Info For Y'all Batammariba (Tamberma) People: Africa`S Indigenous Architecturally Advanced People In Addition To Penis Elongation In Addition To Enlargement Specialists
Batammariba (also known every bit Tamberma, Somba, Bataba, Batammaraba, Ditamari, Niend too Tamari) are agro-pastoralist Oti-Volta, Gur-speaking too indigenous architecturally advanced people living inwards the mountainous regions of 2 West African countries of Togo too Benin.
Tamberma (Batammariba) women wearing their traditional antelope headdress, Togo. Yves Regaldi
In Togo, they are residing inwards the northeastern Kara regions of Northern Togo amongst the Kabye (kabre) people,who are the 2d largest tribe inwards Togo.
Tamberma (Batamariba) adult woman wearing antelope hedddress,Togo
However, Batammariba are internationally famous than their neighbours, Kabye people, every bit a resultant of their indigenous architectural expertise. In Republic of Benin where they are known every bit Somba, they occupy the rugged Atakora mount gain (Atakora Department) of northwestern Republic of Benin sharing edge amongst their Gur relatives inwards neighbouring Burkina Faso who also possess keen involvement inwards architecture.
Batammariba human being playing traditional musical instrument. Yves Regaldi
The Batammariba or Somba people are historically known for their ancient penis elongation too enlargement techniques. The Somba people practise this technique during manful somebody initiation into adulthood. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 traditional herbs is pounded too robbed on the penis.
At the centre of the terrace is a ritual hole covered past times a apartment circular stone, the latter beingness used every bit a dining tabular array for the theater unit of measurement even repast eventually the stone is taken to the cemetery to live used every bit a tombstone 2 clay granaries projection from the front end corners of each structure. The southwestern granary contains crops identified amongst men, the southeastern granary houses the women's crops terrace degree drainage pipes deport potentially damaging rainwater away from the structure.
Key features of the theater complement human anatomical parts every bit evidenced inwards linguistic communication use, visual attributes, too actions directed toward the theater inwards contexts of everyday too ritual use. Among the to a greater extent than salient of these anatomical parallels are the doorway-mouth, window-eyes, granary-stomach, moi tar-teeth side drainage pipe-penis, sleeping room-vagina, too dorsum drainage pipe-anus. The earthen nub of each edifice inwards plow recalls human flesh, the incised surface plaster complements local peel cichatrization patterns.
When a senior resident of the theater dies, the construction is draped amongst cloths to advise a youth at the fourth dimension of his initiation In improver to suggesting human physical features, each theater also incorporates mound cast altars to shelter the soul
Batammaliba religious concerns tin flame live seen inwards sure features of architecture too hamlet planning every bit good Each theater faces the westward (or to a greater extent than accurately southwest) inwards monastic say to expect onto the domicile of the solar deity, Kuiye, inwards the southwestern sky. Key architectural elements, including the earthen 'horns' higher upward the door, the hole inwards the centre of the terrace, too a conical mound inwards front end of the door, serve every bit a locus for Kuiye worship The woman somebody reason goddess.
Butan, is identified both amongst the earthen nub of each construction too amongst special clay too plants taken from a local outflow which are inserted into the foundation the picture of a human which is mapped out on the hamlet landscape inwards the course of study of ritual paths is identified amongst this goddess every bit well.
Both attached too freestanding mound-form shrines dedicated to key ancestors are found throughout the house, those of the men on the reason floor, those of the women on the terrace level. Other deities too spirits similarly have got special shrines or altars inside the house, each such sacrosanct powerfulness beingness signaled through special path-form symbols positioned on the edifice facade which serve to at nowadays gods too worshipers to the appropriate construction for ceremonies
source:ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1057e/a1057e04.pdf
https://haftshappenings.blogspot.com/search?q=tatasomba0690.jpg" height="428" width="640" />
At the centre of the terrace is a ritual hole covered past times a apartment circular stone, the latter beingness used every bit a dining tabular array for the theater unit of measurement even repast eventually the stone is taken to the cemetery to live used every bit a tombstone 2 clay granaries projection from the front end corners of each structure. The southwestern granary contains crops identified amongst men, the southeastern granary houses the women's crops terrace degree drainage pipes deport potentially damaging rainwater away from the structure.
Key features of the theater complement human anatomical parts every bit evidenced inwards linguistic communication use, visual attributes, too actions directed toward the theater inwards contexts of everyday too ritual use. Among the to a greater extent than salient of these anatomical parallels are the doorway-mouth, window-eyes, granary-stomach, moi tar-teeth side drainage pipe-penis, sleeping room-vagina, too dorsum drainage pipe-anus. The earthen nub of each edifice inwards plow recalls human flesh, the incised surface plaster complements local peel cichatrization patterns.
When a senior resident of the theater dies, the construction is draped amongst cloths to advise a youth at the fourth dimension of his initiation In improver to suggesting human physical features, each theater also incorporates mound cast altars to shelter the soul
Batammaliba religious concerns tin flame live seen inwards sure features of architecture too hamlet planning every bit good Each theater faces the westward (or to a greater extent than accurately southwest) inwards monastic say to expect onto the domicile of the solar deity, Kuiye, inwards the southwestern sky. Key architectural elements, including the earthen 'horns' higher upward the door, the hole inwards the centre of the terrace, too a conical mound inwards front end of the door, serve every bit a locus for Kuiye worship The woman somebody reason goddess.
Butan, is identified both amongst the earthen nub of each construction too amongst special clay too plants taken from a local outflow which are inserted into the foundation the picture of a human which is mapped out on the hamlet landscape inwards the course of study of ritual paths is identified amongst this goddess every bit well.
Both attached too freestanding mound-form shrines dedicated to key ancestors are found throughout the house, those of the men on the reason floor, those of the women on the terrace level. Other deities too spirits similarly have got special shrines or altars inside the house, each such sacrosanct powerfulness beingness signaled through special path-form symbols positioned on the edifice facade which serve to at nowadays gods too worshipers to the appropriate construction for ceremonies
source:ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1057e/a1057e04.pdf
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-575-18.pdf
Tamberma (Batammariba) women wearing their traditional antelope headdress, Togo. Yves Regaldi
In Togo, they are residing inwards the northeastern Kara regions of Northern Togo amongst the Kabye (kabre) people,who are the 2d largest tribe inwards Togo.
Tamberma (Batamariba) adult woman wearing antelope hedddress,Togo
However, Batammariba are internationally famous than their neighbours, Kabye people, every bit a resultant of their indigenous architectural expertise. In Republic of Benin where they are known every bit Somba, they occupy the rugged Atakora mount gain (Atakora Department) of northwestern Republic of Benin sharing edge amongst their Gur relatives inwards neighbouring Burkina Faso who also possess keen involvement inwards architecture.
Batammariba human being playing traditional musical instrument. Yves Regaldi
The Batammariba or Somba people are historically known for their ancient penis elongation too enlargement techniques. The Somba people practise this technique during manful somebody initiation into adulthood. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 traditional herbs is pounded too robbed on the penis.
At the centre of the terrace is a ritual hole covered past times a apartment circular stone, the latter beingness used every bit a dining tabular array for the theater unit of measurement even repast eventually the stone is taken to the cemetery to live used every bit a tombstone 2 clay granaries projection from the front end corners of each structure. The southwestern granary contains crops identified amongst men, the southeastern granary houses the women's crops terrace degree drainage pipes deport potentially damaging rainwater away from the structure.
Key features of the theater complement human anatomical parts every bit evidenced inwards linguistic communication use, visual attributes, too actions directed toward the theater inwards contexts of everyday too ritual use. Among the to a greater extent than salient of these anatomical parallels are the doorway-mouth, window-eyes, granary-stomach, moi tar-teeth side drainage pipe-penis, sleeping room-vagina, too dorsum drainage pipe-anus. The earthen nub of each edifice inwards plow recalls human flesh, the incised surface plaster complements local peel cichatrization patterns.
When a senior resident of the theater dies, the construction is draped amongst cloths to advise a youth at the fourth dimension of his initiation In improver to suggesting human physical features, each theater also incorporates mound cast altars to shelter the soul
Batammaliba religious concerns tin flame live seen inwards sure features of architecture too hamlet planning every bit good Each theater faces the westward (or to a greater extent than accurately southwest) inwards monastic say to expect onto the domicile of the solar deity, Kuiye, inwards the southwestern sky. Key architectural elements, including the earthen 'horns' higher upward the door, the hole inwards the centre of the terrace, too a conical mound inwards front end of the door, serve every bit a locus for Kuiye worship The woman somebody reason goddess.
Butan, is identified both amongst the earthen nub of each construction too amongst special clay too plants taken from a local outflow which are inserted into the foundation the picture of a human which is mapped out on the hamlet landscape inwards the course of study of ritual paths is identified amongst this goddess every bit well.
Both attached too freestanding mound-form shrines dedicated to key ancestors are found throughout the house, those of the men on the reason floor, those of the women on the terrace level. Other deities too spirits similarly have got special shrines or altars inside the house, each such sacrosanct powerfulness beingness signaled through special path-form symbols positioned on the edifice facade which serve to at nowadays gods too worshipers to the appropriate construction for ceremonies
source:ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1057e/a1057e04.pdf
https://haftshappenings.blogspot.com/search?q=tatasomba0690.jpg" height="428" width="640" />
At the centre of the terrace is a ritual hole covered past times a apartment circular stone, the latter beingness used every bit a dining tabular array for the theater unit of measurement even repast eventually the stone is taken to the cemetery to live used every bit a tombstone 2 clay granaries projection from the front end corners of each structure. The southwestern granary contains crops identified amongst men, the southeastern granary houses the women's crops terrace degree drainage pipes deport potentially damaging rainwater away from the structure.
Key features of the theater complement human anatomical parts every bit evidenced inwards linguistic communication use, visual attributes, too actions directed toward the theater inwards contexts of everyday too ritual use. Among the to a greater extent than salient of these anatomical parallels are the doorway-mouth, window-eyes, granary-stomach, moi tar-teeth side drainage pipe-penis, sleeping room-vagina, too dorsum drainage pipe-anus. The earthen nub of each edifice inwards plow recalls human flesh, the incised surface plaster complements local peel cichatrization patterns.
When a senior resident of the theater dies, the construction is draped amongst cloths to advise a youth at the fourth dimension of his initiation In improver to suggesting human physical features, each theater also incorporates mound cast altars to shelter the soul
Batammaliba religious concerns tin flame live seen inwards sure features of architecture too hamlet planning every bit good Each theater faces the westward (or to a greater extent than accurately southwest) inwards monastic say to expect onto the domicile of the solar deity, Kuiye, inwards the southwestern sky. Key architectural elements, including the earthen 'horns' higher upward the door, the hole inwards the centre of the terrace, too a conical mound inwards front end of the door, serve every bit a locus for Kuiye worship The woman somebody reason goddess.
Butan, is identified both amongst the earthen nub of each construction too amongst special clay too plants taken from a local outflow which are inserted into the foundation the picture of a human which is mapped out on the hamlet landscape inwards the course of study of ritual paths is identified amongst this goddess every bit well.
Both attached too freestanding mound-form shrines dedicated to key ancestors are found throughout the house, those of the men on the reason floor, those of the women on the terrace level. Other deities too spirits similarly have got special shrines or altars inside the house, each such sacrosanct powerfulness beingness signaled through special path-form symbols positioned on the edifice facade which serve to at nowadays gods too worshipers to the appropriate construction for ceremonies
source:ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1057e/a1057e04.pdf
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-575-18.pdf
The Takienta Tower Houses inwards the Fortress Villages of Togo
The Koutammakou landscape inwards north-eastern Togo, which extends into neighbouring Benin, is domicile to the Batammariba, whose remarkable mud tower-houses (Takienta) have got come upward to live seen every bit a symbol of Togo. In this landscape, nature is strongly associated amongst the rituals too beliefs of society.
The 50,000-ha cultural landscape is remarkable due to the architecture of its tower-houses which are a reflection of social structure; its farmland too forest; too the associations betwixt people too landscape. Many of the buildings are 2 storeys high too those amongst granaries characteristic an nigh spherical cast higher upward a cylindrical base. Some of the buildings have got apartment roofs, others have got conical thatched roofs. They are grouped inwards villages, which also include ceremonial spaces, springs, rocks too sites reserved for initiation ceremonies.
In 2004, UNESCO designated the villages inwards which these tower houses are located every bit a cultural landscape. As reported by afrol News, this wasthe initiative of all Togo location to live inscribed on the World Heritage List. The next is the official citation copied from the UNESCO spider web site.
World Heritage 28 COM
WHC-04/28.COM/14B REV
DECISIONS ADOPTED AT THE 28TH SESSION OF
28 June - seven July 2004
28 COM 14B.21 The World Heritage Committee,
1. Noting that this belongings is the initiative of all to live inscribed on the World Heritage List from Togo,
2. Inscribes Koutammakou the Land of the Batammariba, Togo, on the World Heritage List every bit a cultural landscape on the footing of cultural criteria (v) too (vi):
Criterion (v): The Koutammakou is an outstanding instance of a organization of traditional settlement that is silent living too dynamic, too bailiwick to traditional too sustainable systems too practices, too which reflects the singular civilization of the Batammariba, especially the Takienta tower houses.
Criterion (vi): The Koutammakou is an eloquent testimony to the strength of spiritual association betwixt people too landscape, every bit manifested inwards the harmony betwixt the Batammariba too their natural surroundings.
World Heritage 28 COM
WHC-04/28.COM/14B REV
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE
ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)
CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE
DECISIONS ADOPTED AT THE 28TH SESSION OF
THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE
at the Twenty-eighth session held inwards Suzhou, China28 June - seven July 2004
28 COM 14B.21 The World Heritage Committee,
1. Noting that this belongings is the initiative of all to live inscribed on the World Heritage List from Togo,
2. Inscribes Koutammakou the Land of the Batammariba, Togo, on the World Heritage List every bit a cultural landscape on the footing of cultural criteria (v) too (vi):
Criterion (v): The Koutammakou is an outstanding instance of a organization of traditional settlement that is silent living too dynamic, too bailiwick to traditional too sustainable systems too practices, too which reflects the singular civilization of the Batammariba, especially the Takienta tower houses.
Criterion (vi): The Koutammakou is an eloquent testimony to the strength of spiritual association betwixt people too landscape, every bit manifested inwards the harmony betwixt the Batammariba too their natural surroundings.
Koutammakou (Togo)
No 1140
1. BASIC DATA
State Party: Togo
Name of property: Koutammakou the Land of the Batammariba
Location: Kara Region
Date received: 24 Jan 2003
Category of property:
In damage of the categories of cultural belongings set out inwards Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a site. In damage of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,
paragraph 39, this is a cultural landscape.
Brief description:
The Koutammakou landscape inwards northeastern Togo (and extending over the edge into neighbouring Benin) is domicile to the Batammariba whose remarkable tall, mud tower houses have got come upward to live seen every bit a symbol of Togo. Within their landscape, nature is strongly associated amongst the rituals too beliefs of society, too at that topographic point is a strong interrelationship betwixt symbolism, business office too traditional practices.
2. THE PROPERTY
Description
Koutammakou is the call of a large expanse of semi-mountainous province inwards the due north due east of Togo along the edge amongst Benin. It is inhabited past times the Batammariba people whose culture, revolves some tall, mud tower
houses called ‘Takienta’. The beauty of these tower houses too their density has given them a high profile inwards westward Africa where they have got come upward to live nigh every bit good know every bit the Dogon houses of the Bandiagara escarpment inwards Mali. The Tammari civilization extends over the edge into Benin. Within Togo, the nominated site covers some 50,000 ha too joins the edge betwixt Togo too Republic of Benin for fifteen km. The edge thus cuts the overall cultural landscape expanse into two. No Buffer Zone is suggested every bit the large site is defined past times natural boundaries to the due north too south, the Atakora mountains too the Keran River respectively, too an international boundary to the east. The Koutammakou every bit an evolving living landscape exhibits all the facets of an agricultural guild working inwards harmony amongst the landscape too where nature underpins beliefs, ritual too everyday life.
The Koutammakou landscape exhibits the next qualities:
These are dealt amongst separately:
The Takienta tower houses every bit architecture
Mud edifice traditions are widespread over West Africa too at that topographic point are many dozens of dissimilar styles of edifice reflecting differing cultural, social or agricultural systems, too the underlying geology too physical features of dissimilar areas. The Takienta tower-houses, because of their dramatic ‘coalesced’ cast that gives them what may live perceived as aesthetic beauty, have got come upward to live ameliorate known than most. In many parts of Africa houses consist of a collection of split upward buildings inside an enclosure amongst each edifice becoming inwards number a room of the homestead.
In Koutammakou these split upward buildings are joined to the surrounding mud wall. Furthermore the mud walls are built upward inwards layers, which gain them a pronounced number of horizontal stripes. Some of the buildings have got apartment roofs; others are crowned amongst steeply pitched conical thatched roofs, which projection higher upward the surrounding walls. Many of the buildings have got 2 stories. In the instance of granaries their nigh spherical cast swells out higher upward cylindrical bases. The split upward rooms theater domestic functions, kitchens, bedrooms, store rooms, too also supply infinite for granaries too brute shelters.
Because of their dramatic form, Takienta tower-houses have got been widely photographed over the past times 120 years. Some of these early on photographs – non shown inwards the dossier – describe much larger complexes than be today,
with every bit many every bit xx buildings making upward homesteads compared amongst some viii now.
The Takienta tower-houses every bit a reflection of social structureTakienta tower-houses reverberate the social construction of the villages: they are built to come across the needs of those living inwards them today. The houses themselves may thus non live of whatever dandy age. However their form, too the techniques used inwards their construction, reverberate a long tradition – perhaps
extending dorsum at to the lowest degree to when the Batammariba people are idea to have got arrived inwards northern Togo. Villages reverberate clan allegiances amongst clans beingness associated amongst groups of houses, simply also amongst ceremonial spaces, springs, rocks too sites reserved for initiation ceremonies. Within Koutammakou villages the houses are relatively widely dispersed. It is said that the distance betwixt houses is determined past times the flying of an arrow.
Just every bit houses are renewed, a completely novel hamlet may live created inwards reply to needs of infinite or mayhap clan conflicts. New villages are modelled on the initiative of all hamlet ‘Kuye’ created past times divine intervention. To ensure that a novel hamlet is inwards harmony amongst its surroundings, a sanctuary is initiative of all created for the ‘Dibo’ the natural forces of the landscape amongst whom the villagers must work. And lastly a key ritual Grand House of ceremonies is constructed amongst an altar too cemetery.
Farmland & ForestAlthough at that topographic point is strong collaboration betwixt villagers inwards the way villages are set out, each theater unit of measurement unit functions independently every bit an agricultural unit: at that topographic point are nocommunal fields or grazing. But the resources of terra firma and
forest are inwards number shared betwixt clans too social forces piece of occupation to degree out productivity. The villages are situated betwixt a chain of mountains, the
Atakora, too the vast plains of key northern Togo, the apparently of Keran. Overall the houses are positioned at the human foot of hills inwards monastic say to optimise the availability of agricultural land. The terra firma is fertile too the farmers practise mixed farming, growing grain too keeping animals – especially cows for
which the expanse is known. Some of the fields are terraces on the hills.
Intangible associations betwixt people too landscape The way a theater is set out has strong symbolic associations amongst the human body. For instance the door is seen every bit the mouth, the windows every bit eyes, the granary every bit the stomach, etc spell the ornamentation on the walls is related to scarification on skin. In the villages, Takienta houses alternate amongst forests too heaps of rocks, preserved for the spiritual associations amongst the Dibo, too revered every bit incarnations of the numerous divinities that brand upward the Tammari pantheon.
Betamaribe adult woman SMOKING PIPE. Tamberma valley, Togo
HistoryThe Batammariba are linguistically associated amongst other people inwards the expanse such every bit the Gangan, Gurma, Moba, Bassar, Nawda, etc. The origins of the Batammariba are somewhat uncertain. Archaeological investigations too oral history indicates that the Batammariba migrated to their acquaint domicile from the due north too northwest some Burkino Faso where they were living amongst the Mossi people sometime betwixt the 16th too 18th centuries.
Management regime
Legal provision:
The dossier states that the Koutammakou expanse benefits from 2 types of protection: modern legal protection too traditional protection. Modern legal protection is provided past times registration nether the Law for the protection of Cultural Heritage inwards Togo, 1990. For the site to live registered a decree has to live issued which identifies the qualities of the site. The decree was issued inwards Oct 2003. This identifies the site every bit consisting of both tangible too intangible elements. Listed are sacred rocks, forests, houses, fields, sources of edifice material, animals, both wild too domesticated, too intangible components such every bit beliefs, artisanal skills, songs, dances, traditional sports, etc. As amongst many rural areas the nominated site is bailiwick to pressures for change. The traditional terra firma management practices require to live supported past times an overall protective legal framework inside which they tin flame operate. The dossier notes the next traditional practices – which thus comprehend non solely technical processes simply also social observances that impact on terra firma management.
Management structure:
Overall responsibleness for management volition prevarication amongst the Service de Conservation too Promotion du Koutammakou (SCPK) to which responsibilities volition live delegated past times the Department of Museums, Sites too Monuments inwards Lome. The management programme recommended the creation of this association too the timetable given for its formation is March 2004. The SCPK volition live responsible for:
The Management Plan also recommended the formation of a stakeholder Committee for the expanse to live established every bit a legal entity. Information was provided past times the State Party inwards March 2004 that the necessary legal decree had been issued on tertiary March 2004. This sets out that the Committee volition consist of representatives from National, prefectoral too local degree too volition includes heritage professional, representatives of the tourist industry, local Chiefs too a fellow member of the Batammariba.
A management programme has been prepared jointly past times the Department of Museums, Sites too Monuments inwards collaboration amongst CRATerre-EAG, the Department of reason Studies at the University of Grenoble, France, every bit portion of the Africa 2009 programme. This programme is both aspirational too detailed. It sets out a Vision for the site too gives detailed recommendation amongst timescales for the institution of structures, budgets too projects for advertisement too cultural events.
Resources:
There is currently no budget for the site simply the Management Plan sets out the require for defined spending too suggests how income mightiness live raised from a store too from payments past times visitors for entering the site.
Justification past times the State Party (summary)
Koutammakou is of outstanding universal value for the way it:
3. ICOMOS EVALUATION
Actions past times ICOMOS
An ICOMOS mission visited the site inwards August 2003. ICOMOS has also consulted its International Scientific Committee on the Study too Conservation of Earthen Architecture.
Conservation
Conservation history:
The solely conservation history is i of traditional conservation which, every bit has been pointed out above, way renewal too re-building using traditional materials too processes rather than conserving objects, monuments too specific sites. It also way sustaining the overall dynamic human relationship betwixt people too place.
State of conservation:
The province of conservation of the built structures seems good; the natural surround has suffered from some over-exploitation. For instance, it is at nowadays getting real hard to observe sufficient timber for novel houses closed to
the villages.
Risk analysis:
The next threats are identified inwards the dossier:
Development pressures
An increment inwards population is leading to increased pressure level on terra firma too other resources too at that topographic point is no immediate way of countering this. The authorities of Togo has been promoting the growing of cash crops. In some places this has led to an over intensification of cotton fiber growing which has been detrimental to the production of nutrient crops. The introduction of novel materials too demands for ‘western’ products are seen to live threatening to the traditional way of life.
Environmental change
As has already been mentioned pressure level is beingness pose on natural resources, especially the forests, simply also fish.
Natural catastrophes
Drought is i of the greatest threats. Termites look non to impact traditional buildings simply produce impact modern ones.
Increases inwards tourism
Tourist numbers are depression every bit a solely a few houses are registered. The tourists all the same convey considerable monetary produce goodness to the expanse simply this is non without its disbenefits. Some tourists are besides curious, too at that topographic point is reported friction betwixt guides too hosts, for instance. All of these factors volition come upward inside the purview of the management plan.
Other factors mentioned inwards the Management programme are:
The spread of Christianity, which is showtime to have got an number on local beliefs, too the introduction of novel wellness medicines which is showtime to atomic number 82 to an atrophying of traditional medicinal practice. What could also have got been added is the loss of traditional skills – both noesis too practical skills. Sustaining the way of life of the site demands a continuation of traditional skills both for agriculture too for theater building.
Authenticity too integrity
Authenticity:
The Koutammakou landscape is an authentic reflection of a distinctive way of life. No elements inwards the landscape are of whatever dandy age: rather the overall landscape reflects processes too practices that have got persisted for many
centuries.
Integrity:
The overall landscape of Koutammakou reflects every human face of life of the Batammariba: it thus reflects a socioeconomic-cultural system, which is contained inwards the nominated site – although the same organization continues over
the edge into Benin. Thus the site does non correspond the overall integrity of the system, rather it is portion of it.
Comparative evaluation
The comparative analysis inwards the dossier is limited. It draws attending to the inscribed site of the Dogon people on the Bandiagara escarpment simply concludes that at that topographic point are major differences: the Dogon villages are compact too the social systems quite different. The dossier say that at that topographic point are like cultures to those inside the Koutammakou landscape inside the part but suggests that nowhere else is at that topographic point a totally integrated organization roofing religious, functional social too ‘intelligent’ techniques.
This is mayhap to overstate the case. There are many societies inwards West Africa, too over Africa to a greater extent than generally, that developed cultural systems that worked inwards harmony
with the landscape, too where social too spiritual beliefs supported sustainable practices. Where the Koutammakou landscape is dissimilar is inwards the way the organization of the Batammariba manifested itself inwards such dramatic houses inwards aesthetically pleasing landscapes. Its comparative remoteness also fostered a feel of independence too meant that the expanse remained largely exterior the diverse empires that held sway. These 2 factors have got led to a strong feel of identity too to value beingness placed on the landscape both past times people who alive at that topographic point too those who at nowadays visit. Thus the identity has been reinforced. The expanse is thus at nowadays of involvement every bit a landscape where traditional practices have got persisted, inwards contrast to other areas where they may have got atrophied, too where that landscape delivers an attractive too feasible way of life.
Outstanding universal value
The Koutammakou expanse is of outstanding universal value for the next combination of cultural qualities:
General statement:
The site is nominated on the footing of criteria i, iii, v too vi.
Evaluation of criteria:
Criterion i: The nomination sites the creation of Takienta tower theater every bit representative of collective creative genius too i that is renewed every generation. This is non how this touchstone is ordinarily applied – rather it is used to reverberate the output of an private rather than societies.
Criterion iii: The nomination sites Koutammakou every bit beingness representative of those mount peoples inwards the sahel expanse of West Africa who have got resisted incorporation into the diverse empires that held sway. This would include the Dogon whose villages are already inscribed, too also the Sukur landscape inwards the Mandara mountains of Nigeria. There is insufficient comparative analysis to back upward this criterion.
Criterion v: The Koutammakou is surely an outstanding instance of a organization of traditional settlement which is silent living too dynamic, too bailiwick to traditional systems too practices, too which reflects inwards exceptional the singular civilization of the Batammariba.
Criterion vi: The Koutammakou is an eloquent testimony to the strength of spiritual association betwixt people too landscape every bit manifested inwards the way the organization of terra firma management of the Batammariba is inwards harmony amongst the natural resources of their surroundings
4. ICOMOS RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation for the future
The Koutammakou is clearly a identify where traditional regulations too practices are key to the sustainability of the property. These require to live sustained too the management programme aims to pose stair out inwards identify appropriate measures. However, local management also needs to be supported at a national level.
Although the site at the 2d reflects traditional practices, at that topographic point are all the same growing pressures which volition piece of occupation against its relatively self-contained status. Management needs to be proactive every bit good every bit reactive inwards monastic say to optimise resources. Nevertheless sanctions produce require to live inwards identify every bit good to counter whatever major too unforeseen threats that may arise, too this is where protective legislation should back upward local management.
Recommendation amongst honour to inscription
That the belongings live inscribed on the World Heritage List every bit a cultural landscape too on the footing of criteria v too vi:
Criterion v: The Koutammakou is an outstanding instance of a organization of traditional settlement that is silent living too dynamic, too bailiwick to traditional too sustainable systems too practices, too which reflects the singular civilization of the Batammariba, especially the Takienta tower houses.
Criterion vi: The Koutammakou is an eloquent testimony to the strength of spiritual association betwixt people too landscape, every bit manifested inwards the harmony betwixt the Batammariba too their natural surroundings
ICOMOS, March 2004
No 1140
1. BASIC DATA
State Party: Togo
Name of property: Koutammakou the Land of the Batammariba
Location: Kara Region
Date received: 24 Jan 2003
Category of property:
In damage of the categories of cultural belongings set out inwards Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a site. In damage of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,
paragraph 39, this is a cultural landscape.
Brief description:
The Koutammakou landscape inwards northeastern Togo (and extending over the edge into neighbouring Benin) is domicile to the Batammariba whose remarkable tall, mud tower houses have got come upward to live seen every bit a symbol of Togo. Within their landscape, nature is strongly associated amongst the rituals too beliefs of society, too at that topographic point is a strong interrelationship betwixt symbolism, business office too traditional practices.
2. THE PROPERTY
Description
Koutammakou is the call of a large expanse of semi-mountainous province inwards the due north due east of Togo along the edge amongst Benin. It is inhabited past times the Batammariba people whose culture, revolves some tall, mud tower
houses called ‘Takienta’. The beauty of these tower houses too their density has given them a high profile inwards westward Africa where they have got come upward to live nigh every bit good know every bit the Dogon houses of the Bandiagara escarpment inwards Mali. The Tammari civilization extends over the edge into Benin. Within Togo, the nominated site covers some 50,000 ha too joins the edge betwixt Togo too Republic of Benin for fifteen km. The edge thus cuts the overall cultural landscape expanse into two. No Buffer Zone is suggested every bit the large site is defined past times natural boundaries to the due north too south, the Atakora mountains too the Keran River respectively, too an international boundary to the east. The Koutammakou every bit an evolving living landscape exhibits all the facets of an agricultural guild working inwards harmony amongst the landscape too where nature underpins beliefs, ritual too everyday life.
The Koutammakou landscape exhibits the next qualities:
- The Takienta tower houses every bit architecture
- The Takienta tower-houses every bit a reflection of social structure
- Farmland & Forest
- Intangible associations betwixt people too landscape
These are dealt amongst separately:
The Takienta tower houses every bit architecture
Mud edifice traditions are widespread over West Africa too at that topographic point are many dozens of dissimilar styles of edifice reflecting differing cultural, social or agricultural systems, too the underlying geology too physical features of dissimilar areas. The Takienta tower-houses, because of their dramatic ‘coalesced’ cast that gives them what may live perceived as aesthetic beauty, have got come upward to live ameliorate known than most. In many parts of Africa houses consist of a collection of split upward buildings inside an enclosure amongst each edifice becoming inwards number a room of the homestead.
In Koutammakou these split upward buildings are joined to the surrounding mud wall. Furthermore the mud walls are built upward inwards layers, which gain them a pronounced number of horizontal stripes. Some of the buildings have got apartment roofs; others are crowned amongst steeply pitched conical thatched roofs, which projection higher upward the surrounding walls. Many of the buildings have got 2 stories. In the instance of granaries their nigh spherical cast swells out higher upward cylindrical bases. The split upward rooms theater domestic functions, kitchens, bedrooms, store rooms, too also supply infinite for granaries too brute shelters.
Because of their dramatic form, Takienta tower-houses have got been widely photographed over the past times 120 years. Some of these early on photographs – non shown inwards the dossier – describe much larger complexes than be today,
with every bit many every bit xx buildings making upward homesteads compared amongst some viii now.
The Takienta tower-houses every bit a reflection of social structureTakienta tower-houses reverberate the social construction of the villages: they are built to come across the needs of those living inwards them today. The houses themselves may thus non live of whatever dandy age. However their form, too the techniques used inwards their construction, reverberate a long tradition – perhaps
extending dorsum at to the lowest degree to when the Batammariba people are idea to have got arrived inwards northern Togo. Villages reverberate clan allegiances amongst clans beingness associated amongst groups of houses, simply also amongst ceremonial spaces, springs, rocks too sites reserved for initiation ceremonies. Within Koutammakou villages the houses are relatively widely dispersed. It is said that the distance betwixt houses is determined past times the flying of an arrow.
Just every bit houses are renewed, a completely novel hamlet may live created inwards reply to needs of infinite or mayhap clan conflicts. New villages are modelled on the initiative of all hamlet ‘Kuye’ created past times divine intervention. To ensure that a novel hamlet is inwards harmony amongst its surroundings, a sanctuary is initiative of all created for the ‘Dibo’ the natural forces of the landscape amongst whom the villagers must work. And lastly a key ritual Grand House of ceremonies is constructed amongst an altar too cemetery.
Farmland & ForestAlthough at that topographic point is strong collaboration betwixt villagers inwards the way villages are set out, each theater unit of measurement unit functions independently every bit an agricultural unit: at that topographic point are nocommunal fields or grazing. But the resources of terra firma and
forest are inwards number shared betwixt clans too social forces piece of occupation to degree out productivity. The villages are situated betwixt a chain of mountains, the
Atakora, too the vast plains of key northern Togo, the apparently of Keran. Overall the houses are positioned at the human foot of hills inwards monastic say to optimise the availability of agricultural land. The terra firma is fertile too the farmers practise mixed farming, growing grain too keeping animals – especially cows for
which the expanse is known. Some of the fields are terraces on the hills.
Intangible associations betwixt people too landscape The way a theater is set out has strong symbolic associations amongst the human body. For instance the door is seen every bit the mouth, the windows every bit eyes, the granary every bit the stomach, etc spell the ornamentation on the walls is related to scarification on skin. In the villages, Takienta houses alternate amongst forests too heaps of rocks, preserved for the spiritual associations amongst the Dibo, too revered every bit incarnations of the numerous divinities that brand upward the Tammari pantheon.
Betamaribe adult woman SMOKING PIPE. Tamberma valley, Togo
HistoryThe Batammariba are linguistically associated amongst other people inwards the expanse such every bit the Gangan, Gurma, Moba, Bassar, Nawda, etc. The origins of the Batammariba are somewhat uncertain. Archaeological investigations too oral history indicates that the Batammariba migrated to their acquaint domicile from the due north too northwest some Burkino Faso where they were living amongst the Mossi people sometime betwixt the 16th too 18th centuries.
Management regime
Legal provision:
The dossier states that the Koutammakou expanse benefits from 2 types of protection: modern legal protection too traditional protection. Modern legal protection is provided past times registration nether the Law for the protection of Cultural Heritage inwards Togo, 1990. For the site to live registered a decree has to live issued which identifies the qualities of the site. The decree was issued inwards Oct 2003. This identifies the site every bit consisting of both tangible too intangible elements. Listed are sacred rocks, forests, houses, fields, sources of edifice material, animals, both wild too domesticated, too intangible components such every bit beliefs, artisanal skills, songs, dances, traditional sports, etc. As amongst many rural areas the nominated site is bailiwick to pressures for change. The traditional terra firma management practices require to live supported past times an overall protective legal framework inside which they tin flame operate. The dossier notes the next traditional practices – which thus comprehend non solely technical processes simply also social observances that impact on terra firma management.
- Respect for ancestral spirits
- Observance of taboos too restrictions
- Absolute obeisance to elders, religious too clan chiefs
- Continuation of traditional rules reaffirmed through initiation ceremonies
- The careful proscribed roles every fellow member of a clan has
- The perpetration of honour for tangible too intangible values associated amongst the landscape
Management structure:
Overall responsibleness for management volition prevarication amongst the Service de Conservation too Promotion du Koutammakou (SCPK) to which responsibilities volition live delegated past times the Department of Museums, Sites too Monuments inwards Lome. The management programme recommended the creation of this association too the timetable given for its formation is March 2004. The SCPK volition live responsible for:
- Safeguarding the site – including regeneration of local species, the conservation of habitats, the protection of medicinal species
- Undertaking an inventory of tangible too intangible qualities
- Development of revenue making activities
- Providing data for visitors
- Organising cultural activities
The Management Plan also recommended the formation of a stakeholder Committee for the expanse to live established every bit a legal entity. Information was provided past times the State Party inwards March 2004 that the necessary legal decree had been issued on tertiary March 2004. This sets out that the Committee volition consist of representatives from National, prefectoral too local degree too volition includes heritage professional, representatives of the tourist industry, local Chiefs too a fellow member of the Batammariba.
A management programme has been prepared jointly past times the Department of Museums, Sites too Monuments inwards collaboration amongst CRATerre-EAG, the Department of reason Studies at the University of Grenoble, France, every bit portion of the Africa 2009 programme. This programme is both aspirational too detailed. It sets out a Vision for the site too gives detailed recommendation amongst timescales for the institution of structures, budgets too projects for advertisement too cultural events.
Resources:
There is currently no budget for the site simply the Management Plan sets out the require for defined spending too suggests how income mightiness live raised from a store too from payments past times visitors for entering the site.
Justification past times the State Party (summary)
Koutammakou is of outstanding universal value for the way it:
- Represents the way of life of local people inwards the Sahel part of West Africa, especially those who have got remained independent from the diverse empires which held sway inwards the area, such every bit the Lobi, Gourounsi too Rukuba peoples inwards mountainous areas betwixt the Cote d’Ivoire too Cameroun.
- Shows how people alive inwards harmony amongst the landscape respecting its qualities too imbuing it amongst spiritual values
- Displays the remarkable Takienta theater unit of measurement houses – unique clusters of tall mud towers, which reverberate a consummate interaction betwixt symbolism, business office too techniques.
- Demonstrates willingness too persistence of the Batammariba people to conserve their independence too identity too piece of occupation towards sustaining a living landscape
Actions past times ICOMOS
An ICOMOS mission visited the site inwards August 2003. ICOMOS has also consulted its International Scientific Committee on the Study too Conservation of Earthen Architecture.
Conservation
Conservation history:
The solely conservation history is i of traditional conservation which, every bit has been pointed out above, way renewal too re-building using traditional materials too processes rather than conserving objects, monuments too specific sites. It also way sustaining the overall dynamic human relationship betwixt people too place.
State of conservation:
The province of conservation of the built structures seems good; the natural surround has suffered from some over-exploitation. For instance, it is at nowadays getting real hard to observe sufficient timber for novel houses closed to
the villages.
Risk analysis:
The next threats are identified inwards the dossier:
Development pressures
An increment inwards population is leading to increased pressure level on terra firma too other resources too at that topographic point is no immediate way of countering this. The authorities of Togo has been promoting the growing of cash crops. In some places this has led to an over intensification of cotton fiber growing which has been detrimental to the production of nutrient crops. The introduction of novel materials too demands for ‘western’ products are seen to live threatening to the traditional way of life.
Environmental change
As has already been mentioned pressure level is beingness pose on natural resources, especially the forests, simply also fish.
Natural catastrophes
Drought is i of the greatest threats. Termites look non to impact traditional buildings simply produce impact modern ones.
Increases inwards tourism
Tourist numbers are depression every bit a solely a few houses are registered. The tourists all the same convey considerable monetary produce goodness to the expanse simply this is non without its disbenefits. Some tourists are besides curious, too at that topographic point is reported friction betwixt guides too hosts, for instance. All of these factors volition come upward inside the purview of the management plan.
Other factors mentioned inwards the Management programme are:
The spread of Christianity, which is showtime to have got an number on local beliefs, too the introduction of novel wellness medicines which is showtime to atomic number 82 to an atrophying of traditional medicinal practice. What could also have got been added is the loss of traditional skills – both noesis too practical skills. Sustaining the way of life of the site demands a continuation of traditional skills both for agriculture too for theater building.
Authenticity too integrity
Authenticity:
The Koutammakou landscape is an authentic reflection of a distinctive way of life. No elements inwards the landscape are of whatever dandy age: rather the overall landscape reflects processes too practices that have got persisted for many
centuries.
Integrity:
The overall landscape of Koutammakou reflects every human face of life of the Batammariba: it thus reflects a socioeconomic-cultural system, which is contained inwards the nominated site – although the same organization continues over
the edge into Benin. Thus the site does non correspond the overall integrity of the system, rather it is portion of it.
Comparative evaluation
The comparative analysis inwards the dossier is limited. It draws attending to the inscribed site of the Dogon people on the Bandiagara escarpment simply concludes that at that topographic point are major differences: the Dogon villages are compact too the social systems quite different. The dossier say that at that topographic point are like cultures to those inside the Koutammakou landscape inside the part but suggests that nowhere else is at that topographic point a totally integrated organization roofing religious, functional social too ‘intelligent’ techniques.
This is mayhap to overstate the case. There are many societies inwards West Africa, too over Africa to a greater extent than generally, that developed cultural systems that worked inwards harmony
with the landscape, too where social too spiritual beliefs supported sustainable practices. Where the Koutammakou landscape is dissimilar is inwards the way the organization of the Batammariba manifested itself inwards such dramatic houses inwards aesthetically pleasing landscapes. Its comparative remoteness also fostered a feel of independence too meant that the expanse remained largely exterior the diverse empires that held sway. These 2 factors have got led to a strong feel of identity too to value beingness placed on the landscape both past times people who alive at that topographic point too those who at nowadays visit. Thus the identity has been reinforced. The expanse is thus at nowadays of involvement every bit a landscape where traditional practices have got persisted, inwards contrast to other areas where they may have got atrophied, too where that landscape delivers an attractive too feasible way of life.
Outstanding universal value
The Koutammakou expanse is of outstanding universal value for the next combination of cultural qualities:
- For the tradition of edifice Takienta – tall mud tower houses, solely found inwards this pocket-size expanse of northern Togo too Benin,
- For the way the expanse reflects ancient traditions of mount peoples across westward Africa who resisted incorporation inwards the diverse empires,
- For the way the strong socio-economic-cultural systems of the Batammariba demonstrate a sustainable approach to terra firma management, and
- one that is based on spiritual honour for the landscape.
General statement:
The site is nominated on the footing of criteria i, iii, v too vi.
Evaluation of criteria:
Criterion i: The nomination sites the creation of Takienta tower theater every bit representative of collective creative genius too i that is renewed every generation. This is non how this touchstone is ordinarily applied – rather it is used to reverberate the output of an private rather than societies.
Criterion iii: The nomination sites Koutammakou every bit beingness representative of those mount peoples inwards the sahel expanse of West Africa who have got resisted incorporation into the diverse empires that held sway. This would include the Dogon whose villages are already inscribed, too also the Sukur landscape inwards the Mandara mountains of Nigeria. There is insufficient comparative analysis to back upward this criterion.
Criterion v: The Koutammakou is surely an outstanding instance of a organization of traditional settlement which is silent living too dynamic, too bailiwick to traditional systems too practices, too which reflects inwards exceptional the singular civilization of the Batammariba.
Criterion vi: The Koutammakou is an eloquent testimony to the strength of spiritual association betwixt people too landscape every bit manifested inwards the way the organization of terra firma management of the Batammariba is inwards harmony amongst the natural resources of their surroundings
4. ICOMOS RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation for the future
The Koutammakou is clearly a identify where traditional regulations too practices are key to the sustainability of the property. These require to live sustained too the management programme aims to pose stair out inwards identify appropriate measures. However, local management also needs to be supported at a national level.
Although the site at the 2d reflects traditional practices, at that topographic point are all the same growing pressures which volition piece of occupation against its relatively self-contained status. Management needs to be proactive every bit good every bit reactive inwards monastic say to optimise resources. Nevertheless sanctions produce require to live inwards identify every bit good to counter whatever major too unforeseen threats that may arise, too this is where protective legislation should back upward local management.
Recommendation amongst honour to inscription
That the belongings live inscribed on the World Heritage List every bit a cultural landscape too on the footing of criteria v too vi:
Criterion v: The Koutammakou is an outstanding instance of a organization of traditional settlement that is silent living too dynamic, too bailiwick to traditional too sustainable systems too practices, too which reflects the singular civilization of the Batammariba, especially the Takienta tower houses.
Criterion vi: The Koutammakou is an eloquent testimony to the strength of spiritual association betwixt people too landscape, every bit manifested inwards the harmony betwixt the Batammariba too their natural surroundings
ICOMOS, March 2004
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Tourist undergoing Tamberma initiation rituals for women. By Los_Bernhayer
Somba girl,Atakora,Benin
Somba girl
Tata Somba nigh nattingou,Atakora,Benin
Photo source:Yves Regaldi
http://misviaj.es/transa36.htm
Tmaberma man child wearing traditional hat
Somba blacksmith,Atakora,Benin
Somba woman
Somba (Batammariba) women dancing,Atakora,Benin
somba man
Somba people,Benin
Somba Man amongst tribal marks on his human face upward too body. Marks is used every bit a cast of initiation into adulthood, beauty too a sign of a village, tribe, too clan. Natitingou, Republic of Benin | © Jean-Michel Clajot
Somba tribe daughter going thru initiation
Somba boy
Tourist undergoing Tamberma initiation rituals for women. By Los_Bernhayer
Somba (batammariba) blacksmith
Somba girl,Atakora,Benin
Somba girl
Tata Somba nigh nattingou,Atakora,Benin
Photo source:Yves Regaldi
http://misviaj.es/transa36.htm
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