Info For Y'all Lozi People: Unique Zambian Tribe Of The Kingdom Of Barotseland As Well As Their Famous Kuomboka Ceremony

"When the King is inwards the court, he is an elephant inwards thorns." Lozi Proverb,Zambia. This praise-saying evokes themes of symbiosis together with usual responsibleness that are at the nub of Lozi kingship. The thorns are his subjects; they tin protect the manly somebody monarch or impairment him inwards a struggle.

                                 Lozi people celebrating their annual Kuomboka festival

The Lozi are a cluster of interrelated Bantu-speaking ethnic groups located along the Zambezi River inwards Barotse Floodplain Province of western Zambia. The Barotse Floodplain inwards western Republic of Zambia is habitation to some 250,000 people calling themselves the ‘Balozi’. These plains, also known equally the Zambezi floodplains concealment some 5,500 foursquare kilometers together with each twelvemonth is subjected to a alluvion which virtually doubles this expanse for a few months of the year. As used here, the term Lozi refers both to the Lozi proper together with to those groups that receive got larn land of written report to together with assimilated past times the Lozi. These groups include the Kwanda, Makoma (Bamakoma), Mbowe (Mamboe), Mishulundu, Muenyi (Mwenyi), Mwanga, Ndundulu, Nygengo, Shanjo, together with Simaa. 

          Kololo Women amongst Water-Pots, Listening to the Music of the Marimba, Sansa, together with ‘Pan’s Pipes’

Migration together with settlement

The original people inwards Barotseland, (Lozi), are known equally Aluyi or Aluyana. Through a procedure of assimilation, the grouping came to live known equally Lozi consisting of twenty-five Bantu speaking people groups (Gluckman 1968:3). The Luyana grouping comprises the Kwandi, Kwangwa, Muenyi together with Mbowe peoples. Kwangwa people are believed to receive got descended from Mbuyamwambwa through her immature lady Noleya. They established their habitation inwards the surrounding expanse of Mongu. Subsequently, Kwangwa people were conquered past times Ngalama together with relocated to the highland to piece of occupation Fe (Jalla1954:10-12). Muenyi people originated from the Lunda together with Luyi. The Kwandi’s connectedness is illustrated linguistically for they speak a Luyi dialect.

In fourth dimension the next tribes were assimilated into the Lozi tribe: Nyengo, Makoma, Ndundulu, Simaa, Mashi, Mishulundu, Yei together with Old Mbunda. These tribes receive got unknown origins but it is proposed that they are Luba speaking. The Nkoya cluster comprising Nkoya, Mashasha together with Lukolwe together with Lushange was also incorporated. Another grouping which was absorbed is made upwardly of Ila, Tonga, We, Totela, Toka, Subiya, Shanjo, Leya, Lenje together with Sala. These groups spoke Tonga related dialects. Two other Luba speaking groups arrived belatedly inwards Bulozi. The first, Mawiko (westerners) embraces the Lubale, Mbunda, Luchazi together with Chokwe. The minute Luba speaking shape consists of the Lunda, Ndembu together with Mbwela (Turner 1952:9).

                                                          Map of Mfecane

The early on people inwards the Bulozi alluvion plains must receive got been Stone Age inwards conformity amongst village patterns

 in the residuum of Zambia. These groups of people resemble the Bushmen of the Kalahari (Fagan 1966:33). The existence of Bushmen-type people is farther established past times tales close small-scale people inwards Bantu traditions (Mainga 1973:8). In recent times, Bushmen-type of people are found inwards the Mashi together with Chobe areas inwards the southern extremities of Bulozi Iron Age settlers later displaced the Stone Age people. Archaeological finds inwards Western Republic of Zambia dot to contemporaneous patterns to those occurring elsewhere inwards Zambia. Early Luyana people could receive got settled inwards Bulozi betwixt 200 together with 500 AD according to bear witness adduced from pottery finds (Brown 1998:25). Founders of the Lozi dynasty seem to receive got incorporated at to the lowest degree 2 distinct groups, i found inwards the northward together with some other inwards the south. The before groups could receive got lived inwards small-scale groups nether local chiefs. These groups are identifiable to this 24-hour interval piece most of them are known past times the same names (Mainga 1973:9;O’Sullivan 1993:v).

The next tribes lived inwards the northward close Kalabo either inwards the 16th or 17th centuries. The Muenyi, Imilangu, Ndundulu, Mbowe, Liuwa, Simaa, Makoma together with Nyengo. In the S were the Subiya, Mbukushu, Toka, Totela, Shanjo, together with Fwe (Mainga 1973:11; O’Sullivan 1993:v). The 2 groups were non exclusively geographically divided, but linguistically equally well. The Southerners were related to the Tonga groups occurring inwards the Southern province of Republic of Zambia (Mainga 1973:11). However Mainga‘s categorization of the Southern tribes equally having Tonga origins is doubtful inwards certainly cases. The argue being, apart from Subiya, Toka together with Leya the other groups demonstrate dissimilar descent (Fagan 1967:17). For instance, Mbukushu history does

non describe their origins from Tonga but from farther east. They later traveled downwards next the Kabompo River to its confluence amongst the Zambezi. Under pressure level from Lozi people they settled on an isle called Mubeta together with after farther, S inwards the Okavango (Van Tonder 1966:37). The Mbukushu inwards the westward of the Kwando River speak a Luyana dialect indicating influence arising from early on contacts (Pretorius 1975:17). Equally, it is suggested that the Fwe originated inwards the westward together with are properly grouped amongst the Okavango tribes. The Yeyi are mayhap closed to the Tswana inwards Southern Africa (Pretorius 1975:24). Today the Subiya, Mbukushu, Yeyi together with Fwe live inwards the Okavango portion of the Caprivi Zipfel predominantly speaking Silozi together with their respective languages.

Litunga Lewanika, photographed inwards Scotland on his see to United Kingdom of Great Britain together with Northern Ireland of Britain together with Northern Republic of Ireland for the Coronation of Edwards VII. Circa 1902

The Northerners, on the other hand, are linguistically linked to Siluyana, which is a Luba language. It appears that the 2 groups- northern together with southern, receive got been conquered past times a later grouping of Lunda people, thus, plumbing equipment the Luba-Lunda Diaspora (Mainga 1973:17;Brown 1998:24). If this proposal is right together with so Lunda conquerors arrived inwards the northward around the sixteenth century.

Around 1800 (Mainga 1973:16) or 1820 (White1962:12), other people arrived from the westward seeking refuge. The 2 groups were Mbalangwe nether Mwenekandala together with Mbunda nether Mwenechiengele. They were both welcomed together with settled due east of the alluvion manifestly inwards the environs of Mongu past times the Lozi master copy Mulambwa (O’Sullivan 1993:v; Brown 1998:28). The expanse was previously inhabited past times Nkoya people who

had been brought from their eastern homeland. The Nkoya were moved to the westward to exercise a buffer against immigrants from the west.

Legend has it that Nkoya people belong to the Lunda grouping that founded the Lozi dynasty (Mainga 1973:16). This hypothesis is supported past times the permanent presence of Nkoya music repertoire together with instruments at the Lozi majestic court. In addition, at that spot is linguistic closeness betwixt Nkoya together with some of the before linguistic communication groups which, has non been adequately accounted for.

After the decease of the 10th ruler, Mulambwa, around 1830 the kingdom brutal into chaos due to a succession dispute betwixt Mubukwanu together with his blood brother Silumelume. Subsequently Silumelume was murdered however, before Mubukwanu could convey over chieftainship, Kololo conquerors invaded the dry soil (Mainga 1966:126; Yukawa 1987:73). The Kololo, a horde amongst a Basuto nucleus, conquered Aluyana people inwards the middle of the nineteenth century. Kololo tribe belonged to the Bafokeng of Patsa who lived on the Kurutlele Mountain on the banking concern of Vet River (Ellenberger 1912:306; Gluckman 1968:1; O’Sullivan 1993:vi). During their northward move the original grouping swelled through alliances together with assimilation of conquered people. Sebitwane was their leader. It is around this menstruum that the cite of the Luyana people was changed to the cite Rotse. 

When Kololo warriors entered Barotseland at Sesheke they found a tribe of Subiya who paid tribute to the Luyi. The Subiya pronounced the cite of their pillagers Luizi. In turn, the Kololo corrupted the cite farther to Ba-rozi (Turner 1952:9). Missionaries of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society who were good conversant inwards Sesotho linguistic communication elected to spell the cite of the people Barotse. Luyana people later liberated their province but retained Kololo language. Following their defeat inwards 1838 past times the Kololo a grouping of Luyana princes fled northward together with lived inwards exile at Lukwakwa (White 1962:11, 18). Kololo’s hegemony was weakened after the decease of Sebitwane’s son, Sekeletu, inwards 1863 (Smith 1956:74; Giles 1997:17).

In 1864 the Lozi to the northward together with Toka inwards the S simultaneously rebelled together with cast off their yoke of subjection. Led past times Sipopa the princes inwards the northward regrouped, descended on the Kololo together with annihilated the men leaving exclusively women together with children (Yukawa 1987:73; O’Sullivan 1993:vii; Zorn 2004:7). Sipopa ascended to the throne, but was ousted from powerfulness inwards 1878. He was succeeded past times Mwanawina whose reign was short-lived for less than 2 years. His successor Lewanika was instrumental inwards expanding the kingdom conquering component of the Luvale to the northward together with gave protection to Ishinde’s Lunda. Moreover, across the edge raids were done on the Kaonde to the northward together with Illa together with Tonga to the south. The conquered people were forced to pay tribute.

In the nineteenth Century, other people visited the Lozi kingdom. Among them are Portuguese, Ovimbundu, half-caste slave traders together with Arabs from the westward coast. Griqua traders were the foremost to achieve the Kololo from the south. Missionaries from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society based inwards Basuto dry soil pioneered their piece of occupation amid the Lozi inwards 1883-7 (Mainga 1973:216; O’Sullivan 1993:vii). In 1890 together with 1900 nether advice from Paris Evangelical missionaries, Lewanika signed treaties accepting British protection nether the auspices of the British South African Company (Zorn 2004:24)

In 1878, the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society tried to constitute mission piece of occupation inwards Bulozi through Francois Coillard. However due to political instability inwards the kingdom manly somebody monarch Lewanika prohibited start of whatever work. Coillard left the Lozi kingdom inwards 1879 together with exclusively returned inwards 1885. During his absence, 2 other missionary attempts were made. Firstly, some Jesuits tried to found a mission inwards Bulozi. Mupatu (1959:29) fixes the coming of the Jesuits inwards 1833. To the contrary, the appointment is approximated to 1883 betwixt Coillard’s foremost see (1879) together with his provide inwards 1885 (Arnot’s 1889:71, 81-82; Mainga 1973:235). After visiting Lewanika the Jesuits’ efforts were rejected due to misunderstandings amongst the manly somebody monarch (Arnot 1889:71). Differences were essentially inflared past times Lozi people’s propensity to begging which were exacerbated past times the Catholics’ miserliness, a thing construed for dishonesty

(Arnot 1889:71-72; Mupatu 1959:29)

 Kingship together with expansion

Early village patterns followed original conquest of the small-scale tribes inwards Kalabo expanse past times Mboo Mwanasilundu Muyunda credited equally the foremost manly somebody monarch of Lozi people. The next tribes were conquered; Mishulundu, Namale, Imilangu, Upangoma, Liuwa, Muenyi together with Mbowe (Jalla 1954:9). Mboo’s kingdom at this early on phase was neither large nor highly centralized. With the passage of fourth dimension small-scale bands of royalties drifted southwards from the Kalabo village mayhap after succession feuds.

Mwanambinyi laid upwardly his chiefdom inwards the Senanga area. His people are known equally Akwandi (Mainga 1973:28; Brown 1998:27). Later Mange left the Kalabo village journeying southward together with settled inwards the vicinity of acquaint 24-hour interval Mongu. The northern remnant grouping led past times Ngombala, the 6th king, consolidated the kingdom past times conquering the dissident chiefdoms equally good equally the remaining southern tribes. Mange’s

grouping was known equally Akwangwa after his assassination because they deserted their ruler (Jalla 1954:10-12;Turner 1952:9).

The establishment of Lozi kingship so developed through a procedure of borrowing together with conquest. Sources of this increment prevarication inwards the environs together with ambitions of the rulers equally good equally the neighbouring groups. Exemplarily Lozi tradition dot out that Isimwaa a leader the Ndundulu impressed the thought of kingship on the aboriginal tribal leaders (Mainga 1973:33). Ndundulu tradition on the other manus indicates that Lozi people made an alliance amongst Isimwaa but later took over his chieftainship together with forced his people, Ndundulu, into subjection.

Another illustration of borrowing is illustrated past times the acquisition of Maoma drums. These majestic together with state of war drums characteristic prominently inwards installation rituals. Installation rites come upwardly to a peak when the elected manly somebody monarch sits on i of the drums. Maoma drums, though, were captured from Mwanambinyi who inwards turn had confiscated them from the Mbukushu. Similarly, the majestic ensemble features Nkoya xylophones together with music (Mainga 1973:13). It appears that the early on Luyana did non receive got a centralized monarchical system. Luyana was ruled past times chiefs who claimed to receive got magical powers. They prayed to Nyambe together with their ancestors for healing, fertility together with successful hunting trips (Brown 1998:25). 

Kingdom of Barotseland`s Emblem

On xviii May 1964, the Litunga together with Kenneth Kaunda Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia signed the "Barotseland Agreement 1964" which established Barotseland's seat within Republic of Zambia inwards identify of the before understanding betwixt Barotseland together with the British Government. The understanding was based on a long history of closed social, economical together with political interactions. The Barotseland Agreement granted Barotse authorities together with people specified limited local self-governance rights together with rights to live consulted on specified matters, including over land, natural resources together with local government.

ZAMBIA`S FIRST PRESIDENT KENNETH KAUNDA RETURNING FROM HIS TRIP WHERE HE SIGNED THE BAROTSELAND AGREEMENT IN BRITAIN IN 1964

Barotseland continued to antechamber to live treated equally a separate province together with was given substantial autonomy within the later states, Northern Rhodesia together with independent Zambia. At the pre-Independence talks, the Barotse merely asked for a continuation of "Queen Victoria's protection". Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 want to secede was expressed from fourth dimension to time, causing some friction amongst the authorities of Kenneth Kaunda, reflected inwards the latter changing its cite from Barotseland Province to Western Province. According to Barotse views, the authorities inwards Lusaka also starved Barotseland of evolution — it has exclusively i tarred route into the centre, from Lusaka to the provincial working capital missive of the alphabet of Mongu, together with lacks the variety of province infrastructure projects found inwards other provinces. Electricity supplies are erratic, relying on an ageing connecter to the hydroelectric flora at Kariba. Consequently secessionist views are silent aired from fourth dimension to time.

                                         Barotseland promotional banking concern note

Currently, at that spot are 3 groups who claim to stand upwardly for Barotseland. In Jan 2012, The president of Zambia, Mr.Michael Sata met the representatives of the 3 groups at the Zambian State House inwards Lusaka. The groups are Linyungandambo, Barotse Freedom Movement (BFM) together with the Movement for the Restoration of Barotseland.[6] Experts receive got said that these 3 groups may larn political parties should Barotseland gain independence. Fighting betwixt the 3 groups has already surfaced. An article which appeared on the Zambian Watchdog purported to live authored past times a BFM representative condemned the activities of Linyungandambo group. The BFM defendant the Linyungandambo of having laid upwardly Barotseland Government portal website without consultations, together with included BFM members inwards the puroported Barotseland Government without their consents, together with inwards disregard of the elbow grease beingness made past times Mr. Sata to detect a lasting solution. The author, Mr. Shuwanga Shuwanga went on to also let on how the Linyungandambo had refused to piece of occupation amongst the BFM dorsum inwards 2011.

                                  Lozi noble inwards his traditional dress

Economy

In a habitat characterized past times nifty seasonal together with ecological variation, it is non surprising that the Lozi subsistence economic scheme is both mixed together with complex. Lozi agriculture produces such staples equally bulrush millet,

cassava, sorghum, together with maize, plus a publish of lesser crops, including groundnuts, sweetness potatoes, beans, together with melons. Agricultural crops, methods, together with intensity vary amongst the location of the plot, the type of soil, the amount of moisture, together with the population's needs.Most tillage is done amongst hoes, the plough beingness a recent, together with non ever practical, introduction. Fallowing, manuring, crop rotation, together with construction of drainage ditches are all known to the Lozi together with applied where deemed necessary. 

          Kololo Women amongst Water-Pots, Listening to the Music of the Marimba, Sansa, together with ‘Pan’s Pipes’

Migration together with settlement

The original people inwards Barotseland, (Lozi), are known equally Aluyi or Aluyana. Through a procedure of assimilation, the grouping came to live known equally Lozi consisting of twenty-five Bantu speaking people groups (Gluckman 1968:3). The Luyana grouping comprises the Kwandi, Kwangwa, Muenyi together with Mbowe peoples. Kwangwa people are believed to receive got descended from Mbuyamwambwa through her immature lady Noleya. They established their habitation inwards the surrounding expanse of Mongu. Subsequently, Kwangwa people were conquered past times Ngalama together with relocated to the highland to piece of occupation Fe (Jalla1954:10-12). Muenyi people originated from the Lunda together with Luyi. The Kwandi’s connectedness is illustrated linguistically for they speak a Luyi dialect.

In fourth dimension the next tribes were assimilated into the Lozi tribe: Nyengo, Makoma, Ndundulu, Simaa, Mashi, Mishulundu, Yei together with Old Mbunda. These tribes receive got unknown origins but it is proposed that they are Luba speaking. The Nkoya cluster comprising Nkoya, Mashasha together with Lukolwe together with Lushange was also incorporated. Another grouping which was absorbed is made upwardly of Ila, Tonga, We, Totela, Toka, Subiya, Shanjo, Leya, Lenje together with Sala. These groups spoke Tonga related dialects. Two other Luba speaking groups arrived belatedly inwards Bulozi. The first, Mawiko (westerners) embraces the Lubale, Mbunda, Luchazi together with Chokwe. The minute Luba speaking shape consists of the Lunda, Ndembu together with Mbwela (Turner 1952:9).

                                                          Map of Mfecane

The early on people inwards the Bulozi alluvion plains must receive got been Stone Age inwards conformity amongst village patterns

 in the residuum of Zambia. These groups of people resemble the Bushmen of the Kalahari (Fagan 1966:33). The existence of Bushmen-type people is farther established past times tales close small-scale people inwards Bantu traditions (Mainga 1973:8). In recent times, Bushmen-type of people are found inwards the Mashi together with Chobe areas inwards the southern extremities of Bulozi Iron Age settlers later displaced the Stone Age people. Archaeological finds inwards Western Republic of Zambia dot to contemporaneous patterns to those occurring elsewhere inwards Zambia. Early Luyana people could receive got settled inwards Bulozi betwixt 200 together with 500 AD according to bear witness adduced from pottery finds (Brown 1998:25). Founders of the Lozi dynasty seem to receive got incorporated at to the lowest degree 2 distinct groups, i found inwards the northward together with some other inwards the south. The before groups could receive got lived inwards small-scale groups nether local chiefs. These groups are identifiable to this 24-hour interval piece most of them are known past times the same names (Mainga 1973:9;O’Sullivan 1993:v).

The next tribes lived inwards the northward close Kalabo either inwards the 16th or 17th centuries. The Muenyi, Imilangu, Ndundulu, Mbowe, Liuwa, Simaa, Makoma together with Nyengo. In the S were the Subiya, Mbukushu, Toka, Totela, Shanjo, together with Fwe (Mainga 1973:11; O’Sullivan 1993:v). The 2 groups were non exclusively geographically divided, but linguistically equally well. The Southerners were related to the Tonga groups occurring inwards the Southern province of Republic of Zambia (Mainga 1973:11). However Mainga‘s categorization of the Southern tribes equally having Tonga origins is doubtful inwards certainly cases. The argue being, apart from Subiya, Toka together with Leya the other groups demonstrate dissimilar descent (Fagan 1967:17). For instance, Mbukushu history does

non describe their origins from Tonga but from farther east. They later traveled downwards next the Kabompo River to its confluence amongst the Zambezi. Under pressure level from Lozi people they settled on an isle called Mubeta together with after farther, S inwards the Okavango (Van Tonder 1966:37). The Mbukushu inwards the westward of the Kwando River speak a Luyana dialect indicating influence arising from early on contacts (Pretorius 1975:17). Equally, it is suggested that the Fwe originated inwards the westward together with are properly grouped amongst the Okavango tribes. The Yeyi are mayhap closed to the Tswana inwards Southern Africa (Pretorius 1975:24). Today the Subiya, Mbukushu, Yeyi together with Fwe live inwards the Okavango portion of the Caprivi Zipfel predominantly speaking Silozi together with their respective languages.

Litunga Lewanika, photographed inwards Scotland on his see to United Kingdom of Great Britain together with Northern Ireland of Britain together with Northern Republic of Ireland for the Coronation of Edwards VII. Circa 1902

The Northerners, on the other hand, are linguistically linked to Siluyana, which is a Luba language. It appears that the 2 groups- northern together with southern, receive got been conquered past times a later grouping of Lunda people, thus, plumbing equipment the Luba-Lunda Diaspora (Mainga 1973:17;Brown 1998:24). If this proposal is right together with so Lunda conquerors arrived inwards the northward around the sixteenth century.

Around 1800 (Mainga 1973:16) or 1820 (White1962:12), other people arrived from the westward seeking refuge. The 2 groups were Mbalangwe nether Mwenekandala together with Mbunda nether Mwenechiengele. They were both welcomed together with settled due east of the alluvion manifestly inwards the environs of Mongu past times the Lozi master copy Mulambwa (O’Sullivan 1993:v; Brown 1998:28). The expanse was previously inhabited past times Nkoya people who

had been brought from their eastern homeland. The Nkoya were moved to the westward to exercise a buffer against immigrants from the west.

Legend has it that Nkoya people belong to the Lunda grouping that founded the Lozi dynasty (Mainga 1973:16). This hypothesis is supported past times the permanent presence of Nkoya music repertoire together with instruments at the Lozi majestic court. In addition, at that spot is linguistic closeness betwixt Nkoya together with some of the before linguistic communication groups which, has non been adequately accounted for.

After the decease of the 10th ruler, Mulambwa, around 1830 the kingdom brutal into chaos due to a succession dispute betwixt Mubukwanu together with his blood brother Silumelume. Subsequently Silumelume was murdered however, before Mubukwanu could convey over chieftainship, Kololo conquerors invaded the dry soil (Mainga 1966:126; Yukawa 1987:73). The Kololo, a horde amongst a Basuto nucleus, conquered Aluyana people inwards the middle of the nineteenth century. Kololo tribe belonged to the Bafokeng of Patsa who lived on the Kurutlele Mountain on the banking concern of Vet River (Ellenberger 1912:306; Gluckman 1968:1; O’Sullivan 1993:vi). During their northward move the original grouping swelled through alliances together with assimilation of conquered people. Sebitwane was their leader. It is around this menstruum that the cite of the Luyana people was changed to the cite Rotse. 

When Kololo warriors entered Barotseland at Sesheke they found a tribe of Subiya who paid tribute to the Luyi. The Subiya pronounced the cite of their pillagers Luizi. In turn, the Kololo corrupted the cite farther to Ba-rozi (Turner 1952:9). Missionaries of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society who were good conversant inwards Sesotho linguistic communication elected to spell the cite of the people Barotse. Luyana people later liberated their province but retained Kololo language. Following their defeat inwards 1838 past times the Kololo a grouping of Luyana princes fled northward together with lived inwards exile at Lukwakwa (White 1962:11, 18). Kololo’s hegemony was weakened after the decease of Sebitwane’s son, Sekeletu, inwards 1863 (Smith 1956:74; Giles 1997:17).

In 1864 the Lozi to the northward together with Toka inwards the S simultaneously rebelled together with cast off their yoke of subjection. Led past times Sipopa the princes inwards the northward regrouped, descended on the Kololo together with annihilated the men leaving exclusively women together with children (Yukawa 1987:73; O’Sullivan 1993:vii; Zorn 2004:7). Sipopa ascended to the throne, but was ousted from powerfulness inwards 1878. He was succeeded past times Mwanawina whose reign was short-lived for less than 2 years. His successor Lewanika was instrumental inwards expanding the kingdom conquering component of the Luvale to the northward together with gave protection to Ishinde’s Lunda. Moreover, across the edge raids were done on the Kaonde to the northward together with Illa together with Tonga to the south. The conquered people were forced to pay tribute.

In the nineteenth Century, other people visited the Lozi kingdom. Among them are Portuguese, Ovimbundu, half-caste slave traders together with Arabs from the westward coast. Griqua traders were the foremost to achieve the Kololo from the south. Missionaries from Paris Evangelical Missionary Society based inwards Basuto dry soil pioneered their piece of occupation amid the Lozi inwards 1883-7 (Mainga 1973:216; O’Sullivan 1993:vii). In 1890 together with 1900 nether advice from Paris Evangelical missionaries, Lewanika signed treaties accepting British protection nether the auspices of the British South African Company (Zorn 2004:24)

In 1878, the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society tried to constitute mission piece of occupation inwards Bulozi through Francois Coillard. However due to political instability inwards the kingdom manly somebody monarch Lewanika prohibited start of whatever work. Coillard left the Lozi kingdom inwards 1879 together with exclusively returned inwards 1885. During his absence, 2 other missionary attempts were made. Firstly, some Jesuits tried to found a mission inwards Bulozi. Mupatu (1959:29) fixes the coming of the Jesuits inwards 1833. To the contrary, the appointment is approximated to 1883 betwixt Coillard’s foremost see (1879) together with his provide inwards 1885 (Arnot’s 1889:71, 81-82; Mainga 1973:235). After visiting Lewanika the Jesuits’ efforts were rejected due to misunderstandings amongst the manly somebody monarch (Arnot 1889:71). Differences were essentially inflared past times Lozi people’s propensity to begging which were exacerbated past times the Catholics’ miserliness, a thing construed for dishonesty

(Arnot 1889:71-72; Mupatu 1959:29)

 Kingship together with expansion

Early village patterns followed original conquest of the small-scale tribes inwards Kalabo expanse past times Mboo Mwanasilundu Muyunda credited equally the foremost manly somebody monarch of Lozi people. The next tribes were conquered; Mishulundu, Namale, Imilangu, Upangoma, Liuwa, Muenyi together with Mbowe (Jalla 1954:9). Mboo’s kingdom at this early on phase was neither large nor highly centralized. With the passage of fourth dimension small-scale bands of royalties drifted southwards from the Kalabo village mayhap after succession feuds.

Mwanambinyi laid upwardly his chiefdom inwards the Senanga area. His people are known equally Akwandi (Mainga 1973:28; Brown 1998:27). Later Mange left the Kalabo village journeying southward together with settled inwards the vicinity of acquaint 24-hour interval Mongu. The northern remnant grouping led past times Ngombala, the 6th king, consolidated the kingdom past times conquering the dissident chiefdoms equally good equally the remaining southern tribes. Mange’s

grouping was known equally Akwangwa after his assassination because they deserted their ruler (Jalla 1954:10-12;Turner 1952:9).

The establishment of Lozi kingship so developed through a procedure of borrowing together with conquest. Sources of this increment prevarication inwards the environs together with ambitions of the rulers equally good equally the neighbouring groups. Exemplarily Lozi tradition dot out that Isimwaa a leader the Ndundulu impressed the thought of kingship on the aboriginal tribal leaders (Mainga 1973:33). Ndundulu tradition on the other manus indicates that Lozi people made an alliance amongst Isimwaa but later took over his chieftainship together with forced his people, Ndundulu, into subjection.

Another illustration of borrowing is illustrated past times the acquisition of Maoma drums. These majestic together with state of war drums characteristic prominently inwards installation rituals. Installation rites come upwardly to a peak when the elected manly somebody monarch sits on i of the drums. Maoma drums, though, were captured from Mwanambinyi who inwards turn had confiscated them from the Mbukushu. Similarly, the majestic ensemble features Nkoya xylophones together with music (Mainga 1973:13). It appears that the early on Luyana did non receive got a centralized monarchical system. Luyana was ruled past times chiefs who claimed to receive got magical powers. They prayed to Nyambe together with their ancestors for healing, fertility together with successful hunting trips (Brown 1998:25). 

Kingdom of Barotseland`s Emblem

On xviii May 1964, the Litunga together with Kenneth Kaunda Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia signed the "Barotseland Agreement 1964" which established Barotseland's seat within Republic of Zambia inwards identify of the before understanding betwixt Barotseland together with the British Government. The understanding was based on a long history of closed social, economical together with political interactions. The Barotseland Agreement granted Barotse authorities together with people specified limited local self-governance rights together with rights to live consulted on specified matters, including over land, natural resources together with local government.

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                          (Kings) Litungas of Barotseland

The championship 'Litunga' is the championship of the Lozi manly somebody monarch together with way 'of the earth' or 'owner of the earth' signifying that the King of the Lozis is caretaker of all the lands of the Lozi kingdom. The foremost monarchs of the Luyi people who were the earliest known of the Lozi peoples acquaint today inwards Barotseland were led past times women when they foremost arrived on the Bulozi alluvion manifestly after a staged migration from the Lunda-Luba empire of the Katanga portion inwards acquaint 24-hour interval Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The earliest known of these queens is remembered past times the cite of Mwambwa who bore a immature lady called Mbuyuwamwambwa - 'Mbuyu of Mwambwa'. It is from this queen nether whose leadership the Luyi settled inwards Kalabo district. During the reign of Mbuyu, i of her sons, Mboo was selected to live the foremost manly somebody monarch together with from that fourth dimension forwards, exclusively males receive got occupied the Kingship. The dates of the reigns of the diverse kings are vague upwardly to the fourth dimension of Lewanika.

Here is a listing of Litungas inwards chronological monastic say starting amongst the foremost male. There are variations on this listing together with the reader mightiness wishing to consult other historians for comparison.

The Litunga of Barotseland His Royal Majesty (HRM) Lubosi Imwiko the minute celebrating his x twelvemonth reign inwards Barotseland.

Mboo - also: Mwanasilundu Muyunda - Mboo may receive got been a nickname added after his overdue birth

Inyambo - older blood brother to Mboo

Yeta - an uncle to Mboo together with Inyambo, sis of Mbuyu

Ingalamwa

Ngalama - boy of Ingalamwa

Yeta Nalute - boy of Ngalama

Ngombala - boy of Ngalama

Yubya

Mwanawina

Mwananyanda

Mulambwa - : c1780-c1830

Silumulume - boy of Mulambwa

Mubukwanu - boy of Mulambwa 

Makololo interregnum

Sibitwane : died seventh July 1851

Mamochisane - immature lady of Sibitwane, said to receive got handed the chiefship over real quickly

Sekeletu - boy of Sibitwane 1852-1864

Mamili

Mbololo - blood brother of Sibitwane 1864-1864

Sipopa - also: Lutangu 1864-1876

Litunga Sipopa

Mwanawina1876-1878

Lubosi : 1878-1884 (b. c1842 d. Feb. 1916)

Litunga Lubosi

Tatila Akufuna : 1884-1885

Tatila Akufuna : 1884-1885

Lubosi - forthwith known equally Lewanika 'the uniter': 1885-1916

                                  Lewanika "The Uniter"

Litia - became Yeta III - boy of Lewanika: 1916-1945 (June)

Litunga Yeta III

Imwiko : boy of Lewanika 1945-1948 (June)

                                      Litunga Imwiko

Mwanawina III : 1948-1968 (b. c1888 d. 13th November 1968)

Mwanawina III

Mbikusita - boy of Lewanika: 1968 (15th Dec)-1977 (b. c1907 d. 1977)

                      Litunga Mbikusita

Ilute - sometimes referred to equally Yeta IV - boy of Yeta III: 1977-2000 (d. seventh July 2000)

Litunga Yeta IV

Lubosi II - boy of Imwiko: 2000 (October) - shortly reigning - 'Yo shoo, Yo shoo, long live His Royal Highness!'

Malena a Nalolo

Litunga la Mboela is a Mulena Mukwae (princess chief) ruling over the southern component of Bulozi who, inwards the contemporary era at least, is simultaneously Regent Princess of Barotseland. Most of the twelvemonth she is based at Nalolo, the traditional working capital missive of the alphabet of the S together with minute most of import majestic centre of Barotseland, but inwards the alluvion season, she proceeds past times way of Kuomboka inwards her ain Nalikwanda barge to Muoyo on the eastern margin of the alluvion plain. The acquaint incumbent of the position, the Mokwae Makwibi, has been the Litunga la Mboela since 1958 together with is highly respected. She has borne witness to 4 Litungaships at Lealui/Limulunga. Her Prime Minister is called Sambi (the acquaint occupoant of the transportation service is Pastor Barrington Kalaluka Muhongo) who heads a Kuta together with Indunas at Nalolo/Muoyo. This Kuta is made upwardly of occupants amongst titles similar to those of the Saa Sikalo Kuta at Lealui/Limulunga.

Notulu - immature lady to Mwanambinje, married adult woman to Ngalama

Mbanga

Yubya

Nakambe

Mwanamatia

Kusiyo

Mubukwanu - Prince who fought together with won against his blood brother Silumelume inwards the succession battle next the decease of their father, Mulambwa. This was immedaitely followed past times defeat to the forces of Sibituane together with his Makololo hordes

Makololo interregnum

Kandundu

Kaiko

Mwangala

Matauka - sis to Lubosi I / Lewanika

Maibiba - sis to Tatila Akufuna

Atangambuyu

Mulima

Makwibi [1958-present]

                             Photos of Kuomboka festival

Kuomboka is a give-and-take inwards the Lozi language; it literally way ‘to go out of water’. In today's Republic of Zambia it is applied to a traditional ceremony that takes identify at the goal of the pelting season, when the upper Zambezi River floods the plains of the Western Province. The festival celebrates the displace of the Litunga, manly somebody monarch of the Lozi people, from his chemical compound at Lealui inwards the Barotse Floodplain of the Zambezi River to Limulunga on higher ground. The ceremony is preceded past times heavy drumming of the majestic Maoma drums, which echoes around the majestic working capital missive of the alphabet the 24-hour interval before Kuomboka, announcing the event. The King's province barge is called Nalikwanda together with is painted dark together with white, similar Zambia's coat of arms. On the barge is a replica of a huge dark elephant, the ears of which tin live moved from within the barge. There is also a burn on board, the smoke from which tells the people that the manly somebody monarch is live together with well. 

                           Lozi mask human being performing the Ngomalume (traditional men's dance)

The Lozi outfits are interesting inwards both their history together with design. The traditional costumes are merely a functional adaption of the famous Scottish kilt together with beret. These were foremost worn inwards Republic of Zambia past times Scottish missionaries who arrived inwards the Western Province inwards the 1700s. The Scotsman's kilt, berets together with fifty-fifty Highland women's outfits receive got been stylised past times the Lozi people over fourth dimension oftentimes amongst local flair together with colourful effect. The ruby-red beret together with the ivory bangles stay modern 24-hour interval symobols for the Lozi people.

                                           Lozi paddlers at Koumboka festival

Terminology:

Lipatelo - brute skins worn past times Lozi men

Siziba - traditional kilts worn past times Lozi men

Mashushu - ruby-red berets worn past times Lozi men

Kushowelela - Silozi Royal salute (clapping of hands)

                                   Lozi warrior dancers

                           Litunga barge

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