the morning time the hogs shoot similar cannon balls out of their dens, breaking the legs of anyone unlucky plenty to stand upwards inwards the way.
2.If you lot surprise a leopard, do non brand optic contact. It volition pounce on your dorsum for the offense. Pretend non to notice, aspect away too piece of cake displace out of the area.
3.If an elephant gets a whiff of you lot too is feeling grumpy, he volition accuse or mock-charge too you lot must brand a quick determination of his intentions. If it is a mock-charge, the beast volition heighten its caput too flap its ears every bit it moves toward you. If this is the case, piece of cake dorsum away. But if the elephant trumpets, lowers its head, tucks its body betwixt its legs too flattens its ears, it is a existent accuse too you lot volition live lashed with the trunk, gored with a tusk too stomped into chutney.
4.If an African buffalo charges, at that spot is null to do but run. Old manlike individual buffalo larn tired of roaming with the herd too alive a sedentary too solitary retirement. If disturbed, the one-time manlike individual volition either flee or charge. If he charges, run too climb a tree, but live sure to climb the side of the tree opposite the charging beast, since he may non halt but slam total steam into the tree.
5.If you lot demand to amend your scent, the San people, aka Kalahari bushmen, recommend wild basil every bit an splendid perfume.
6.If you lot dearest a girl, go straight to her too tell her how you lot feel. She volition say come upwards dorsum tomorrow. When you lot render the side past times side day, she may say, “I forgot well-nigh it” too tell you lot to come upwards dorsum over again tomorrow. This may go on for months, if she is also shy to tell you lot how she feels. You may demand to send an emissary to larn an answer.
7.If you lot urinate too it’s also hot (a sign of STD) work the wild asparagus plant, called Mabele, translated from Setswana every bit “tits of the goat” because of its utter similar shape. Dig the root of the manlike individual plant, which is thinner too longer so the female. Chop too boil piece fresh. Mix with the bark of the jackalberry tree or the feverberry tree too add together wild sage. Boil together too drinkable for iii days.
8.If you lot have got an infected wound, work the buffalo thorn (Ziziphus Mucronata) to heal it. First, select a leafage the size of the injure too seat it over the sore. Leave it on over night. In the morning time at that spot volition live a niggling hole. Squeeze the injure to take away the infection. Boil the root of the same tree too drinkable one-half a loving cup of the tea ane time a day, until the infection is gone.
9.If you lot have got the influenza with a fever, collect coughing grass with roots attached, the leaves of the pelting tree too broad leafed “Tappington” grass. Take the tops off the grass too boil all iii inwards a large pot for ane hour. Pour the hot liquid into a metallic basin too breath the vapors, using a blanket to do a tent to capture the steam. Repeat ane time a twenty-four hr period until the fever is broken too the sinuses are clear.
10.If you lot larn lost inwards the daytime, aspect inwards palm trees for the nest of the Red Billed Buffalo Weaver, who ever build on the westward side of the tree. You tin also take a census of termite mounds, whose tips most often lean to the northwest. Termites piece of work only at nighttime raising the mound with spit too sand. The sun, which travels across the northern heaven inwards the southern hemisphere, dries the novel construction to a greater extent than speedily on the sun-facing side bending the nest.
11.If you lot are caught inwards a lightning storm, regain shelter nether an umbrella thorn or the African mangosteen (Garcinia Livingstonei).
12.If you lot are hungry for antelope meat, dig a hole 3 meters broad too 3 meters deep. Collect branches of argent cluster, sharpen into stakes, harden inwards fire, dry out inwards sand too sharpen. Line the pit with the stakes facing upwards too encompass the pit with twigs too grass. Sit past times the hole downwind from the prey. When the prey is on the upwind side of the trap, walk around behind them too run toward the hole.
13.If you lot listen the Black Plover at night, at that spot may live predatory cats inwards the area. The Black Plover has only iii toes too tin non take hold a branch, so it must nest on the ground. Baboons also give helpful warnings of predators. H5N1 “hoo” indicates the presence of humans, a coughing warns of a truthful cat too a high pitched squeak chased past times a bark is a sign of a snake.
14.If you lot listen the Fork-tailed Drongo earlier sunrise, the fourth dimension is 4 am. By 5:30 am the coucals start with a audio similar H2O coming from the bottle, “glug, glug. glug”. After that it’s the fish eagles past times six am.
15.If a aeroplane craps on you, it’s goodness luck. So live happy.
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