Info For Y'all Mani People:One Of The African Natives Of Asia In Addition To The Master Copy Inhabitants Of Thailand
The Mani people are the master copy human being sapiens that traveled from Africa as well as settled inwards Thailand many years ago. They are the master copy negaritos who moved alongside other Africans similar Andamanese of India, Aetas of Philippines,Semangs of Malaysia to their introduce residence inwards Thailand. They were at that spot earlier the other ethnic groups came to shape the Thai kingdom. Anthropological studies has revealed that the Thai Mani as well as Malaysian Semang were the outset modern humans to go inwards the Malay peninsula. They remarked that "the master copy people of the Malay Peninsular that close 4,500 years agone the Proto-Malays moved S from the Yunnan province expanse of China into Southeast Asia where they met the Negritos who, for a long time, may have got been the only modern humans to alive inwards this area" and on the dependent champaign of prehistoric communities inwards southern Thailand that "the first Homo sapiens groups moving into the expanse after Homo erectus were of Negrito type, brusk build, dark complexion as well as curly pilus similar to the Australians."
The Negrito of Thailand : the Mani people
The call Mani is of Mon-Khmer rootage as well as agency "human being," as well as they talk Tonga language. The Mani or "forest people" equally other Thai people telephone holler upward them lives in the jungles of southern Thailand, inwards the Banthad Mountain Chain as well as some the Malaysian edge inwards the provinces of Trang, Phatthalung as well as Satun. The Mani people "are of brusk build, dark complexion" as well as "with curly hair. They are facing extinction as well as currently their total population is close 300. The Banthad Mountain chain became a base of operations expanse for communist insurgents during the 1970s as well as thus a battle ground betwixt communist guerillas as well as Thai regime forces. Especially during the years of 1975-1977, the insurgents were battered inwards ground as well as air attacks. The Mani suffered terribly during this state of war alongside regime forces ofttimes mistaking the smoke of Mani army camp fires for insurgent activity. Those living inwards Trang as well as Phatthalung provinces had to motion to the sanctuary of Thoungwan district inwards Satun province.
Mani Man as well as his family
The Mani people lives inwards groups known equally "bands." Mani bands are made upward of several families as well as usually contain betwixt fifteen as well as thirty persons. They seem to regard this equally the most convenient size for a band to brand a living. Each theatre unit of measurement inwards a band has their thub or shack (which the Mani call ayah) equally living quarters. Ayahs are built inwards a circle, all are facing inwards to shape a circular hamlet center. Normally, a band consists of parents, their children, as well as other unopen relatives such equally nephews as well as nieces. The band is led past times a primary elected past times all adult members. Members of the band must follow the instructions of their chief. spell youngsters are, of course, also expected to psyche to their parents. A survey on the Mani living inwards the Trang woods expanse inwards Dec 1982 found that at that spot were 3 groups:
1. the "Above Klong Thong River" band of nine males as well as half-dozen females
2. the "Khlong Hindaeng River" band of eleven males as well as seven females
3. the "Jaopha" band, of nine males as well as nine females.
By questioning them, nosotros have got learned that inwards Trang Province at that spot had originally been v groups. Two of them had moved away:
4. Mr. Sung's grouping from Ban Naitra village
5. Mr. Yung's/Mrs. Yum's grouping from the vicinity of Ban Hin Jork hamlet had moved into the expanse of Manung inwards Satun Province.
Only 3 groups remained inwards the Trang hamlet expanse inwards the early on 1990s.
The "Jaopha" Band is quite unlike from the other Mani bands. This band is organised differently from the other groups. One divergence is that the band is made upward of members of families of elderberry brothers as well as sisters joining together. Another is that members of the band tin hook upward alongside each other equally long equally they are non blood relatives. Such exercise is unlike from that of the other Mani where no union amid band members is usually allowed. The "Jaopha" band inwards the early on 1990s consisted of v families nether the leadership of Mr. Khai who is brother-in-law to 1 fellow member as well as uncle to other members of his band.
In Mani guild at that spot is no right, apart from tradition, to assert province ownership. Yet inwards their hunting-gathering activities, the bands hardly e'er intrude into territories belonging to other bands. Members of a band larn early on close the areas that they are allowed to purpose for themselves as well as forcefulness would non live on used to expel or punish trespassers. At times where the province is not suitable for hunting or for collecting wild potatoes, "we alive temporarily alongside other bands to portion nutrient alongside them." (Mr. Loh, BE 2535 / AD 1992). In normal times, each Mani hunting band sticks to its ain territory for hunting as well as gathering activities.
The Mani are jungle dwellers of nomadic inwards habits. They are on the motion most of the fourth dimension to hunt as well as get together inwards their forests. It is a way of life that does non demand or allow elaborate buildings. They have got only really unproblematic methods of constructing their shelters which come upward the inwards shape of a huts that are opened upward on the sides, alongside thick leaves for roofing. During the rainy flavor alongside its heavy rains the Mani also essay the shelter of caves. Although the Mani are nomadic as well as produce non demand to institute permanent housing for themselves, they silent must select a suitable location for their temporary village. For an appropriate choice, procedures inwards accordance alongside their ancient traditions as well as beliefs are carried out earlier a determination is taken:
1. The site must live on on slightly sloping terrain as well as non inside a hollow where rainwater could gather.
2. The site must live on close a source of fresh flowing H2O (standing H2O &endash; which the Mani telephone holler upward "dead water" &endash; would non live on acceptable as well as is regarded equally unhealthy). The Mani also shun H2O from a canal or a river or below a waterfall, for fearfulness of flash floods. The sleeplessness caused past times the roaring rivers during the rainy flavor equally also live on mentioned (Mr. You, 1992) equally a argue for shunning such locations. Even if a proper H2O source has been found, the gustation of the H2O volition also live on a consideration.
3. The site must live on shaded past times trees that are large plenty to render cool air as well as shelter but non so large that they endanger the Mani as well as their huts during a storm.
4. There should have got been no human decease at the chosen house - as well as no haunting past times evil spirits. The Mani believe that evil spirits are the effort of sickness as well as to ensure that a house is complimentary of such influences they require:
Mani girls inwards front end of their Ayah (hut)
After a proposed location has been found to fulfill all requirements after it has been decided to laid the hamlet there, the Mani forthwith laid out constructing their ayahs (huts). All available men assist the caput of the theatre unit of measurement inwards cutting downwards wood as well as inwards collecting large poud (banana) leaves for the roofing. The women as well as children clear the ground as well as get together lianas which are used to handgrip the structure together.
An ayah is simply made, a hut alongside a roofing of leaves. Within it, at that spot is a a bed platform, a panong, that is also a status symbol for its owner. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 single panong means that the shack belongs to an single mortal spell a double-panong singifies a married person. The panong is built at close 1 arm's length from the ground on 1 side, as well as touches the ground on the other side. The higher side of the structure is at the dorsum of the hut so that anyone lying would live on facing towards the exterior alongside the feet inwards the same direction. They believe that inwards instance of an onrush past times a wild beast or an enemy, they would silent acquire to their feet inwards fourth dimension for running away. This is also an illustration of the importance that they attach to their feet, equally "without feet they could non go anywhere as well as could non discover their food" (Mr Yoo, 1992) - (in Thai society, feet are non regarded equally a "polite" business office of the human body).
Moving to a New Place
The Mani are nomadic inwards habit which agency that they produce non alive permanently inwards he same place. Having to motion to a novel house is a normal lawsuit inwards Mani life. The determination on whether to remain seat or to motion is based on several considerations. The most of import argue for thinking of moving is shrinking productivity of the environs some the settlement, when animals as well as wild potatoes are getting hard to find. There are other reasons for considering a move, such as:
1. When someone has died inwards or close the electrical flow location, a motion away has to live on made quickly.
2. When sickness strikes a fellow member of the band as well as persists for some fourth dimension despite treatment, this agency that an evil spirit haunts the area. The electrical flow location has to live on abandoned speedily as well as a novel 1 found equally far away from it equally possible.
3. When a kid is born inwards the band, the Mani believe that the blood shed during nascence causes sickness (especially "dead blood", pregnant blood alongside a rigid smell) (Mrs. Bah, 1992). The band volition so motion to a novel location equally shortly equally the novel woman parent has regained her strength, 5-7 days after giving birth.
4. After an outsider (a non-Mani) has come upward to their hamlet as well as asked for their kid inwards a threatening manner. Such an lawsuit is considered a bad omen.
Mani Ayah (hut)
When the determination to motion has been taken, the Mani assist each other alongside packing as well as alongside carrying their possessions. The men are responsible for moving heavier items spell the women facial expression after lighter items as well as the children. Each possessor carries his ain blowpipe as well as other hunting implements. Smaller items (clothing, knives, salt, etc.) are carried inwards bags made of wrapped Pandanus-leaves, kajong. Lengths of rattan are tied to the handbag so that it tin live on carried over the shoulders similar a backpack.
In the old days earlier matches had reached the Mani, dry out rattan rubbed on a slice of dry out wood was used to brand terminate - a hard undertaking. When moving camp, the Mani had to bring a burning slice of wood along alongside them. During rains, the terminate was sheltered alongside a comprehend of broad leaves sewn together. Today, the purpose of matches or cigarette-lighters has acquire widespread as well as firewood is no longer carried on moves (Mr. You, 1992). Immediately earlier setting out, parents rub ash from the extinguished army camp terminate onto the children's bodies as well as faces. This is to protect as well as cover the children from evil spirits during the move. The spirits, fifty-fifty if they produce reckon the child, volition non retrieve it human. The Mani believe that if the spirits recognised a kid equally human, it would follow it as well as would later on onrush it at the novel location.
Food
The nutrient eaten past times the Mani is all found growing wild or living inwards the jungle - the Mani have got no noesis of agriculture as well as beast husbandry.Vegetables shape the staple diet, supplemented occasionally past times meat after a successful hunt.
Hunting as well as Gathering
The distribution of duties betwixt the sexes amid the Manias is equally is commonly found inwards other hunting as well as gathering societies. Men hunt as well as are responsible for gathering fruits as well as vegetables as well as for earthworks upward wild yams. Women are idea of equally beingness inferior to men inwards hunting ability. They are, instead, responsible for looking after the children. Breastfeeding as well as pregnancies also produce non allow long hunting trips to distant places.
Cooking
Outsiders often retrieve of the Mani equally backward as well as uncivilised when it comes to food. Mani eat only well-cooked food; they loathe raw food. The Mani explicate that "those who eat raw nutrient are barbarians non friends" as well as "when the Thai villagers see us as well as our children are afraid of the visiting grown-ups, nosotros say them to fearfulness not, for the villagers eat cooked nutrient exactly the way nosotros do." In the olden days when association alongside the Thai villagers was non equally mutual or unopen equally it is now, the Mani daily diet consisted of wild animals, fruit as well as vegetables.
Mani adult woman as well as child
The Mani used to have got only 1 method of cooking but today they know how to curry, boil, fry as well as roast inwards bamboo joints exactly similar their Thai neighbours. No affair how many cooking methods the Mani have got late learnt, when they have got successfully hunted an animal, they ready it the old-fashioned Mani way past times simply throwing the meat into a fire. When they retrieve that the meat is ready, they clit it out of the terminate as well as eat it immediately. When "cooking" inwards this way, the beast is non skinned, but its hairs are simply scorched away. Before eating, the Mani are goodness at removing the terminal remaining hairs. Next they cutting opened upward up the beast as well as portion out the meat to every theatre unit of measurement (i.e. every hut). Usually they terminate the meat inwards an opened upward space, alongside all theatre unit of measurement members some the fire, waiting as well as eager to complete the food. Should at that spot live on leftovers, they volition live on shared out to every hut for later on consumption. Mani produce non usually shop nutrient to swallow the next days. Instead they complete all available meat inwards 1 long feast as well as without wasting idea on whether nutrient volition live on available the next days. As long equally nutrient is available, eating volition go along until it is finished. The Mani relish their eating as well as they produce non discover specified repast times.
Food Sharing
In Mani guild at that spot is an amicability, a feeling of kindness amid equals, sharing the results of hunts as well as other nutrient amid members of the group, regardless of who had caught or gathered the nutrient as well as who had not. Those who have got nutrient willingly portion alongside those who produce not.
Mani people
Food sharing has 2 aspects. "Immediate-Return Subsistence" is a production organization that is found inwards ecosystems where nutrient plants are abundant as well as hunting is possible throughout the year, equally inwards a humid tropical climate. Human beings inwards this sort of environs demand non worry much or often close nutrient because it is naturally plentiful throughout the twelvemonth inwards most years. In such societies, nutrient sharing is an outstanding feature (ref. 8). "We cannot allow others starve; if they discover food, they volition also portion nutrient alongside us. If nosotros cannot discover animals, they volition give nutrient to us." (December BE 2535 / AD1992). Observation of food-sharing amid members of a grouping reveals that people gave others the best business office of what they had caught or found. If the nutrient was a hunted animal, they would portion to others the meatiest portions. The hunters maintain for themselves only the caput as well as the dorsum portions alongside the to the lowest degree meat on it. "We must portion out to others the goodness cuts; when they give us, they volition also give us the goodness cuts (Mr. You, of the "Above Khlong Tong River" Clan, BE 2535/AD 1992). Mr. Sung, a clan chief, also said that if someone caught animals as well as did non portion them alongside others, after his decease he would live on reincarnated equally a ka poh or a paeng tree (BE Oct 2534/AD 1991).
Mani adult man painting present taken inwards 1900. From Thailand. Posted Image
Clothing
From the 19th century onwards, a few researchers went to come across the Mani inwards their forests to record, amid other things, the way the Mani dressed. These researchers included Karr as well as Seidenfaden (ref. 19) who wrote that the Mani men "wear underdrawers made of tree bark wrapped some the torso alongside an destination slice roofing the front. Women have on brusk shirts made of grass or leaves." Prof. Duangjunt has interviewed Mr. Dub Sritharntoh (a sometime Mani primary inwards Yala Province) close Mani wearing apparel . He reports (ref.7) that "in the old days, Mani wore leaves as well as moss inwards the shape of a sheet. Women wore skirts reaching downwards to the knees or one-half the thighs: they clothe their breasts or exit them bare. Men have on waist-to-knee-length garments that exit the upper torso bare. Children have on nothing." Duangjunt added that this description agreed alongside the writings of John H. Brand who had noted, that "the wearing apparel of Negritos is made from materials obtainable from nature, including twigs as well as leaves which are woven into a fabric. Knee-length vesture is worn some the waist alongside the upper business office of the torso bare. Children, however, are naked."
Mani people
In his mass close the Mani (ref. 20), Thai manly mortal monarch Rama V gives his line of piece of job organization human relationship of Mani wearing apparel equally follows: "men have on a slice of cloth roofing the pubic expanse betwixt the legs reaching from the front end to the rear; this is called nung loh leah. The destination of the cloth that suspends covers the frontal business office is called kor loh. This type of wearing apparel resembles that of the Khmers at Wat Nakorn equally they appear inwards rock carvings. The cloth may live on used narrower or wider depending on what is available. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 adult woman wears an inner under-wear called jawad, featuring a waist-band; a slice of cloth strapped betwixt the legs as well as some the exterior waist. When cloth is scarce or unavailable, leaves are used; when cloth is available, a type called horly, broad or narrow, is used. The narrow cloth reaches exactly inwards a higher house the knees. Women have got blankets called si bai, which seems to have got been added to their wearing apparel only since closer association alongside (Thai) villagers developed" (ref. 20).
Mr. Sung, primary of the "Above Khlong Tong River" band has given us an line of piece of job organization human relationship of Mani wearing apparel equally follows: "... my manly mortal parent told me that inwards the past, Mani collected strips of tree barks similar that of the sine tree to brand clothing." (BE Dec 2535 / AD 1992). This agreed alongside the line of piece of job organization human relationship of Grandma Pod Choo Nun who said that inwards World War II when vesture was scarce, some of the Mani soaked the bark of the sine tree inwards water, crunch it until soft as well as so made it into trousers.
The Mani of today have got growing contact alongside Thai villagers as well as their wearing apparel is modelled after that of Thai villagers. In Trang province inwards particular, Mani men wear pa tae sarongs or have on loin cloths as well as exit their upper torso bare. Women also similar to have on the same sarongs as well as a shirt. Children silent go by as well as large naked. Young men as well as women wearing apparel inwards accordance alongside the latest fashion they reckon trendy immature Thai villagers wearing, i.e. jeans, sail shoes as well as sunglasses.
Medicine as well as Health Care
Despite growing exterior influences, the Mani silent Pb lives unopen to nature. They non only acquire their nutrient as well as housing materials from their forests, they also acquire their medicines from it.
King Rama V (ref. 20) notes some item on Mani medical remedies. He wrote that "prevention of woods fever involves applying a white pulverisation on chin, cheeks as well as forehead, or strapping a rope some the the neck." He also added that "the Mani wonder medicine which helps alongside kid delivery. Mani experience many pregnancies, usually in 1 lawsuit a year. They have got a herbal medicine that is much sought-after past times Thais as well as Malays inwards the region. As for illnesses, the Mani produce non purpose much medicine but they produce purpose a sort of hydrotherapy as well as a terminate therapy".
The Mani know how to purpose plants growing inwards their jungle to cure a diverseness of diseases. They believe that the effort of illness is an evil spirit. Their medicines, therefore, go past times driving out such spirits. The Mani believe that the same lawsuit tin also live on accomplished past times wearing hua plai or kled klin, or past times smearing ash on the sufferer's torso as well as face, or past times doing the same to everybody involved earlier moving an entire hamlet to a novel location.
Today, the Mani are increasingly accepting novel beliefs as well as values. Before setting out to hunt or to get together honey, for example, the hunter-gatherers at nowadays prefer to bring stimulants equally advertised on television, as well as when they acquire sick, they bring modern medicines, rather than the herbs used past times their ancestors. It is thus all equally good probable that most of the traditional medical noesis volition vanish inwards the foreseeable future.
Marriage
The Mani social organization does non have got incestuous relationships as well as is built on the regulation of monogamy. When their children go inwards puberty, the parents build a novel as well as divide hut for them to alive in. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 daughter who has started catamenia is considered marriageable spell a man child who has developed facial pilus is said to live on ready to bring a wife.
The outset steps towards selecting a partner amid the Mani are left to the immature people themselves. In the days of yore, a adult woman selected her union partner based primarily on the man's hunting prowess. Today, a adult woman tends to brand her pick of a mate to a greater extent than on the ground of goodness looks as well as a modern style of dressing. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 swain wearing sunglasses as well as jeans is considered to a greater extent than desirable than 1 non doing so.
However, immature people cannot simply hook upward alongside in 1 lawsuit they experience mutual affection for each other as well as declare their wishing to acquire a couple. Before union as well as cohabitation is possible, a formal proposal has to live on made as well as the consent of the girl's parents has to live on sought. Should they oppose the union, the 2 immature people cannot marry, no affair how much they love each other. In such a case, it would live on considered bad shape for the swain to present his annoyance at the determination of the girl's parents.
Death
The Mani bury their dead. However, amid the Mani inwards Trang Province, burial of the dead is non practiced. Instead, at that spot is cremation of the dead together alongside their worldly possessions. This exercise is firmly rooted inwards the Mani belief system.
When a clan fellow member dies, irrespective of what caused it, the hut inwards which the dead mortal had lived volition live on closed alongside leaves. Sometimes a novel hut is built specially to have the body. Once the deceased has been placed inwards the hut alongside his or her personal possessions, the hut is closed on all sides alongside leaves as well as so assault fire. After the cremation, the members of the hamlet volition at in 1 lawsuit abandon their hamlet as well as motion to a novel location. Before they produce so, they volition say the corpse: "Don't follow us. You remain on your ain hither as well as nosotros on our own. You as well as nosotros cannot remain together." When moving away, they volition maintain looking dorsum inwards the belief that the dead inwards the shape of an evil spirit would otherwise follow them.
On our inquiry equally to why the Mani produce non bury the dead nosotros were told the following. "If nosotros buried the dead as well as anyone walked over the corpse, it would live on a sin. Also, nosotros produce non know whether a buried dead has died or not". The Mani believe that inwards the instance of a "real death", bones volition live on left behind spell inwards the instance of an "unreal death", no bones are left behind. In "unreal death", the dead is believed to have got gone inwards the management of Wan to render to his/her mother. If decease is "real" as well as bones are left behind, the dead mortal volition go along to reside inwards this ground amid large trees, but he or her volition produce so equally an evil spirit.
Uncle Vivhien Puksee, a Klang villager of Tambon Lamkrang, Palean district, Trang Province, told us that inwards the early on 1980s at that spot was a Mani, a sibling of Mrs. Bah, who was running away from an elephant when he savage into a fireplace as well as seriously injured himself. The clan members tried to nurse the adult man dorsum to wellness but he could non live on cured. As his status worsened, the band decided that they could non go along to back upward him since they would all starve otherwise. So they all moved to a novel place, leaving the sick adult man behind. Before departing, they left some nutrient for him as well as told him: "You remain hither for the fourth dimension being; if you lot acquire better, so follow us." The patient died there, alone. About 4 months later, clan members came dorsum to discover the man's bones. They concluded that he had had a "real death." Until today, the Mani have got never lived at that spot again, believing that the dead adult man was silent haunting the house of his decease (told past times Mr. Vivhien Puksee, BE 2534 / AD 1991).
Source:http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter36/text36.htm
The Negrito of Thailand : the Mani people
The call Mani is of Mon-Khmer rootage as well as agency "human being," as well as they talk Tonga language. The Mani or "forest people" equally other Thai people telephone holler upward them lives in the jungles of southern Thailand, inwards the Banthad Mountain Chain as well as some the Malaysian edge inwards the provinces of Trang, Phatthalung as well as Satun. The Mani people "are of brusk build, dark complexion" as well as "with curly hair. They are facing extinction as well as currently their total population is close 300. The Banthad Mountain chain became a base of operations expanse for communist insurgents during the 1970s as well as thus a battle ground betwixt communist guerillas as well as Thai regime forces. Especially during the years of 1975-1977, the insurgents were battered inwards ground as well as air attacks. The Mani suffered terribly during this state of war alongside regime forces ofttimes mistaking the smoke of Mani army camp fires for insurgent activity. Those living inwards Trang as well as Phatthalung provinces had to motion to the sanctuary of Thoungwan district inwards Satun province.
The Mani people lives inwards groups known equally "bands." Mani bands are made upward of several families as well as usually contain betwixt fifteen as well as thirty persons. They seem to regard this equally the most convenient size for a band to brand a living. Each theatre unit of measurement inwards a band has their thub or shack (which the Mani call ayah) equally living quarters. Ayahs are built inwards a circle, all are facing inwards to shape a circular hamlet center. Normally, a band consists of parents, their children, as well as other unopen relatives such equally nephews as well as nieces. The band is led past times a primary elected past times all adult members. Members of the band must follow the instructions of their chief. spell youngsters are, of course, also expected to psyche to their parents. A survey on the Mani living inwards the Trang woods expanse inwards Dec 1982 found that at that spot were 3 groups:
1. the "Above Klong Thong River" band of nine males as well as half-dozen females
2. the "Khlong Hindaeng River" band of eleven males as well as seven females
3. the "Jaopha" band, of nine males as well as nine females.
By questioning them, nosotros have got learned that inwards Trang Province at that spot had originally been v groups. Two of them had moved away:
4. Mr. Sung's grouping from Ban Naitra village
5. Mr. Yung's/Mrs. Yum's grouping from the vicinity of Ban Hin Jork hamlet had moved into the expanse of Manung inwards Satun Province.
Only 3 groups remained inwards the Trang hamlet expanse inwards the early on 1990s.
The "Jaopha" Band is quite unlike from the other Mani bands. This band is organised differently from the other groups. One divergence is that the band is made upward of members of families of elderberry brothers as well as sisters joining together. Another is that members of the band tin hook upward alongside each other equally long equally they are non blood relatives. Such exercise is unlike from that of the other Mani where no union amid band members is usually allowed. The "Jaopha" band inwards the early on 1990s consisted of v families nether the leadership of Mr. Khai who is brother-in-law to 1 fellow member as well as uncle to other members of his band.
In Mani guild at that spot is no right, apart from tradition, to assert province ownership. Yet inwards their hunting-gathering activities, the bands hardly e'er intrude into territories belonging to other bands. Members of a band larn early on close the areas that they are allowed to purpose for themselves as well as forcefulness would non live on used to expel or punish trespassers. At times where the province is not suitable for hunting or for collecting wild potatoes, "we alive temporarily alongside other bands to portion nutrient alongside them." (Mr. Loh, BE 2535 / AD 1992). In normal times, each Mani hunting band sticks to its ain territory for hunting as well as gathering activities.
Mani family
1. The site must live on on slightly sloping terrain as well as non inside a hollow where rainwater could gather.
2. The site must live on close a source of fresh flowing H2O (standing H2O &endash; which the Mani telephone holler upward "dead water" &endash; would non live on acceptable as well as is regarded equally unhealthy). The Mani also shun H2O from a canal or a river or below a waterfall, for fearfulness of flash floods. The sleeplessness caused past times the roaring rivers during the rainy flavor equally also live on mentioned (Mr. You, 1992) equally a argue for shunning such locations. Even if a proper H2O source has been found, the gustation of the H2O volition also live on a consideration.
3. The site must live on shaded past times trees that are large plenty to render cool air as well as shelter but non so large that they endanger the Mani as well as their huts during a storm.
4. There should have got been no human decease at the chosen house - as well as no haunting past times evil spirits. The Mani believe that evil spirits are the effort of sickness as well as to ensure that a house is complimentary of such influences they require:
- that the house nether consideration does non effort the pilus to ascent inwards fright (i.e. that the expanse non live on "spooky"), but instead that it gives a feeling of cosiness as well as freedom- that the house nether consideration shows plentiful secondary increment of immature trees. If the expanse has lean or no secondary growth, living people should remain away - an evil spirit must live on at that spot that is capable of causing illness. "When fifty-fifty immature trees cannot grow there, how could a human?" (Mr. Sung, 1992).5. There must live on abundant nutrient resources inwards the expanse nether consideration as well as it must live on non equally good far from an expanse where bamboo grows.
- that the house nether consideration has no white pismire (termite) hills, specially non 1 of a rather darkish species, equally it this could live on the dwelling theatre of an evil spirit as well as could effort illness amid humans.
Mani girls inwards front end of their Ayah (hut)
After a proposed location has been found to fulfill all requirements after it has been decided to laid the hamlet there, the Mani forthwith laid out constructing their ayahs (huts). All available men assist the caput of the theatre unit of measurement inwards cutting downwards wood as well as inwards collecting large poud (banana) leaves for the roofing. The women as well as children clear the ground as well as get together lianas which are used to handgrip the structure together.
An ayah is simply made, a hut alongside a roofing of leaves. Within it, at that spot is a a bed platform, a panong, that is also a status symbol for its owner. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 single panong means that the shack belongs to an single mortal spell a double-panong singifies a married person. The panong is built at close 1 arm's length from the ground on 1 side, as well as touches the ground on the other side. The higher side of the structure is at the dorsum of the hut so that anyone lying would live on facing towards the exterior alongside the feet inwards the same direction. They believe that inwards instance of an onrush past times a wild beast or an enemy, they would silent acquire to their feet inwards fourth dimension for running away. This is also an illustration of the importance that they attach to their feet, equally "without feet they could non go anywhere as well as could non discover their food" (Mr Yoo, 1992) - (in Thai society, feet are non regarded equally a "polite" business office of the human body).
Moving to a New Place
The Mani are nomadic inwards habit which agency that they produce non alive permanently inwards he same place. Having to motion to a novel house is a normal lawsuit inwards Mani life. The determination on whether to remain seat or to motion is based on several considerations. The most of import argue for thinking of moving is shrinking productivity of the environs some the settlement, when animals as well as wild potatoes are getting hard to find. There are other reasons for considering a move, such as:
1. When someone has died inwards or close the electrical flow location, a motion away has to live on made quickly.
2. When sickness strikes a fellow member of the band as well as persists for some fourth dimension despite treatment, this agency that an evil spirit haunts the area. The electrical flow location has to live on abandoned speedily as well as a novel 1 found equally far away from it equally possible.
3. When a kid is born inwards the band, the Mani believe that the blood shed during nascence causes sickness (especially "dead blood", pregnant blood alongside a rigid smell) (Mrs. Bah, 1992). The band volition so motion to a novel location equally shortly equally the novel woman parent has regained her strength, 5-7 days after giving birth.
4. After an outsider (a non-Mani) has come upward to their hamlet as well as asked for their kid inwards a threatening manner. Such an lawsuit is considered a bad omen.
Mani Ayah (hut)
When the determination to motion has been taken, the Mani assist each other alongside packing as well as alongside carrying their possessions. The men are responsible for moving heavier items spell the women facial expression after lighter items as well as the children. Each possessor carries his ain blowpipe as well as other hunting implements. Smaller items (clothing, knives, salt, etc.) are carried inwards bags made of wrapped Pandanus-leaves, kajong. Lengths of rattan are tied to the handbag so that it tin live on carried over the shoulders similar a backpack.
In the old days earlier matches had reached the Mani, dry out rattan rubbed on a slice of dry out wood was used to brand terminate - a hard undertaking. When moving camp, the Mani had to bring a burning slice of wood along alongside them. During rains, the terminate was sheltered alongside a comprehend of broad leaves sewn together. Today, the purpose of matches or cigarette-lighters has acquire widespread as well as firewood is no longer carried on moves (Mr. You, 1992). Immediately earlier setting out, parents rub ash from the extinguished army camp terminate onto the children's bodies as well as faces. This is to protect as well as cover the children from evil spirits during the move. The spirits, fifty-fifty if they produce reckon the child, volition non retrieve it human. The Mani believe that if the spirits recognised a kid equally human, it would follow it as well as would later on onrush it at the novel location.
Food
The nutrient eaten past times the Mani is all found growing wild or living inwards the jungle - the Mani have got no noesis of agriculture as well as beast husbandry.Vegetables shape the staple diet, supplemented occasionally past times meat after a successful hunt.
Hunting as well as Gathering
The distribution of duties betwixt the sexes amid the Manias is equally is commonly found inwards other hunting as well as gathering societies. Men hunt as well as are responsible for gathering fruits as well as vegetables as well as for earthworks upward wild yams. Women are idea of equally beingness inferior to men inwards hunting ability. They are, instead, responsible for looking after the children. Breastfeeding as well as pregnancies also produce non allow long hunting trips to distant places.
Cooking
Outsiders often retrieve of the Mani equally backward as well as uncivilised when it comes to food. Mani eat only well-cooked food; they loathe raw food. The Mani explicate that "those who eat raw nutrient are barbarians non friends" as well as "when the Thai villagers see us as well as our children are afraid of the visiting grown-ups, nosotros say them to fearfulness not, for the villagers eat cooked nutrient exactly the way nosotros do." In the olden days when association alongside the Thai villagers was non equally mutual or unopen equally it is now, the Mani daily diet consisted of wild animals, fruit as well as vegetables.
Mani adult woman as well as child
The Mani used to have got only 1 method of cooking but today they know how to curry, boil, fry as well as roast inwards bamboo joints exactly similar their Thai neighbours. No affair how many cooking methods the Mani have got late learnt, when they have got successfully hunted an animal, they ready it the old-fashioned Mani way past times simply throwing the meat into a fire. When they retrieve that the meat is ready, they clit it out of the terminate as well as eat it immediately. When "cooking" inwards this way, the beast is non skinned, but its hairs are simply scorched away. Before eating, the Mani are goodness at removing the terminal remaining hairs. Next they cutting opened upward up the beast as well as portion out the meat to every theatre unit of measurement (i.e. every hut). Usually they terminate the meat inwards an opened upward space, alongside all theatre unit of measurement members some the fire, waiting as well as eager to complete the food. Should at that spot live on leftovers, they volition live on shared out to every hut for later on consumption. Mani produce non usually shop nutrient to swallow the next days. Instead they complete all available meat inwards 1 long feast as well as without wasting idea on whether nutrient volition live on available the next days. As long equally nutrient is available, eating volition go along until it is finished. The Mani relish their eating as well as they produce non discover specified repast times.
Food Sharing
In Mani guild at that spot is an amicability, a feeling of kindness amid equals, sharing the results of hunts as well as other nutrient amid members of the group, regardless of who had caught or gathered the nutrient as well as who had not. Those who have got nutrient willingly portion alongside those who produce not.
Mani people
Food sharing has 2 aspects. "Immediate-Return Subsistence" is a production organization that is found inwards ecosystems where nutrient plants are abundant as well as hunting is possible throughout the year, equally inwards a humid tropical climate. Human beings inwards this sort of environs demand non worry much or often close nutrient because it is naturally plentiful throughout the twelvemonth inwards most years. In such societies, nutrient sharing is an outstanding feature (ref. 8). "We cannot allow others starve; if they discover food, they volition also portion nutrient alongside us. If nosotros cannot discover animals, they volition give nutrient to us." (December BE 2535 / AD1992). Observation of food-sharing amid members of a grouping reveals that people gave others the best business office of what they had caught or found. If the nutrient was a hunted animal, they would portion to others the meatiest portions. The hunters maintain for themselves only the caput as well as the dorsum portions alongside the to the lowest degree meat on it. "We must portion out to others the goodness cuts; when they give us, they volition also give us the goodness cuts (Mr. You, of the "Above Khlong Tong River" Clan, BE 2535/AD 1992). Mr. Sung, a clan chief, also said that if someone caught animals as well as did non portion them alongside others, after his decease he would live on reincarnated equally a ka poh or a paeng tree (BE Oct 2534/AD 1991).
Clothing
From the 19th century onwards, a few researchers went to come across the Mani inwards their forests to record, amid other things, the way the Mani dressed. These researchers included Karr as well as Seidenfaden (ref. 19) who wrote that the Mani men "wear underdrawers made of tree bark wrapped some the torso alongside an destination slice roofing the front. Women have on brusk shirts made of grass or leaves." Prof. Duangjunt has interviewed Mr. Dub Sritharntoh (a sometime Mani primary inwards Yala Province) close Mani wearing apparel . He reports (ref.7) that "in the old days, Mani wore leaves as well as moss inwards the shape of a sheet. Women wore skirts reaching downwards to the knees or one-half the thighs: they clothe their breasts or exit them bare. Men have on waist-to-knee-length garments that exit the upper torso bare. Children have on nothing." Duangjunt added that this description agreed alongside the writings of John H. Brand who had noted, that "the wearing apparel of Negritos is made from materials obtainable from nature, including twigs as well as leaves which are woven into a fabric. Knee-length vesture is worn some the waist alongside the upper business office of the torso bare. Children, however, are naked."
In his mass close the Mani (ref. 20), Thai manly mortal monarch Rama V gives his line of piece of job organization human relationship of Mani wearing apparel equally follows: "men have on a slice of cloth roofing the pubic expanse betwixt the legs reaching from the front end to the rear; this is called nung loh leah. The destination of the cloth that suspends covers the frontal business office is called kor loh. This type of wearing apparel resembles that of the Khmers at Wat Nakorn equally they appear inwards rock carvings. The cloth may live on used narrower or wider depending on what is available. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 adult woman wears an inner under-wear called jawad, featuring a waist-band; a slice of cloth strapped betwixt the legs as well as some the exterior waist. When cloth is scarce or unavailable, leaves are used; when cloth is available, a type called horly, broad or narrow, is used. The narrow cloth reaches exactly inwards a higher house the knees. Women have got blankets called si bai, which seems to have got been added to their wearing apparel only since closer association alongside (Thai) villagers developed" (ref. 20).
Mr. Sung, primary of the "Above Khlong Tong River" band has given us an line of piece of job organization human relationship of Mani wearing apparel equally follows: "... my manly mortal parent told me that inwards the past, Mani collected strips of tree barks similar that of the sine tree to brand clothing." (BE Dec 2535 / AD 1992). This agreed alongside the line of piece of job organization human relationship of Grandma Pod Choo Nun who said that inwards World War II when vesture was scarce, some of the Mani soaked the bark of the sine tree inwards water, crunch it until soft as well as so made it into trousers.
The Mani of today have got growing contact alongside Thai villagers as well as their wearing apparel is modelled after that of Thai villagers. In Trang province inwards particular, Mani men wear pa tae sarongs or have on loin cloths as well as exit their upper torso bare. Women also similar to have on the same sarongs as well as a shirt. Children silent go by as well as large naked. Young men as well as women wearing apparel inwards accordance alongside the latest fashion they reckon trendy immature Thai villagers wearing, i.e. jeans, sail shoes as well as sunglasses.
Medicine as well as Health Care
Despite growing exterior influences, the Mani silent Pb lives unopen to nature. They non only acquire their nutrient as well as housing materials from their forests, they also acquire their medicines from it.
King Rama V (ref. 20) notes some item on Mani medical remedies. He wrote that "prevention of woods fever involves applying a white pulverisation on chin, cheeks as well as forehead, or strapping a rope some the the neck." He also added that "the Mani wonder medicine which helps alongside kid delivery. Mani experience many pregnancies, usually in 1 lawsuit a year. They have got a herbal medicine that is much sought-after past times Thais as well as Malays inwards the region. As for illnesses, the Mani produce non purpose much medicine but they produce purpose a sort of hydrotherapy as well as a terminate therapy".
The Mani know how to purpose plants growing inwards their jungle to cure a diverseness of diseases. They believe that the effort of illness is an evil spirit. Their medicines, therefore, go past times driving out such spirits. The Mani believe that the same lawsuit tin also live on accomplished past times wearing hua plai or kled klin, or past times smearing ash on the sufferer's torso as well as face, or past times doing the same to everybody involved earlier moving an entire hamlet to a novel location.
Today, the Mani are increasingly accepting novel beliefs as well as values. Before setting out to hunt or to get together honey, for example, the hunter-gatherers at nowadays prefer to bring stimulants equally advertised on television, as well as when they acquire sick, they bring modern medicines, rather than the herbs used past times their ancestors. It is thus all equally good probable that most of the traditional medical noesis volition vanish inwards the foreseeable future.
Marriage
The Mani social organization does non have got incestuous relationships as well as is built on the regulation of monogamy. When their children go inwards puberty, the parents build a novel as well as divide hut for them to alive in. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 daughter who has started catamenia is considered marriageable spell a man child who has developed facial pilus is said to live on ready to bring a wife.
The outset steps towards selecting a partner amid the Mani are left to the immature people themselves. In the days of yore, a adult woman selected her union partner based primarily on the man's hunting prowess. Today, a adult woman tends to brand her pick of a mate to a greater extent than on the ground of goodness looks as well as a modern style of dressing. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 swain wearing sunglasses as well as jeans is considered to a greater extent than desirable than 1 non doing so.
However, immature people cannot simply hook upward alongside in 1 lawsuit they experience mutual affection for each other as well as declare their wishing to acquire a couple. Before union as well as cohabitation is possible, a formal proposal has to live on made as well as the consent of the girl's parents has to live on sought. Should they oppose the union, the 2 immature people cannot marry, no affair how much they love each other. In such a case, it would live on considered bad shape for the swain to present his annoyance at the determination of the girl's parents.
Death
The Mani bury their dead. However, amid the Mani inwards Trang Province, burial of the dead is non practiced. Instead, at that spot is cremation of the dead together alongside their worldly possessions. This exercise is firmly rooted inwards the Mani belief system.
When a clan fellow member dies, irrespective of what caused it, the hut inwards which the dead mortal had lived volition live on closed alongside leaves. Sometimes a novel hut is built specially to have the body. Once the deceased has been placed inwards the hut alongside his or her personal possessions, the hut is closed on all sides alongside leaves as well as so assault fire. After the cremation, the members of the hamlet volition at in 1 lawsuit abandon their hamlet as well as motion to a novel location. Before they produce so, they volition say the corpse: "Don't follow us. You remain on your ain hither as well as nosotros on our own. You as well as nosotros cannot remain together." When moving away, they volition maintain looking dorsum inwards the belief that the dead inwards the shape of an evil spirit would otherwise follow them.
On our inquiry equally to why the Mani produce non bury the dead nosotros were told the following. "If nosotros buried the dead as well as anyone walked over the corpse, it would live on a sin. Also, nosotros produce non know whether a buried dead has died or not". The Mani believe that inwards the instance of a "real death", bones volition live on left behind spell inwards the instance of an "unreal death", no bones are left behind. In "unreal death", the dead is believed to have got gone inwards the management of Wan to render to his/her mother. If decease is "real" as well as bones are left behind, the dead mortal volition go along to reside inwards this ground amid large trees, but he or her volition produce so equally an evil spirit.
Uncle Vivhien Puksee, a Klang villager of Tambon Lamkrang, Palean district, Trang Province, told us that inwards the early on 1980s at that spot was a Mani, a sibling of Mrs. Bah, who was running away from an elephant when he savage into a fireplace as well as seriously injured himself. The clan members tried to nurse the adult man dorsum to wellness but he could non live on cured. As his status worsened, the band decided that they could non go along to back upward him since they would all starve otherwise. So they all moved to a novel place, leaving the sick adult man behind. Before departing, they left some nutrient for him as well as told him: "You remain hither for the fourth dimension being; if you lot acquire better, so follow us." The patient died there, alone. About 4 months later, clan members came dorsum to discover the man's bones. They concluded that he had had a "real death." Until today, the Mani have got never lived at that spot again, believing that the dead adult man was silent haunting the house of his decease (told past times Mr. Vivhien Puksee, BE 2534 / AD 1991).
Source:http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter36/text36.htm
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