Info For Y'all Bakiga (Kiga) People: Beautiful Together With Intelligent Due East African People Of The Mountain
"Look!
Am none that yous imagine me to be,
Am – what – I – am, non what I seem.
Am with an umbilical cord;
Am a native,
Am African,
Am Ugandan,
A Kiga from Kigezi!" (Busingye Kellen)
Bakiga youths performing Kiga traditional Dance at Rubuguri Primary School,Uganda
The Bakiga (Kiga) people, or Abakiga ("people of the mountains"), are an agro-pastoralist Rukiga-Bantu ethnic grouping located inwards southern western Republic of Uganda ( quondam Kigezi District), at nowadays Kibale district as well as inwards northward eastern Byumba surface area of Rwanda. The Bakiga are sometimes referred to as the Chiga or Kiga, spell the singular cast is Omukiga. It has been suggested that the Bakiga arrived inwards what is modern 24-hour interval Republic of Uganda from Rwanda betwixt 1600 as well as 1700. Additionally, a large number Bakiga were soundless living inwards Rwanda at the fourth dimension of European colonization. An Anglo - High German Agreement signed at Brussels on May 14, 1910, modified business office of the boundary betwixt British as well as High German territories initially established as the parallel of 1 bird southward latitude yesteryear the treaty of 1890. Modified were the sectors betwixt the Congo tripoint as well as the junction of the Kakitumba as well as Kagera, comprising the nowadays Rwanda - Republic of Uganda boundary, as well as betwixt the junction as well as the minute crossing of the parallel of 1 bird southward latitude yesteryear the Kagera, comprising the western segment of the nowadays Tanzania - Republic of Uganda boundary. Details of the concluding delimitation as well as demarcation of the Rwanda - Republic of Uganda boundary betwixt the Congo tripoint of Sabinio as well as the southwestern branch (Lubirizi) of the Tshinzinga (Muvogero) are given inwards an Anglo-German protocol signed at Kamwezi on Oct 30, 1911. Therefore, many Bakiga became Ugandans yesteryear defacto inwards 1911 when the electrical flow international boundaries of Republic of Uganda were formally finalized.
Bakiga people of Uganda
Due to over population some of them immigrated to diverse parts of Republic of Uganda majorly inwards Kabarole, Mbarara, Kibaale as well as Rukungiri Districts. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 few also immigrated to the fundamental districts of Uganda, such as Masaka as well as Wakiso. Back dwelling inwards Kabale District, the Bakiga are surrounded yesteryear the Bahorooro inwards the north, Banyarwanda inwards the South, Bafumbira inwards the W as well as Banyankore inwards the East. (and Byumba prefecture inwards Rwanda), as well as number nigh 8% of the population of Republic of Uganda or nearly 3 1000000 according to Population Estimates, Another 3 1000000 receive got been naturalised inwards other ethnic regions of Republic of Uganda such as Bunyoro, Tooro, Buganda, Northern Tanzania, Eastern Congo as well as Rwanda as good as those living inwards Europe as well as North America. This puts the total Population of People of Kiga rootage at nigh 6 million, roughly the total population of the State of Arizona.
The Bakiga are highly educated people as well as really developmental. They love novel things as well as bask life. Most Bakiga receive got relinquished their traditional way of life as well as receive got at nowadays adopted Western way of life.
At the meetings of district councils, English linguistic communication is used although everybody is a Mukiga, though it is the job of the entire country. Parents who know English linguistic communication well, sometimes resort to speaking it with their children. Those who work English linguistic communication are supposed to live educated as well as successful.
Bakiga native from Uganda, Kwatsi Alibaruho,is the inaugural off African-American (black) Flight Director for the National Aeronautics as well as Space Administration.
Festo Karwemera, a respected elderberry from Kabale, offers this full general comment: "Accepting the civilization of the West is a resultant of the inferiority complex due to ignorance emanating from the fact that they are the ones introducing civilisation inwards this dry ground as well as nosotros tend to assume that everything they do is the best. Their way of living is create clean as well as attractive hence positive because nobody takes problem to regain out how best nosotros tin modernise our civilization inwards our ain way."
Bakiga tribe man, Amama Mbabazi,, electrical flow Ugandan Prime Minister as well as Secretary General of the ruling National Resistance Movement party, formerly Security Minister as well as State Minister for Defence.
Language
Bakiga people receive got a native Bantu linguistic communication known as Kiga (also called Rukiga, Ruchiga, or Chiga) which belongs to the larger Niger-Congo linguistic communication phylum. Kiga is a really similar linguistic communication to the Nkore language. It was inaugural off written inwards the minute one-half of the nineteenth century.
Kiga is so similar to Nkore (84%–94% lexical similarity) that some fence they are dialects of the same language, called Nkore-Kiga yesteryear Charles Taylor.
Bakiga ladies from Uganda
In mutual with other Bantu languages, Kiga has a substantive grade scheme inwards which prefixes on nouns grade membership of 1 of the substantive genders. Pronouns, adjectives, as well as verbs reverberate the substantive sex of the nominal they refer to. Some examples of substantive classes:
mu – someone (singular), e.g. omukiga = inhabitant of Kigezi land
ru – language, e.g. Rukiga = linguistic communication of the Kiga
ba – people, e.g. Bakiga = The Kiga people
ki – customs or traditions, e.g. kikiga, (sometimes spelled Kichiga), describes religious tradition mutual to the Kiga people. Sometimes the people are called 'Chiga' yesteryear people non agreement the linguistic rules inwards relation to the prefixes.
The audio [l] is non distinctive inwards Rukiga. The alphabetic lineament "r" is used instead.
Rural Bakiga people
History/Origin
Pre-colonial period
The actual origins of the Bakiga are hidden inwards varying traditions. One schoolhouse of thought claimed that the Bakiga originally lived inwards Karagwe having migrated from Bunyoro during the Luo Invasion. They are associated with the Banyambo of Tanzania.
Bakiga people. Circa 1950
Another tradition which claim seems to live based on empirical evidence also aver that the cradle of the Bakiga was inwards Buganza inwards Rwanda. Mentioned inwards 1 of their folk songs - Abakiga twena tukaruga Rwanda, omu Byumba na Ruhenjere, - pregnant that all of us Bakiga, nosotros came from Rwanda inwards Byumba as well as Ruhenjere (called Ruhengeri inwards Rwanda). Both Byumba as well as Ruhengeri are Rwandan cities. The Bakiga are believed to live the descendants of Kashyiga, who came to live called Kakiga boy of Mbogo from the minor Kingdom of Bumbogo inwards Rwanda later. He came to cast the nowadays community of the Bakiga of Kigyezi or Kigezi as a resultant of Immigration. So Bakiga migrated from Buganza inwards search of fertile dry ground as well as to escape natural harzards due to internal political conflicts.
From Rwanda, the Bakiga are said to receive got migrated to Bwisa, to Bugoyi, as well as so to Rutchru, all inwards Zaire, as well as they last settled inwards Kigezi. Since the Bakiga are Bantu speakers, this tradition could live true. What may as live true id that the Bakiga were business office of the Bantu speakers who migrated from the Congo region, through Bunyoro, Karagwe, Rwanda as well as eastern Zaire to last settle inwards Kigezi. What has non yet been established are the exact dates when they settled inwards each of the areas en road to Kigezi.
Before the yr 1700 A.D., Rwanda is believed to receive got been occupied yesteryear the Twa people, as well as and so was afterwards on occupied yesteryear the minute immigration of the Hutu people, as well as the 3rd was the Tutsi. Rwanda was organised inwards minor states as well as chiefdoms but nether 1 ruler called the Mwami. Originally, he was also known as Omukama. Among the Bakiga, the ruling someone was hence named Mukama, equivalent to Mwami inwards other parts of Rwanda.
Originally, the hollo Mukama was non a name, but rather the championship of a Ruler. But afterwards on it came to live recognised as a name, implying to 1 ruling man. In the Bakiga culture, the hollo was afterwards attributed to God as Lord. Among the Bakiga, the hollo Mukama is non a woman someone name. There are non many Bakiga called yesteryear the hollo Mukama. It is a hollo that was reserved to live used inwards the solid unit of measurement of the ruling clan, the Bamuhutu, who possess the inheritance powers. If at that topographic point is whatever someone bearing the hollo Mukama, he must live a Bamuhutu, specifically a Mungura/Mwitira, or belong to the royal clan of the Bamuhutu. Not fifty-fifty inwards Rwanda with the Tutsi who took over the Kingdom after Mbogo had been defeated, did they dare to work the hollo Mukama because it signified a to a greater extent than fundamental powerfulness than they had assumed. Similar names could live similar Byamukama, Kyomukama, Womukama, Kamukama, Bainomukama as well as so on. Therefore, the championship for the King inwards Rwanda remained Mwami (Omwami), whereas inwards the Rukiga (the Kiga Kingdom) they continued to work the championship Mukama (Omukama).
Bakiga human being inwards traditional dress
Kiga Kindgom
Kakiga was responsible for the formation of the Kiga Kingdom, its clans as well as sub-clans, as well as all the instantly descents of his children. Each clan was identified yesteryear a totem as well as also yesteryear what they were forbidden from eating. For example, the Ba-Mungwe’s totem was the bushbuck as well as they were prohibited from hunting it for food. All these measures were intended for the protection, sustenance, as well as well-being of the clans as they were non competing for the same food. There are many clans as well as sub-clans inwards the Kiga tribe, but the major ones are: Ba-Mungura (the Royal Clan inwards which the Mukama was supposed to live born), Ba-Musigi (the clan that was supposed to maintain the defense forcefulness of the King or the Mukama), Ba-Mungwe, Ba-Kinyagiro, Ba-Mugiri, Ba-Muhutu, Ba-Mugera, as well as Ba-Mugyesera, Ba-Mugyeyo. Each of these clans has sub-clans.
The Abukuru b-ekika was a commission of elders chosen yesteryear the clan to number rules as well as administer justice. If a instance was especially serious as well as involved to a greater extent than than 1 clan, the cases would live heard publicly. An Omukuru, ideally a wise elderberry who knew the customs as well as traditions of his people, as well as who could live trusted to give fair advice as well as justice, was elected to preside over this expanded court.
Kakiga, the boy of Mbogo from the province of Bumbogo as well as of the Abahitira (Abungura) clan, made his displace towards the W as well as settled inwards the forests of Kagarama, the mountains of the nowadays border of Rwanda as well as Republic of Uganda inwards Kigezi district. In exactly about 1700, Kakiga established his ain community as well as wished to initiate a novel Kingdom, but wanted to go dorsum to cope the Nyoro invaders, first. Kakiga found out that the novel dry ground was really fertile as well as had goodness grass for the cattle. Together with his friends, they made a bargain to stay. These became a novel grouping of people called the Abakiga or Bakiga.
As fourth dimension went on, the population grew as well as Kakiga wanted to expand his localities. He started sending groups to search as well as conquer. He sent the inaugural off grouping towards the due east inwards the parts of Karweru, where the grouping of the Abasigi was supposed to conquer. This grouping was nether the leadership of Rwandeme. This was believed to live the strongest grouping that was to cope the forces of Ankore. Unfortunately, Rwandeme lost the Royal drum. Since the Kingdom could non stand upwards without a drum, Rwandeme never dared to homecoming to Kagarama. He remained inwards the mountains of Karweru as well as his grouping intermarried with the Ankore people. This explains why most of the Abasigi are found inwards these parts of the region. It also gives the argue to why at that topographic point are many unlike accents, intonations, as well as spellings inwards the Rukiga language.
Bakiga tribe man, Festo Kivengere, quondam Anglican Bishop as well as critic of dictator Idi Amin's regime. His tomb at St Peter's cathedral, Rugarama inwards Kabale District is revered yesteryear many Anglican Kiga people.
Out of anger at his father, Mbogo, Kakiga ordered obligatory circumcision of all manly someone children. Many did non back upwards this, but he maintained that every Mungura shall receive got to live circumcised, as well as that Kings must live circumcised too. This is why the Abungura is the only clan inwards the entire Kiga tribe that undergoes circumcision. The circumcision was to live taken at the eleventh (11) age. The balance of the Bakiga do non circumcise nether cultural obligation. But these days, some select it for other reasons, but non because they receive got to. Kakiga also left the Kiga legacy of the scheme of naming. The Kiga people select the solid unit of measurement hollo after their grand father, or after their manly someone parent has died. That is why, it is really hard to line the lineage of the Bakiga through solid unit of measurement names. But with unlike clans, they soundless grip the norm of the founding father. For instance, Mbogo could live the boy of Rwambogo. But inwards similar a 7th generation, Mubangizi could live the boy of Mubanga. All inwards all, the same names would live revolving exactly about inwards the same family. But nowadays, many educated Bakiga regain it useful to work their parent names, fifty-fifty if they are soundless alive. Even the Royal clan does it. This separation as well as rebellion volition grade the complexity of the Kiga community, letting it aspect as though she never had a political system.
The major factors that led to the failure of the formation of the Kiga kingdom to the fullest were, mostly, a lack of trust as well as fearfulness of Kakiga, the lack of a armed services strong plenty for a successful invasion, the abrupt prosper as well as uncovering of fertile lands. Kakiga, though he lost the royal drum, he continued to live strong. He sent some other grouping to assail farther inwards the north. This was the grouping of the Abaromba as well as the Abahimba. These diffused to most parts of Muko, Rubanda, as well as Kihihi. Other groups went to Kakore as well as Mparo, as well as proceeded to Nyakishenyi as well as Nyarushanje. We soundless regain a mixture of Ankore as well as Kinyarwanda accents as well as intonations inwards these areas. Kakiga attempted to brand some other drum, but he could non acquire testicles of brave enemies to decorate it. He only made declarations that his sons as well as daughters should non espouse whatever foreigner, because he believed that the pure King should live from Rwanda.
He made his shield out of cattle skin. He promoted agriculture as well as his tools were mainly the panga, the spear, as well as the hoe. He enjoyed wrestling, dancing, hunting as well as keeping cattle. The most mutual figures of the few known Bungura Royals include: Muhanga (Mubanga), Rwabutare, Kamboji, Kabogo, Katumba, Katamujuna, Kahigyi, Bakunzi, Mbogo, Rwakasole, Mungura, Rwambogo. The Abungura, though few as they may be, are soundless the recognized Royal clan of the Kiga tribe as well as most of them live inwards outskirts of Kabale town, as well as soundless bask their hereditary wealth. They are non wealthy inwards the strict feel of the word. They are renowned for their love for enquiry as well as education. The Bungura were also known for their tough leadership, as well as at times, they are referred to as arrogant, as well as aggressive.
There has been a diversity of experiences inwards the life of the Bakiga, such as interactions with other Kingdoms, religions, as well as many other cultures. The bakiga are really hospitable as well as bask the privilege of having a mixed language. Rukiga, as a language, is a combination of the influence of the accents as well as alphabets from Rwanda, Ankore, Toro, Bufumbira, as well as Swahili.
While the Bakiga would afterwards live classified as Hutu, originally they considered themselves an solely separate people. In modern Rwanda, the Hutus of southern Rwanda are called Banyanduga, spell the Hutus inwards the northern Rwanda are collectively referred to as Bakiga.
Bakiga women
Colonial Period
The Bakiga communities defended their independence until the collaboration of High German colonial forces as well as the royal troops of the Mwami or Mukama succeeded inwards incorporating the part into the Rwandan colonial province at the plow of the twentieth century. The part remained a hotbed of discontent against the fundamental ascendance for many years. One of the strongest influences upon the grapheme of the Bakiga was the anti-centrist cult of Nyabingi.
Bakiga tribe man, Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, economist as well as banker, electrical flow Governor of the Central Bank of Uganda.
After the expiry of the Rwandan King, Kigeri IV Rwabugiri inwards 1895, 1 of his wives called Muhumuza fled to the mountains of Kiga as well as proclaimed an anti-colonial rebellion inwards 1911. She was captured the same yr as well as her resistance taken upwards yesteryear Ndungutse, by as well as large recognized as the boy of Muhumuza as well as Rwabugiri. Ndungutse was killed, though sporadic rebellions sprang upwards until the advent of Belgian dominion after World War I. The conditions for these rebellions were created yesteryear the scheme of forced labor tribute (ubareetwa) imposed on the Bakiga yesteryear their novel colonial masters. P.T.W. Baxter noted that, "The proud boast of the Kiga is that they were never, as a people, subjugated yesteryear either Tutsi or Hima." However, this resistance was, paradoxically, inwards large business office led or inspired yesteryear disaffected members of the Tutsi elite.
The Bakiga became 1 of ii major forces, along with the hill-level tensions of Hutu peasants as well as Tutsi chiefs, inwards the formation of "Social Revolution" of 1959. In the pre-colonial system, dry ground usage was controlled yesteryear chiefs who owned dry ground (bakonde) or controlled access to it (bagererwa). With the onrush of colonial rule, these chiefs were technically replaced yesteryear southern Tutsi as well as Bakiga who agreed to go for them. However, the old monastic enjoin was never solely erased, resulting inwards tensions betwixt the two. While the older bakonde yearned for a homecoming to their old status, younger generations of bakonde were able to merge their claims into that of the anti-colonial/Tutsi revolutionary movement.
Bakiga tribe man, Kizza Besigye, Ugandan Opposition Politician, electrical flow leader of the Forum for Democratic Change, 3 fourth dimension runner-up to President Yoweri Museveni inwards presidential elections (2001, 2006, 2011)
Economy
Bakiga were both pastoralists as well as agriculturalists. They grew sorghum, peas, millet, potatoes, sugariness potatoes, vegetables as well as beans (Grace Carswell, J B Perseglove, M M Edel, Belshaw, Charsley &Katebarirwe). These were supplemented with pumpkins, yams, as well as a diversity of light-green vegetables (Wikipedia, Karwemera, as well as Grace Carswell). By the 1930s Matooke had go a formidable crop inwards the subcounties of Rwamucucu, Bukinda, Kamwezi, Kashambya as well as Rujumbura County. Livestock included cattle, goats as well as sheep. Non livestock animals included dogs kept mainly for accompanying people grazing cattle as well as for hunting purposes.
Bakiga solid unit of measurement with their livestock, Uganda
Food was ever prepared inwards abundance. It was goodness manners (still is) for a visitor to bring together a solid unit of measurement eating a repast with or without invitation. The Bakiga used to make beer, omuramba (still do), from sorghum. It could live both nutrient as well as an alcoholic drink. By the 1930s Rwarwa/ Tonto had joined the Beer ranks inwards the areas where matooke (Orutookye, the plantation) was grown. To bask these drinks, people would sit down on wooden stools inwards a convenient identify surrounding a pot. The men would as well as so quaff yesteryear way of long tubes (ebishekye); they would quaff as they discussed matters affecting their country. The elders would also settle disputes, recite their heroic deeds as well as their history, as well as sing as well as trip the lite fantastic exactly about a pot of omuramba.
Some with the Bakiga were neat iron-smiths (the Baheesi) who were making hoes, knives, as well as spears. Pottery was also highly developed (kubumba), as well as a broad arrive at of carpentry existed (kubaija: amato, ebitebe etc). They reared bees as well as produced honey. Women were inwards accuse of digging, spell men cleared the bush as well as erected circular grass-thatched huts. Nearly all activities were done communally.
The Bakiga made beer, omuramba, played a important social role. It had a nutrient element as well as was an alcoholic quaff necessary for social gatherings.
Bakiga people on Lake Bunyonyi
The Bakiga were as well as soundless are really goodness zither (enanga) players. They played it lonely or inwards groups.
Food Security; The Bakiga attached a lot of importance to the availability of nutrient all the time. At times nutrient would live abundant as well as at times harvests would live piteous due to bad weather. It was the role of the solid unit of measurement heads to ensure that nutrient was available inwards all circumstances. For this argue the Bakiga had structures to store nutrient staffs for long periods. The bigger granneries (Ebitara) were used to store unthreshed nutrient staffs similar sorghum, maize as well as others. The threshed grains as well as cereals were stored inwards smaller good smeared grannaries (ebihumi).
Social Structure
The Bakiga were organized into clans the biggest of which was Basiga clan. Each clan was composed if several lineages as well as each lineage had ahead, Omukuru w’omuryango. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 human being was non allowed to espouse from his clan.
Inheritance; the manly someone children could split upwards their fathers estate with themselves. It was normal for fathers to give some dry ground to their daughters upon union as business office of the assets (emihingizo) to accompany the daughtesr to their novel married lives. This used to human activity as an property start upwards (entandikwa) for the novel solid unit of measurement especially when the boys' parents property base of operations was so lacking. At other times when the girls manly someone parent either had fewer boys or had dry ground inwards abundance.
Homesteads; Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 mukiga homestead consisted of a main solid or hut, a kitchen, a kraal, sanitation facilities as well as a serial of grannaries. All these were enclosed inwards a strong fence made upwards of mainly thorny plants similar emikwatangwe (plants that restrict leopards). The fence was meant to offering protection against wildlife on livestock, thieves as well as enemies.
Marriage
Marriage was a really of import cultural establishment with the Bakiga. In ancient times virginity was really important. If an single immature adult woman got pregnant, she would live taken to a forest, tied to a tree, as well as left to the mercy of animals. Alternatively, she would live thrown over a cliff. Kisizi Falls were most used for this purpose. At Lake Bunyonyi, a 1 meter high isle was used for dumping these unfortunate girls. Migrating tribes or nomads unable to dowry for a bride would sometimes rescue these girls as well as select them for a wife. In these instances, the immature adult woman could never live returned to her community as well as had to displace away. Though these practices receive got been stopped inwards recent times, single girls or women who acquire pregnant today soundless confront severe forms of alternative social sanctions inside their communities or clans.
Traditionally, no union could live honored without the payment of bride wealth. In the past, a union could live arranged yesteryear the boy’s manly someone parent or uncle on the boy’s behalf. The concluding arrangements could only live made after the payment of bride wealth. The bride was usually paid yesteryear the boy’s father. It involved cows, goats as well as hoes. The amount paid differed from grouping to grouping as well as from solid unit of measurement to solid unit of measurement inside each group. It is said that it was taboo to sell whatever animals given as bride wealth. Such animals could live used to obtain wives for the girl’s brothers or father.
The Bakiga are a really polygamous society; the number of wives was only express yesteryear the availability of dry ground as well as bride wealth obligations.
The Bride wealth paid on a immature adult woman was shared with the girl’s principal relatives. Of the relatives the most of import were Nyinarimi (maternal uncle) as well as ishenkazi (paternal aunt). If 1 of them went away dissatisfied, so they said, he could homecoming the immature adult woman barren or cause her to receive got incessant ill- wellness yesteryear inciting the wrath of the ancestors.
Boys tended to espouse at a slightly belatedly age, betwixt 18 as well as 20 years, spell girls could live marred off betwixt 14 as well as 16 years of age. The normal vogue was for girls from richer families to acquire married afterwards than girls from poorer families. Before marriage, a immature adult woman wield pass a calendar month or so inwards seclusion. During this period, she would live good fed as well as instructed inwards the fine art of dwelling management.
DIVORCE
There are divorce cases with the Bakiga. The mutual causes were barrenness as well as laziness on the business office of the married adult woman or the husband. Some other matters of misunderstanding betwixt a hubby as well as a married adult woman could also atomic number 82 to divorce. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 divorcee was allowed to remarry but she would fetch less bride wealth this fourth dimension as she would no longer live a virgin. The bulk of the would-be instances of divorce were settled yesteryear the elders. They would usually live called yesteryear the woman’s manly someone parent to withdraw heed to both the hubby as well as the married adult woman as well as assay to receive got the ii sides arrive at an amicable conclusion that would preclude divorce. In such cases, it was normal to fine the offending party. Fighting inwards the dwelling betwixt husbands as well as wives was frequent, but would non usually atomic number 82 to divorce.
Bakiga tribe adult woman as well as her child
Polical Structure
The Bakiga were a segmentary society. Political ascendance rested inwards the hands of lineage leaders, Abakuru b’emiryango Ngorogoza), many of whom had first-class oratory as good as armed services skills. There existed neither chiefs nor kings with the Bakiga. The clan elders Bakuru B’emiryango (Ngorogoza) were influential as well as highly respected elders as well as were supposed to live impartial inwards administering justice. Some leaders such as Basubi emerged to prominence because they had mystical skills. They were pelting makers. Others were Baigirwa, the mediums of Nyabingi cult.
The Bakiga were warlike. They resisted the Batutsi as well as Bahima incursions. As a politically segmented society, they did non receive got a standing army. However, they had warlords who would mobilize as well as atomic number 82 the people to state of war inwards the lawsuit of invasion. The warlords were men who had killed a large number of enemies inwards wars without losing whatever of their men or weapons. Every able-bodied manly someone was culturally obliged to live a soldier.
Bakiga tribe man, Ruhakana Rugunda, quondam Ugandan Permanent Representative to the United Nations as well as inaugural off Ugandan Chairman of the United Nations Security Council, currently Minister of Health.
Social Control
The Bakiga abhorred anti-social activities as well as if whatever 1 was caught he was heavily punished.
Such activities included stealing, blocking paths, murder, sorcery as well as nighttime dancing. In the instance of murder for example, the murderer was buried live inwards the same grave with the victim. Virginity was highly esteemed as well as it was a really serous offence for a immature adult woman to acquire pregnant earlier marriage. If an single immature adult woman became pregnant, she would either live taken to a woods as well as tied to a tree feet as well as arms as well as town over a cliff. Most pregnant girls with the Bakiga were taken to the Kisizi falls inwards Ndorwa as well as thrown downwardly the cliff. They would drown inwards the falls. The lucky ones were exactly cursed as well as disowned yesteryear their people. As a resultant M M Edel referred to the social controls with the Bakiga as an ordered anarchy (either for his lack of appreciation of Bakiga civilization non good or exactly beingness arrogant). The legal scheme followed a similar monastic enjoin but also involved unlike clan elders. Edel refers to the Bakiga Legal physical care for as activeness of the offended political party whether to right an injury yesteryear retaliation or compel payment of an obligation.
Bakiga people at a meeting
Conflict resolution
In settling disputes the elderly members of a clan the abakuru b’emiryango (Ngorogoza). Clansmen elected a lineage caput on the criteria of grapheme (truthful, brave, a war-leader) as well as powerfulness (a rich man, a medicine man, or a priest). Different lineage heads would get together as well as publicly hash out potential issues of wider concern. What lineage heads did non solve together could resultant inwards fighting betwixt groups. The Bakiga were natural born-warriors.
Bakiga people
Religious Belief
The Bakiga believed inwards a supreme beingness Ruhanga or Kazooba Nyamuhanga; the Creator of all things earthly as well as heavenly. God is also known through many attributes. As the supreme elderberry as well as the ruler of the universe, he is called Mukama. When associated with the powerfulness of the sun, he is Kazooba-Nyamuhanga. In his aspect as the 1 who makes things grow, he is called Biheeko.
At a lower bird they believed inwards the cult of Nyabingi ( the spirit of a much respected rain-maker). The Nyabingi cult was said to receive got originated from Karagwe. It had its base of operations at Kagarama, nigh Lake Bunyonyi. There were special shrines for Nyabingi known as endaro. Through Nyamingi’s representatives known as Abagirwa people would worship as well as tender sacrifices of beer as well as roasted meat to Nyamingi. The Nyabingi cult believed that their god was able to brand them win wars as well as give them courage as well as strength inwards the agitation against colonialism, some believed that Emandwa would defend them against bad spirits, as well as other gods were for bumper harvests, goodness luck as well as others.
Other religious practices included ordinary charms, magical practicing as well as divine practices (Ngorogoza, Turyahikayo-Rugyema,Murindwa Rutanga).
Many Bakiga with the influence of Christianity adopted 'theo-phoric' names. These names are eschatological (Turya-guma-nawe) pregnant nosotros volition live with God for ever.
Bakiga Christian singers,Rwanda
Medical Practice
the Bakiga had really wonderful ways of promoting goodness health. Some were preventive, corrective spell others were curative. The mutual preventive measures were ample feeding as well as okushandaga (innoculation/administration of drugs through a pare incision). While goodness feeding ensured strength as well as vigor, Okushandaga was meant to confer immunity against a broad arrive at of diseases including protecting a someone from beingness charmed or struck yesteryear thunder. Surgery was a broad applied exercise ranging from uncomplicated to the most complicated surgery as that of the encephalon for those whose sculls could crevice during wars or mere accidents. There were living examples of the people who had undergone surgery survived until they died of old historic menses inwards my hamlet of Ibumba. There were ii ladies who during their youth had been speared as well as the intestines gashed out. The doctors of the 24-hour interval trimmed as well as sterilized (Okwotera) minor calabashes, carefully stacked the intestines taking aid non to strangulate them as well as pressed them dorsum into their abdominal cavities. One of the ladies was a woman parent to Rwakabuga a musigyi of Nyakafura hamlet as well as a church building catechist, the other was a married adult woman to Mpigika, boy of Nturanabo the boy of Mwate the boy of Mbumburi of Macumu. Headache was surgically treated yesteryear puncturing 1 of the blood vessels on the facial surface area inwards a higher identify the ear on which a minor good trimmed sterilized gourd (engunga) would live stuck yesteryear the suction pressure level resulting from the vacuum created yesteryear the expulsion of air yesteryear heat. Excessive bad blood causing headache would sucked into this vessel. Most of the curative drugs were derived from the herbs that treated awide arrive at of diseases. Remedies for toxicant were selectively as well as commonly administered (Okutanasya/vomiting inwards monastic enjoin to expel the ingested poison). They fifty-fifty had an antidote for excessive vomiting induced yesteryear such medications. Babies born prematurely could live incubated using millet bran until they could mature. Cuts would live treated with enyabarashana/Bidens pilosae which could effectively arrest the bleeding. Urinaly complications/Enzibe/possibly prostate cancer would effectively live treated with preparations from the Stinging nestle/ Ekicuriganyi. Bruises as well as fractures were treated/okumunga either inwards the presence or absence of the patient as long as the surface area of the fracture was known. Stories of love portions were rife especially inwards polygamous settings to attract the unopen attending of the hubby from other wives as well as women. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 critical assay out of the bakiga medical exercise could cast a really vital foundation for relevant reliable basic medical aid solutions.
Bakiga people of Lake Bunyonyi
Music/Dance
The cast of trip the lite fantastic for the Bakiga is called the Ekizino. Ekizino is a royal trip the lite fantastic from the Bakiga people of Kigezi, which is known as "Switzerland of Africa" because of its atmospheric condition as well as landscape similar to most European countries. Temperatures at nighttime readily drib to 4°C - 10°C. Livestock are traditionally kept indoors, oftentimes nether a raised wooden pole bed, to generate oestrus to maintain the solid unit of measurement members warm.
During colder months, Ekizino is the warm-up dance. Since Kigezi is a hilly region, the men who go out farming early on inwards the morn mutual coldness must bound exactly about for a spell to acquire warm, as well as also to stretch their muscles after work. Traditionally, the people also used to postage the basis until they found signs of water. Therefore, this really vigorous trip the lite fantastic represents their jumping, stamping as well as is meant to demonstrate stamina as well as strength. Women participant inwards this vigorous trip the lite fantastic along as well, with a to a greater extent than elegant display of their arms.
Musical instruments
Omukuli (flute): The flute is widely pop inwards all regions of Uganda. It is played both as a solo as well as accompaniment instrument. It is made out of a diversity of materials that receive got a foursquare hole chipped out of 1 of the ends. It has finger holes that assist inwards playing unlike pitches as well as melody. The participant directs a flow of air over the precipitous rim or on transcend of the pipe. It has a pentatonic scale, sol, la, do, re, mi, or do, re, mi, sol, la. Endere is tuned on the xylophone key since the xylophone is omnipresent throughout Uganda.
Amakondere (trumpets): Low-pitched instruments are cutting from the trunks of the papaw tree. High-pitched trumpets are made of antelope horn. Medium-register trumpets are hollowed out from tree roots. The as well as are blown inwards a transverse seat through a slanted mouth-hole at the end. In an ensemble of these instruments, each participant sounds his single pitch. These come upwards from the Lugbara as well as Kebu tribes of the western Nile region. In some traditional societies, horns were used as way of communications, for example, inwards an emergency. They are played inwards groups of 7 or more. These side-blown horns sometimes receive got a fingerhole, which is used for grace-note ornaments.
Endingidi (fiddle): a 1 string musical instrument which is attached to a flexible stick with a wooden audio box as well as is played with a bow. It is tuned inwards a pentatonic scale. It accompanies dances as well as it is included inwards an ensemble of most Ugandan instruments.
Enanga (trough zither): a zither with 8 strings which run inwards a higher identify a wooden trough. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 zither is an instrument. It is mainly a story-telling or poesy form reciting musical instrument as well as it accompanies some dances inwards Kigezi Western business office of Uganda. It is tuned inwards a pentatonic scale.
Engoma (drums): In a Bakiga society, as 1 of the African traditions, Drums convey the powerfulness that drives the performance as well as the beat of the vigorous dance.
Bakiga tribe kids performing traditional Ekizino dance
Bakiga Proverbs
Among the Bakiga a saying is known as orufumu. Which term brings to a related Kikiga term, omufumu which refers to “medicine man” So inwards a way as observed yesteryear Cistenino (1987: 7), a saying is a “soothing sentence…….” However inwards its beingness soothing, at that topographic point is a ever a message, depending on the occasion inwards which it is used. As such performance of proverbs should live purposed lest they lose their pregnant as well as therein their existence threatened.
Enda tehwayo. The tum has no end. This way that 1 cannot swallow nutrient that is plenty to satisfy the stomach. Every other 24-hour interval a someone has to go so as to fill upwards his stomach.The give-and-take “stomach” inwards the saying brings to withdraw heed its associate, “food”. As such inwards saying that the tum has no end, the implication is that at that topographic point tin never live an cease to the want for nutrient as well as other things. This is because nutrient gives life. Therefore given that everyone possesses a stomach, he has to feed it as well as the only way to feed it is yesteryear working so as to acquire food. On a larger scale, the tum symbolizes man’s endless desires. Thus the saying encourages the lazy especially the immature to go hard so as to live a satisfied as well as meaningful life
Bakiga tribe man, Kizza Besigye, Ugandan Opposition Politician, electrical flow leader of the Forum for Democratic Change, 3 fourth dimension runner-up to President Yoweri Museveni inwards presidential elections (2001, 2006, 2011)
Obwikara hamwe bukatubura omugurusi. Sitting idle made an old human being impotent. This way that sitting downwardly without doing anything makes 1 aspect useless to himself as well as his society. Here the province of impotence is symbolic of the consequences of beingness idle. Just similar an impotent human being is childless as well as hence disrespected inwards the Kiga culture, so is a lazy as well as idle someone for he is non productive both to himself as well as society. As such he is a viewed as an ultimate burden to society. Therefore such a saying encourages the immature to live actively engaged inwards go so that they are recognized yesteryear society
Atashweire ayesiga okushumba. He who does non espouse hopes to live a slave. The saying literally means, that the human being who fails to espouse cannot live a master copy of his ain instead ends upwards beingness a slave to someone else.
In the saying the give-and-take “marry” is symbolic of the benefits of hard work. This is inwards a way that with the Bakiga, for a human being to live able to espouse someone’s immature adult woman he has to present that he is competent. His competence is judged yesteryear his beingness able to work. “Slave” symbolizes lack of recognition from gild for failure to work. As such 1 has to live creative plenty so as to go yesteryear himself as well as bask the fruits of his labour lest he becomes s as lave to live used yesteryear others as well as therein lose his independence as well as recognition
Enshohera etagyenzire terya kookoro. The wing that does non laid out does non feed on a wound. The saying way that a wing that is as good lazy to wing out misses the chance of enjoying the sweetness of a wound.
The give-and-take “wound” is symbolic of a vantage as well as “the wing that does non laid out” is symbolic of those people who sit down idly claiming they receive got zip to do. Given that wounds are delicious to flies as well as yet non found everywhere, as well as so flies are expected to ‘think’ of how to access 1 as well as which is yesteryear flight out as well as looking for them. Similarly, inwards life goodness things are non that slow to come upwards yesteryear as well as so 1 has to live creative as well as hollo upwards of how to acquire them. The implication of this is that yesteryear all way 1 has to work. Such a saying hence encourages the immature non to waste product fourth dimension exactly looking for who tin give them what to do but to live also creative as well as go for themselves.
Enkoko etarahura teiguta. The hen that does non scratch never gets satisfied. Through the inwards a higher identify proverb, it is observed that if a hen does non scratch the basis as well as so it cannot acquire plenty worms to feed on. In the proverb, “scratch” symbolizes go but also inventiveness inwards human terms. Therefore to live satisfied 1 has to hollo upwards of what to do because it is only through working that satisfaction tin live got. Such a saying thus encourages the immature who are usually ambitious as well as yet do non want to work, to go so as to arrive at a fulfilled life.
Obwenda amaka enkombe ekabyama egarami. The want for a solid unit of measurement caused the pigeon to wing until it lay exhausted on its back. The inwards a higher identify way that the pigeon that wanted to espouse as well as receive got a solid unit of measurement was forced to prevarication on its dorsum so as to acquire what it wanted. The give-and-take “exhausted” indicates some of the negative things that go with go – perhaps the argue as to why some people resent working. However as reflected inwards the proverb, the fact remains that inwards as much as go may live demanding, it is the only way through which nosotros tin acquire anything goodness especially that which nosotros want as well as value as represented yesteryear “family.” The saying also suggests that to acquire something 1 has to sacrifice something. The saying hence encourages the immature to aspect beyond the demands of whatever go as well as focus on the goodness go brings.
Ah’okushaka hare ohingayo. Instead of looking for nutrient from far, grow it there. This points the fact that its amend to cultivate one’s ain nutrient inwards a far identify than to go looking for nutrient from there. Here the saying points to hard work. It indicates the vogue to want slow life assymbolized y the human activity of “looking for good” In the saying nosotros acquire the implication that hard go is preferred because it also breeds self-reliance. To grow food, which represents hard go is to a greater extent than beneficial than exactly looking for it. As much, given that
at that topographic point are to a greater extent than benefits inwards working hard than exactly working, the immature are encouraged towork hard through the proverb.
Akajere katootsire kagwubwa kagncwa. The minor human foot that does non miss treading ends upwards treading a path.
The minor human foot that constantly treads on the basis eventually leads the formation of a path. “The minor foot” is symbolic of fiddling capability as well as its beingness able to create a “path” is symbolic of impact.As such when 1 constantly does something, fifty-fifty that which he knows fiddling of, he eventually becomes an adept inwards it. The saying hence upholds the virtue of persistence that is also echoed yesteryear the adage; “practice makes perfect.” Through the saying fifty-fifty the immature who do non know how to do anything or receive got fiddling skill, non to
surrender but to maintain trying out what they know for they volition succeed inwards the end.
Aku oyehingiire niko kakumara enjara. What yous grow is what satisfies your hunger. That only the nutrient yous receive got grown yourself, nevertheless little, is what tin live plenty to acquire rid of your hunger. “Hunger” is symbolic of desires as good as goals. So how much 1 wants determines the extent to which he volition work.The saying hence encourages putting inwards their best they tin inwards whatever they do if they to arrive at want they want. It also cautions them to select responsibleness of their decisions’ outcome.
Emirimo ebiri ekarema empisi. Two jobs defeated the hyena. That doing ii jobs at ago- eating spell chasing after some other prey, made the hyena to instead lose the meat that it had already hunted as good as failed to select grip of the prey it was chasing. Here the ii jobs that a hyena attempted to do was to swallow its victim as well as at the same fourth dimension run after some other prey for to a greater extent than meat. The saying way that it is vain for 1 to hollo upwards that he tin do to a greater extent than than 1 thing at ago. This is because ultimately 1 of the ii volition non live done good or worse still; the ii jobs may both non live done at all.
Akanuzire karuga omu ituutu. That which is delicious comes from sweat. That, that which is sugariness only comes through sweat. This implies that zip goodness comes without hard go as symbolized yesteryear sweat. The saying hence reminds people especially the immature inwards this instance that everyone has to work. It rebukes them against the mentality of resenting go because of the much effort as well as sacrifices needed – no pain, no gain
Bakiga tribe human being shaka-ssali, is radio as well as TV presenter with the Voice of America
Agateraine nigo gata eigufa. The united jaws crunch the bone. That a os tin only live broken yesteryear many teeth because as well as so they are stronger than a single molar when used to do the same job. “The bone” inwards the saying is symbolic of a hard task. The saying hence way that to live able to do sure as shooting tasks especially the hard ones, nosotros should seek the manus of another. One should non live ashamed to seek assist physical or moral.
As such the young, through the saying are encouraged to seek advice nigh that which they do non know much on how to do it. The saying also indicates pride as well as calls for humility inwards accepting that they cannot know how to do everything hence the demand for advice.
Akatukuru akabutairemu niko kabwihamu. The handbasket with which the millet was sown is the same 1 with which to harvest it. That the basket, which yous used to stair out the seeds for sowing, volition the same basket
that yous volition work for harvesting the yield; if it was big, as well as so your yield volition also live big. The saying way that how much is sown is the much that is reaped. It hence sounds the same message as the mutual saying “You reap what yous sow.” As such no beating nigh the bush inwards work. Everything lays out itself clearly – 1 should await as much as she puts in. Hence the immature reminded as well as encouraged of the demand to confront the reality nigh work. They are discouraged from zip for things other than working for them, for it is an
indication of laziness.
The human being at the left is Bakiga tribe man, Charles muhangi, a Ugandan human being of affairs as well as rally driver, quondam African Rally Champion, possessor of Horizon Football Club as well as Horizon Coaches, a pop jitney fellowship that plies the road betwixt Kabale as well as Ugandan capital, Kampala.
Source:http://www.kearwe.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=3
http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html
Bakiga native from Uganda, Kwatsi Alibaruho, the Flight Director for the National Aeronautics as well as Space Administration.
Lake Bunyonyi
Lake Bunyonyi " Place of many Little Birds"is a body of H2O 7 kilometres W from Kabale Town, southwestern Republic of Uganda unopen to the border with Rwanda. It is 25 km long as well as 7 km wide, roofing an surface area of 61 foursquare kilometres. The lake's height is 1,962 m inwards a higher identify body of body of water bird as well as it is surrounded yesteryear hills that are 2,200 to 2,478 m high as well as intensely cultivated.
Towns on it shores include Kyevu as well as Muko, spell its 29 islands include Punishment Island as well as Bushara Island are concentrated inwards the fundamental part. These islands receive got few settlements, they are mostly used for tourist facilities as well as for a secondary as well as a primary school.
It is a pop location for watersports. 
The information on the lake's maximum depth varies, from 44 m to 900 m inwards parts. If the latter is true, Lake Bunyonyi is the minute deepest lake inwards Africa.
It is 1 of the few lakes inwards the part that is gratis of bilharzia as well as condom for swimming.
The temperature on the surface rises to 25 degrees Celsius. In the get-go of the 20th century, fish were introduced to the lake as well as inwards the 1930s angling became profitable. Unfortunately inwards the 1960s the fish died massively as a resultant of a fierce shallow mixing, probable caused yesteryear wind. Subsistence angling prevailed inwards the lake, people mostly caught clarias species - the lake's depth as well as stratification makes it hard for the breeding of the mutual Ugandan species Nile Perch as well as Tilapia. Nevertheless, 300,000 Nile Tilapias as well as Clarias fish were released inwards the lake at the cease of 2002. Also nowadays inwards the lake are Mud fish, Cray fish as well as Mirrowcarp - as well as plenty of their predators, otters.
The lake's main centre is Bufuka Village. The area's inhabitants are from the Bakiga as well as the Batwa tribes. 
Lake Bunyonyi
AM WHAT I AM!
My people are strong: It’s true my palms as well as hands
Yes, I may seem not- Divorce me from the mighty hills
Hands as good tender to hoe bitakuli, From hewing logs that boil the bushera
Muscles as good scarce to avail a pot-ful of bushera, And the kilos of the fermenting pot;
And sense of savor buds so unusual to it. Alas! The divergence is nil.
Alas! Those are your dreams.
My people are pinned as hostile, Though our fair ones
Many a fourth dimension rude as well as hard hearted, Are labeled the fighters
Yes, I may qualify non - I acknowledge am as good unlearned,
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 maiden as good tranquil as well as agile. But soundless of my roots;
Yet soundless roots with the hostile. Rooting with my people.
Bakiga tribe man shaka-ssali, is radio as well as TV presenter with the Voice of America
My people are frank My people are tough:
Yes I receive got a identify at that topographic point - Yes, I may claim one-half of that
Than love me for biting your back, A catch so meek, smitten as well as soft,
Rather love me for biting your face, Yet I root with the tough.
Then, I know that yous perfectly love.
Bakiga tribe man, Kizza Besigye, Ugandan Opposition Politician, electrical flow leader of the Forum for Democratic Change, 3 fourth dimension runner-up to President Yoweri Museveni inwards presidential elections (2001, 2006, 2011)
My brothers’ tongues Don’t imagine that:
Own them to our roots, My natural language pronouncing perfect Luganda,
And mine distinctly disowns me- Am Ganda.
Spelling me as Chaga, My confront beingness round,
Sometimes as Ganda, Am Chaga.
Still as Kamba, My personality beingness soft-spoken,
But spares me as Kiga. Am Toro.
Alas! My natural language is only fooling you. And of class neither a Negro,
Though English linguistic communication befriend my tongue,
And my hollo volition cock ears,
Am what I am!
Bakiga tribe man, Festo Kivengere, quondam Anglican Bishop as well as critic of dictator Idi Amin's regime. His tomb at St Peter's cathedral, Rugarama inwards Kabale District is revered yesteryear many Anglican Kiga people.
Source:http://dspace.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/123456789/136/1/
Two Bakiga neat sons!
(From R to L) Bakiga tribe human being as well as Uganda’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Dr. Ruhakana Rugunda, U.S. of America State Department’s John Hoover, Director, Office of Regional as well as Security Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs as well as Mwangi Kimenyi managing director of Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) of the Brookings Institute
20YEAR success story of Pepsi-Uganda. Seen inwards the film are the Pepsi transcend brass; Mr.Saad Abdul-Latif- CEO of PepsiCo Asia, Middle East & Africa (AMEA), Mr. Sanjeev Chadha, PRESIDENT of Middle East & Asia as well as Ugandan Directors; Chairman Mr.Amos Nzeeyi, a Bakiga tribe man, Mr. Kalyoboke & the beautiful Prof. Dr. Maggie Kigozi. Congrats squad Pepsi-cola nosotros are honored to wearing apparel you.
Am none that yous imagine me to be,
Am – what – I – am, non what I seem.
Am with an umbilical cord;
Am a native,
Am African,
Am Ugandan,
A Kiga from Kigezi!" (Busingye Kellen)
Bakiga youths performing Kiga traditional Dance at Rubuguri Primary School,Uganda
The Bakiga (Kiga) people, or Abakiga ("people of the mountains"), are an agro-pastoralist Rukiga-Bantu ethnic grouping located inwards southern western Republic of Uganda ( quondam Kigezi District), at nowadays Kibale district as well as inwards northward eastern Byumba surface area of Rwanda. The Bakiga are sometimes referred to as the Chiga or Kiga, spell the singular cast is Omukiga. It has been suggested that the Bakiga arrived inwards what is modern 24-hour interval Republic of Uganda from Rwanda betwixt 1600 as well as 1700. Additionally, a large number Bakiga were soundless living inwards Rwanda at the fourth dimension of European colonization. An Anglo - High German Agreement signed at Brussels on May 14, 1910, modified business office of the boundary betwixt British as well as High German territories initially established as the parallel of 1 bird southward latitude yesteryear the treaty of 1890. Modified were the sectors betwixt the Congo tripoint as well as the junction of the Kakitumba as well as Kagera, comprising the nowadays Rwanda - Republic of Uganda boundary, as well as betwixt the junction as well as the minute crossing of the parallel of 1 bird southward latitude yesteryear the Kagera, comprising the western segment of the nowadays Tanzania - Republic of Uganda boundary. Details of the concluding delimitation as well as demarcation of the Rwanda - Republic of Uganda boundary betwixt the Congo tripoint of Sabinio as well as the southwestern branch (Lubirizi) of the Tshinzinga (Muvogero) are given inwards an Anglo-German protocol signed at Kamwezi on Oct 30, 1911. Therefore, many Bakiga became Ugandans yesteryear defacto inwards 1911 when the electrical flow international boundaries of Republic of Uganda were formally finalized.
Bakiga people of Uganda
Due to over population some of them immigrated to diverse parts of Republic of Uganda majorly inwards Kabarole, Mbarara, Kibaale as well as Rukungiri Districts. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 few also immigrated to the fundamental districts of Uganda, such as Masaka as well as Wakiso. Back dwelling inwards Kabale District, the Bakiga are surrounded yesteryear the Bahorooro inwards the north, Banyarwanda inwards the South, Bafumbira inwards the W as well as Banyankore inwards the East. (and Byumba prefecture inwards Rwanda), as well as number nigh 8% of the population of Republic of Uganda or nearly 3 1000000 according to Population Estimates, Another 3 1000000 receive got been naturalised inwards other ethnic regions of Republic of Uganda such as Bunyoro, Tooro, Buganda, Northern Tanzania, Eastern Congo as well as Rwanda as good as those living inwards Europe as well as North America. This puts the total Population of People of Kiga rootage at nigh 6 million, roughly the total population of the State of Arizona.
The Bakiga are highly educated people as well as really developmental. They love novel things as well as bask life. Most Bakiga receive got relinquished their traditional way of life as well as receive got at nowadays adopted Western way of life.
At the meetings of district councils, English linguistic communication is used although everybody is a Mukiga, though it is the job of the entire country. Parents who know English linguistic communication well, sometimes resort to speaking it with their children. Those who work English linguistic communication are supposed to live educated as well as successful.
Bakiga native from Uganda, Kwatsi Alibaruho,is the inaugural off African-American (black) Flight Director for the National Aeronautics as well as Space Administration.
Festo Karwemera, a respected elderberry from Kabale, offers this full general comment: "Accepting the civilization of the West is a resultant of the inferiority complex due to ignorance emanating from the fact that they are the ones introducing civilisation inwards this dry ground as well as nosotros tend to assume that everything they do is the best. Their way of living is create clean as well as attractive hence positive because nobody takes problem to regain out how best nosotros tin modernise our civilization inwards our ain way."
Bakiga tribe man, Amama Mbabazi,, electrical flow Ugandan Prime Minister as well as Secretary General of the ruling National Resistance Movement party, formerly Security Minister as well as State Minister for Defence.
Language
Bakiga people receive got a native Bantu linguistic communication known as Kiga (also called Rukiga, Ruchiga, or Chiga) which belongs to the larger Niger-Congo linguistic communication phylum. Kiga is a really similar linguistic communication to the Nkore language. It was inaugural off written inwards the minute one-half of the nineteenth century.
Kiga is so similar to Nkore (84%–94% lexical similarity) that some fence they are dialects of the same language, called Nkore-Kiga yesteryear Charles Taylor.
Bakiga ladies from Uganda
In mutual with other Bantu languages, Kiga has a substantive grade scheme inwards which prefixes on nouns grade membership of 1 of the substantive genders. Pronouns, adjectives, as well as verbs reverberate the substantive sex of the nominal they refer to. Some examples of substantive classes:
mu – someone (singular), e.g. omukiga = inhabitant of Kigezi land
ru – language, e.g. Rukiga = linguistic communication of the Kiga
ba – people, e.g. Bakiga = The Kiga people
ki – customs or traditions, e.g. kikiga, (sometimes spelled Kichiga), describes religious tradition mutual to the Kiga people. Sometimes the people are called 'Chiga' yesteryear people non agreement the linguistic rules inwards relation to the prefixes.
The audio [l] is non distinctive inwards Rukiga. The alphabetic lineament "r" is used instead.
Rural Bakiga people
History/Origin
Pre-colonial period
The actual origins of the Bakiga are hidden inwards varying traditions. One schoolhouse of thought claimed that the Bakiga originally lived inwards Karagwe having migrated from Bunyoro during the Luo Invasion. They are associated with the Banyambo of Tanzania.
Bakiga people. Circa 1950
Another tradition which claim seems to live based on empirical evidence also aver that the cradle of the Bakiga was inwards Buganza inwards Rwanda. Mentioned inwards 1 of their folk songs - Abakiga twena tukaruga Rwanda, omu Byumba na Ruhenjere, - pregnant that all of us Bakiga, nosotros came from Rwanda inwards Byumba as well as Ruhenjere (called Ruhengeri inwards Rwanda). Both Byumba as well as Ruhengeri are Rwandan cities. The Bakiga are believed to live the descendants of Kashyiga, who came to live called Kakiga boy of Mbogo from the minor Kingdom of Bumbogo inwards Rwanda later. He came to cast the nowadays community of the Bakiga of Kigyezi or Kigezi as a resultant of Immigration. So Bakiga migrated from Buganza inwards search of fertile dry ground as well as to escape natural harzards due to internal political conflicts.
From Rwanda, the Bakiga are said to receive got migrated to Bwisa, to Bugoyi, as well as so to Rutchru, all inwards Zaire, as well as they last settled inwards Kigezi. Since the Bakiga are Bantu speakers, this tradition could live true. What may as live true id that the Bakiga were business office of the Bantu speakers who migrated from the Congo region, through Bunyoro, Karagwe, Rwanda as well as eastern Zaire to last settle inwards Kigezi. What has non yet been established are the exact dates when they settled inwards each of the areas en road to Kigezi.
Before the yr 1700 A.D., Rwanda is believed to receive got been occupied yesteryear the Twa people, as well as and so was afterwards on occupied yesteryear the minute immigration of the Hutu people, as well as the 3rd was the Tutsi. Rwanda was organised inwards minor states as well as chiefdoms but nether 1 ruler called the Mwami. Originally, he was also known as Omukama. Among the Bakiga, the ruling someone was hence named Mukama, equivalent to Mwami inwards other parts of Rwanda.
Originally, the hollo Mukama was non a name, but rather the championship of a Ruler. But afterwards on it came to live recognised as a name, implying to 1 ruling man. In the Bakiga culture, the hollo was afterwards attributed to God as Lord. Among the Bakiga, the hollo Mukama is non a woman someone name. There are non many Bakiga called yesteryear the hollo Mukama. It is a hollo that was reserved to live used inwards the solid unit of measurement of the ruling clan, the Bamuhutu, who possess the inheritance powers. If at that topographic point is whatever someone bearing the hollo Mukama, he must live a Bamuhutu, specifically a Mungura/Mwitira, or belong to the royal clan of the Bamuhutu. Not fifty-fifty inwards Rwanda with the Tutsi who took over the Kingdom after Mbogo had been defeated, did they dare to work the hollo Mukama because it signified a to a greater extent than fundamental powerfulness than they had assumed. Similar names could live similar Byamukama, Kyomukama, Womukama, Kamukama, Bainomukama as well as so on. Therefore, the championship for the King inwards Rwanda remained Mwami (Omwami), whereas inwards the Rukiga (the Kiga Kingdom) they continued to work the championship Mukama (Omukama).
Bakiga human being inwards traditional dress
Kiga Kindgom
Kakiga was responsible for the formation of the Kiga Kingdom, its clans as well as sub-clans, as well as all the instantly descents of his children. Each clan was identified yesteryear a totem as well as also yesteryear what they were forbidden from eating. For example, the Ba-Mungwe’s totem was the bushbuck as well as they were prohibited from hunting it for food. All these measures were intended for the protection, sustenance, as well as well-being of the clans as they were non competing for the same food. There are many clans as well as sub-clans inwards the Kiga tribe, but the major ones are: Ba-Mungura (the Royal Clan inwards which the Mukama was supposed to live born), Ba-Musigi (the clan that was supposed to maintain the defense forcefulness of the King or the Mukama), Ba-Mungwe, Ba-Kinyagiro, Ba-Mugiri, Ba-Muhutu, Ba-Mugera, as well as Ba-Mugyesera, Ba-Mugyeyo. Each of these clans has sub-clans.
The Abukuru b-ekika was a commission of elders chosen yesteryear the clan to number rules as well as administer justice. If a instance was especially serious as well as involved to a greater extent than than 1 clan, the cases would live heard publicly. An Omukuru, ideally a wise elderberry who knew the customs as well as traditions of his people, as well as who could live trusted to give fair advice as well as justice, was elected to preside over this expanded court.
Kakiga, the boy of Mbogo from the province of Bumbogo as well as of the Abahitira (Abungura) clan, made his displace towards the W as well as settled inwards the forests of Kagarama, the mountains of the nowadays border of Rwanda as well as Republic of Uganda inwards Kigezi district. In exactly about 1700, Kakiga established his ain community as well as wished to initiate a novel Kingdom, but wanted to go dorsum to cope the Nyoro invaders, first. Kakiga found out that the novel dry ground was really fertile as well as had goodness grass for the cattle. Together with his friends, they made a bargain to stay. These became a novel grouping of people called the Abakiga or Bakiga.
As fourth dimension went on, the population grew as well as Kakiga wanted to expand his localities. He started sending groups to search as well as conquer. He sent the inaugural off grouping towards the due east inwards the parts of Karweru, where the grouping of the Abasigi was supposed to conquer. This grouping was nether the leadership of Rwandeme. This was believed to live the strongest grouping that was to cope the forces of Ankore. Unfortunately, Rwandeme lost the Royal drum. Since the Kingdom could non stand upwards without a drum, Rwandeme never dared to homecoming to Kagarama. He remained inwards the mountains of Karweru as well as his grouping intermarried with the Ankore people. This explains why most of the Abasigi are found inwards these parts of the region. It also gives the argue to why at that topographic point are many unlike accents, intonations, as well as spellings inwards the Rukiga language.
Bakiga tribe man, Festo Kivengere, quondam Anglican Bishop as well as critic of dictator Idi Amin's regime. His tomb at St Peter's cathedral, Rugarama inwards Kabale District is revered yesteryear many Anglican Kiga people.
Out of anger at his father, Mbogo, Kakiga ordered obligatory circumcision of all manly someone children. Many did non back upwards this, but he maintained that every Mungura shall receive got to live circumcised, as well as that Kings must live circumcised too. This is why the Abungura is the only clan inwards the entire Kiga tribe that undergoes circumcision. The circumcision was to live taken at the eleventh (11) age. The balance of the Bakiga do non circumcise nether cultural obligation. But these days, some select it for other reasons, but non because they receive got to. Kakiga also left the Kiga legacy of the scheme of naming. The Kiga people select the solid unit of measurement hollo after their grand father, or after their manly someone parent has died. That is why, it is really hard to line the lineage of the Bakiga through solid unit of measurement names. But with unlike clans, they soundless grip the norm of the founding father. For instance, Mbogo could live the boy of Rwambogo. But inwards similar a 7th generation, Mubangizi could live the boy of Mubanga. All inwards all, the same names would live revolving exactly about inwards the same family. But nowadays, many educated Bakiga regain it useful to work their parent names, fifty-fifty if they are soundless alive. Even the Royal clan does it. This separation as well as rebellion volition grade the complexity of the Kiga community, letting it aspect as though she never had a political system.
The major factors that led to the failure of the formation of the Kiga kingdom to the fullest were, mostly, a lack of trust as well as fearfulness of Kakiga, the lack of a armed services strong plenty for a successful invasion, the abrupt prosper as well as uncovering of fertile lands. Kakiga, though he lost the royal drum, he continued to live strong. He sent some other grouping to assail farther inwards the north. This was the grouping of the Abaromba as well as the Abahimba. These diffused to most parts of Muko, Rubanda, as well as Kihihi. Other groups went to Kakore as well as Mparo, as well as proceeded to Nyakishenyi as well as Nyarushanje. We soundless regain a mixture of Ankore as well as Kinyarwanda accents as well as intonations inwards these areas. Kakiga attempted to brand some other drum, but he could non acquire testicles of brave enemies to decorate it. He only made declarations that his sons as well as daughters should non espouse whatever foreigner, because he believed that the pure King should live from Rwanda.
He made his shield out of cattle skin. He promoted agriculture as well as his tools were mainly the panga, the spear, as well as the hoe. He enjoyed wrestling, dancing, hunting as well as keeping cattle. The most mutual figures of the few known Bungura Royals include: Muhanga (Mubanga), Rwabutare, Kamboji, Kabogo, Katumba, Katamujuna, Kahigyi, Bakunzi, Mbogo, Rwakasole, Mungura, Rwambogo. The Abungura, though few as they may be, are soundless the recognized Royal clan of the Kiga tribe as well as most of them live inwards outskirts of Kabale town, as well as soundless bask their hereditary wealth. They are non wealthy inwards the strict feel of the word. They are renowned for their love for enquiry as well as education. The Bungura were also known for their tough leadership, as well as at times, they are referred to as arrogant, as well as aggressive.
There has been a diversity of experiences inwards the life of the Bakiga, such as interactions with other Kingdoms, religions, as well as many other cultures. The bakiga are really hospitable as well as bask the privilege of having a mixed language. Rukiga, as a language, is a combination of the influence of the accents as well as alphabets from Rwanda, Ankore, Toro, Bufumbira, as well as Swahili.
While the Bakiga would afterwards live classified as Hutu, originally they considered themselves an solely separate people. In modern Rwanda, the Hutus of southern Rwanda are called Banyanduga, spell the Hutus inwards the northern Rwanda are collectively referred to as Bakiga.
Bakiga women
Colonial Period
The Bakiga communities defended their independence until the collaboration of High German colonial forces as well as the royal troops of the Mwami or Mukama succeeded inwards incorporating the part into the Rwandan colonial province at the plow of the twentieth century. The part remained a hotbed of discontent against the fundamental ascendance for many years. One of the strongest influences upon the grapheme of the Bakiga was the anti-centrist cult of Nyabingi.
Bakiga tribe man, Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile, economist as well as banker, electrical flow Governor of the Central Bank of Uganda.
After the expiry of the Rwandan King, Kigeri IV Rwabugiri inwards 1895, 1 of his wives called Muhumuza fled to the mountains of Kiga as well as proclaimed an anti-colonial rebellion inwards 1911. She was captured the same yr as well as her resistance taken upwards yesteryear Ndungutse, by as well as large recognized as the boy of Muhumuza as well as Rwabugiri. Ndungutse was killed, though sporadic rebellions sprang upwards until the advent of Belgian dominion after World War I. The conditions for these rebellions were created yesteryear the scheme of forced labor tribute (ubareetwa) imposed on the Bakiga yesteryear their novel colonial masters. P.T.W. Baxter noted that, "The proud boast of the Kiga is that they were never, as a people, subjugated yesteryear either Tutsi or Hima." However, this resistance was, paradoxically, inwards large business office led or inspired yesteryear disaffected members of the Tutsi elite.
The Bakiga became 1 of ii major forces, along with the hill-level tensions of Hutu peasants as well as Tutsi chiefs, inwards the formation of "Social Revolution" of 1959. In the pre-colonial system, dry ground usage was controlled yesteryear chiefs who owned dry ground (bakonde) or controlled access to it (bagererwa). With the onrush of colonial rule, these chiefs were technically replaced yesteryear southern Tutsi as well as Bakiga who agreed to go for them. However, the old monastic enjoin was never solely erased, resulting inwards tensions betwixt the two. While the older bakonde yearned for a homecoming to their old status, younger generations of bakonde were able to merge their claims into that of the anti-colonial/Tutsi revolutionary movement.
Bakiga tribe man, Kizza Besigye, Ugandan Opposition Politician, electrical flow leader of the Forum for Democratic Change, 3 fourth dimension runner-up to President Yoweri Museveni inwards presidential elections (2001, 2006, 2011)
Economy
Bakiga were both pastoralists as well as agriculturalists. They grew sorghum, peas, millet, potatoes, sugariness potatoes, vegetables as well as beans (Grace Carswell, J B Perseglove, M M Edel, Belshaw, Charsley &Katebarirwe). These were supplemented with pumpkins, yams, as well as a diversity of light-green vegetables (Wikipedia, Karwemera, as well as Grace Carswell). By the 1930s Matooke had go a formidable crop inwards the subcounties of Rwamucucu, Bukinda, Kamwezi, Kashambya as well as Rujumbura County. Livestock included cattle, goats as well as sheep. Non livestock animals included dogs kept mainly for accompanying people grazing cattle as well as for hunting purposes.
Bakiga solid unit of measurement with their livestock, Uganda
Food was ever prepared inwards abundance. It was goodness manners (still is) for a visitor to bring together a solid unit of measurement eating a repast with or without invitation. The Bakiga used to make beer, omuramba (still do), from sorghum. It could live both nutrient as well as an alcoholic drink. By the 1930s Rwarwa/ Tonto had joined the Beer ranks inwards the areas where matooke (Orutookye, the plantation) was grown. To bask these drinks, people would sit down on wooden stools inwards a convenient identify surrounding a pot. The men would as well as so quaff yesteryear way of long tubes (ebishekye); they would quaff as they discussed matters affecting their country. The elders would also settle disputes, recite their heroic deeds as well as their history, as well as sing as well as trip the lite fantastic exactly about a pot of omuramba.
Some with the Bakiga were neat iron-smiths (the Baheesi) who were making hoes, knives, as well as spears. Pottery was also highly developed (kubumba), as well as a broad arrive at of carpentry existed (kubaija: amato, ebitebe etc). They reared bees as well as produced honey. Women were inwards accuse of digging, spell men cleared the bush as well as erected circular grass-thatched huts. Nearly all activities were done communally.
The Bakiga made beer, omuramba, played a important social role. It had a nutrient element as well as was an alcoholic quaff necessary for social gatherings.
Bakiga people on Lake Bunyonyi
The Bakiga were as well as soundless are really goodness zither (enanga) players. They played it lonely or inwards groups.
Food Security; The Bakiga attached a lot of importance to the availability of nutrient all the time. At times nutrient would live abundant as well as at times harvests would live piteous due to bad weather. It was the role of the solid unit of measurement heads to ensure that nutrient was available inwards all circumstances. For this argue the Bakiga had structures to store nutrient staffs for long periods. The bigger granneries (Ebitara) were used to store unthreshed nutrient staffs similar sorghum, maize as well as others. The threshed grains as well as cereals were stored inwards smaller good smeared grannaries (ebihumi).
Social Structure
The Bakiga were organized into clans the biggest of which was Basiga clan. Each clan was composed if several lineages as well as each lineage had ahead, Omukuru w’omuryango. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 human being was non allowed to espouse from his clan.
Inheritance; the manly someone children could split upwards their fathers estate with themselves. It was normal for fathers to give some dry ground to their daughters upon union as business office of the assets (emihingizo) to accompany the daughtesr to their novel married lives. This used to human activity as an property start upwards (entandikwa) for the novel solid unit of measurement especially when the boys' parents property base of operations was so lacking. At other times when the girls manly someone parent either had fewer boys or had dry ground inwards abundance.
Bakiga Girl as well as man child at an orphanage, Lake Bunyonyi, Uganda
Homesteads; Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 mukiga homestead consisted of a main solid or hut, a kitchen, a kraal, sanitation facilities as well as a serial of grannaries. All these were enclosed inwards a strong fence made upwards of mainly thorny plants similar emikwatangwe (plants that restrict leopards). The fence was meant to offering protection against wildlife on livestock, thieves as well as enemies.
Marriage
Marriage was a really of import cultural establishment with the Bakiga. In ancient times virginity was really important. If an single immature adult woman got pregnant, she would live taken to a forest, tied to a tree, as well as left to the mercy of animals. Alternatively, she would live thrown over a cliff. Kisizi Falls were most used for this purpose. At Lake Bunyonyi, a 1 meter high isle was used for dumping these unfortunate girls. Migrating tribes or nomads unable to dowry for a bride would sometimes rescue these girls as well as select them for a wife. In these instances, the immature adult woman could never live returned to her community as well as had to displace away. Though these practices receive got been stopped inwards recent times, single girls or women who acquire pregnant today soundless confront severe forms of alternative social sanctions inside their communities or clans.
Traditionally, no union could live honored without the payment of bride wealth. In the past, a union could live arranged yesteryear the boy’s manly someone parent or uncle on the boy’s behalf. The concluding arrangements could only live made after the payment of bride wealth. The bride was usually paid yesteryear the boy’s father. It involved cows, goats as well as hoes. The amount paid differed from grouping to grouping as well as from solid unit of measurement to solid unit of measurement inside each group. It is said that it was taboo to sell whatever animals given as bride wealth. Such animals could live used to obtain wives for the girl’s brothers or father.
Bakiga tribe kids at a wedding
The Bakiga are a really polygamous society; the number of wives was only express yesteryear the availability of dry ground as well as bride wealth obligations.
The Bride wealth paid on a immature adult woman was shared with the girl’s principal relatives. Of the relatives the most of import were Nyinarimi (maternal uncle) as well as ishenkazi (paternal aunt). If 1 of them went away dissatisfied, so they said, he could homecoming the immature adult woman barren or cause her to receive got incessant ill- wellness yesteryear inciting the wrath of the ancestors.
Boys tended to espouse at a slightly belatedly age, betwixt 18 as well as 20 years, spell girls could live marred off betwixt 14 as well as 16 years of age. The normal vogue was for girls from richer families to acquire married afterwards than girls from poorer families. Before marriage, a immature adult woman wield pass a calendar month or so inwards seclusion. During this period, she would live good fed as well as instructed inwards the fine art of dwelling management.
DIVORCE
There are divorce cases with the Bakiga. The mutual causes were barrenness as well as laziness on the business office of the married adult woman or the husband. Some other matters of misunderstanding betwixt a hubby as well as a married adult woman could also atomic number 82 to divorce. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 divorcee was allowed to remarry but she would fetch less bride wealth this fourth dimension as she would no longer live a virgin. The bulk of the would-be instances of divorce were settled yesteryear the elders. They would usually live called yesteryear the woman’s manly someone parent to withdraw heed to both the hubby as well as the married adult woman as well as assay to receive got the ii sides arrive at an amicable conclusion that would preclude divorce. In such cases, it was normal to fine the offending party. Fighting inwards the dwelling betwixt husbands as well as wives was frequent, but would non usually atomic number 82 to divorce.
Bakiga tribe adult woman as well as her child
Polical Structure
The Bakiga were a segmentary society. Political ascendance rested inwards the hands of lineage leaders, Abakuru b’emiryango Ngorogoza), many of whom had first-class oratory as good as armed services skills. There existed neither chiefs nor kings with the Bakiga. The clan elders Bakuru B’emiryango (Ngorogoza) were influential as well as highly respected elders as well as were supposed to live impartial inwards administering justice. Some leaders such as Basubi emerged to prominence because they had mystical skills. They were pelting makers. Others were Baigirwa, the mediums of Nyabingi cult.
The Bakiga were warlike. They resisted the Batutsi as well as Bahima incursions. As a politically segmented society, they did non receive got a standing army. However, they had warlords who would mobilize as well as atomic number 82 the people to state of war inwards the lawsuit of invasion. The warlords were men who had killed a large number of enemies inwards wars without losing whatever of their men or weapons. Every able-bodied manly someone was culturally obliged to live a soldier.
Bakiga tribe man, Ruhakana Rugunda, quondam Ugandan Permanent Representative to the United Nations as well as inaugural off Ugandan Chairman of the United Nations Security Council, currently Minister of Health.
Social Control
The Bakiga abhorred anti-social activities as well as if whatever 1 was caught he was heavily punished.
Such activities included stealing, blocking paths, murder, sorcery as well as nighttime dancing. In the instance of murder for example, the murderer was buried live inwards the same grave with the victim. Virginity was highly esteemed as well as it was a really serous offence for a immature adult woman to acquire pregnant earlier marriage. If an single immature adult woman became pregnant, she would either live taken to a woods as well as tied to a tree feet as well as arms as well as town over a cliff. Most pregnant girls with the Bakiga were taken to the Kisizi falls inwards Ndorwa as well as thrown downwardly the cliff. They would drown inwards the falls. The lucky ones were exactly cursed as well as disowned yesteryear their people. As a resultant M M Edel referred to the social controls with the Bakiga as an ordered anarchy (either for his lack of appreciation of Bakiga civilization non good or exactly beingness arrogant). The legal scheme followed a similar monastic enjoin but also involved unlike clan elders. Edel refers to the Bakiga Legal physical care for as activeness of the offended political party whether to right an injury yesteryear retaliation or compel payment of an obligation.
Bakiga people at a meeting
Conflict resolution
In settling disputes the elderly members of a clan the abakuru b’emiryango (Ngorogoza). Clansmen elected a lineage caput on the criteria of grapheme (truthful, brave, a war-leader) as well as powerfulness (a rich man, a medicine man, or a priest). Different lineage heads would get together as well as publicly hash out potential issues of wider concern. What lineage heads did non solve together could resultant inwards fighting betwixt groups. The Bakiga were natural born-warriors.
Bakiga people
Religious Belief
The Bakiga believed inwards a supreme beingness Ruhanga or Kazooba Nyamuhanga; the Creator of all things earthly as well as heavenly. God is also known through many attributes. As the supreme elderberry as well as the ruler of the universe, he is called Mukama. When associated with the powerfulness of the sun, he is Kazooba-Nyamuhanga. In his aspect as the 1 who makes things grow, he is called Biheeko.
At a lower bird they believed inwards the cult of Nyabingi ( the spirit of a much respected rain-maker). The Nyabingi cult was said to receive got originated from Karagwe. It had its base of operations at Kagarama, nigh Lake Bunyonyi. There were special shrines for Nyabingi known as endaro. Through Nyamingi’s representatives known as Abagirwa people would worship as well as tender sacrifices of beer as well as roasted meat to Nyamingi. The Nyabingi cult believed that their god was able to brand them win wars as well as give them courage as well as strength inwards the agitation against colonialism, some believed that Emandwa would defend them against bad spirits, as well as other gods were for bumper harvests, goodness luck as well as others.
Other religious practices included ordinary charms, magical practicing as well as divine practices (Ngorogoza, Turyahikayo-Rugyema,Murindwa Rutanga).
Many Bakiga with the influence of Christianity adopted 'theo-phoric' names. These names are eschatological (Turya-guma-nawe) pregnant nosotros volition live with God for ever.
Bakiga Christian singers,Rwanda
Nowadays most Bakiga are Christians (Muslims are few) as well as starkly divided into Catholics as well as Protestants, a partition which strongly polarizes communities. One's faith tin create upwards one's withdraw heed professional person prospects as well as religious preferences heavily influence local political elections.
The dressing code
Men used to wearing apparel inwards 1 moo-cow enshroud or ii if they were rich. The pare hung from the shoulder, roofing individual parts. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 human being would belt himself for a cope or a dance, spell for clearing dry ground 1 would seat it aside as well as ship out his go without pare as well as seat it on in 1 lawsuit again after finishing his activity. Women used to article of apparel skirts made from several skins as well as a top. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 pare garment covered the torso. The women garments for Special occasions were designed as well as decorated with ringlets as well as beads through tiny holes bored along the edges of the pare (Ebishato). Both wealthy men as well as women would receive got additional decorational ornaments for the legs as well as the hands,"The Enyerere as well as Emiringa"
Parenthood preparation
Boys were coached yesteryear their fathers as well as uncles through the men routine. Such included herding cattle, clearing the bushes inwards training for cultivation, hunting, splitting firewood, edifice houses as well as others. For mothers to be, Virginity was really important. If an single immature adult woman got pregnant, she would live taken to a forest, tied to a tree, as well as left to the mercy of animals.
Bakiga children,Uganda
Alternatively, she would live thrown over a cliff. Hamuhonga at the boundary of Rwamucucu as well as Kashambya, Kisizi Falls were some of the areas used for this purpose. At Lake Bunyonyi, a special isle was used for dumping these unfortunate girls. From hither some were salvaged to go minute wives or to live wives of some men with express way of survival usually unable to heighten dowery. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 union needed to live preceded yesteryear a payment of bride wealth, which meant cows, goats, as well as hoes. If a human being had plenty of these as well as plenty of land, he could acquire as many wives as desired: polygamy was a norm (Turyahikayo-Rugyema,Edel). For instance, 1 of the remnants of the royal clan of the Abungura, Umwami Katamujuna, had 10 wives, though, at the coming of Christianity he had to compromise 7 of them. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 muhimba Rubango of Ibumba is estimated to receive got had 13 wives.
Medical Practice
the Bakiga had really wonderful ways of promoting goodness health. Some were preventive, corrective spell others were curative. The mutual preventive measures were ample feeding as well as okushandaga (innoculation/administration of drugs through a pare incision). While goodness feeding ensured strength as well as vigor, Okushandaga was meant to confer immunity against a broad arrive at of diseases including protecting a someone from beingness charmed or struck yesteryear thunder. Surgery was a broad applied exercise ranging from uncomplicated to the most complicated surgery as that of the encephalon for those whose sculls could crevice during wars or mere accidents. There were living examples of the people who had undergone surgery survived until they died of old historic menses inwards my hamlet of Ibumba. There were ii ladies who during their youth had been speared as well as the intestines gashed out. The doctors of the 24-hour interval trimmed as well as sterilized (Okwotera) minor calabashes, carefully stacked the intestines taking aid non to strangulate them as well as pressed them dorsum into their abdominal cavities. One of the ladies was a woman parent to Rwakabuga a musigyi of Nyakafura hamlet as well as a church building catechist, the other was a married adult woman to Mpigika, boy of Nturanabo the boy of Mwate the boy of Mbumburi of Macumu. Headache was surgically treated yesteryear puncturing 1 of the blood vessels on the facial surface area inwards a higher identify the ear on which a minor good trimmed sterilized gourd (engunga) would live stuck yesteryear the suction pressure level resulting from the vacuum created yesteryear the expulsion of air yesteryear heat. Excessive bad blood causing headache would sucked into this vessel. Most of the curative drugs were derived from the herbs that treated awide arrive at of diseases. Remedies for toxicant were selectively as well as commonly administered (Okutanasya/vomiting inwards monastic enjoin to expel the ingested poison). They fifty-fifty had an antidote for excessive vomiting induced yesteryear such medications. Babies born prematurely could live incubated using millet bran until they could mature. Cuts would live treated with enyabarashana/Bidens pilosae which could effectively arrest the bleeding. Urinaly complications/Enzibe/possibly prostate cancer would effectively live treated with preparations from the Stinging nestle/ Ekicuriganyi. Bruises as well as fractures were treated/okumunga either inwards the presence or absence of the patient as long as the surface area of the fracture was known. Stories of love portions were rife especially inwards polygamous settings to attract the unopen attending of the hubby from other wives as well as women. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 critical assay out of the bakiga medical exercise could cast a really vital foundation for relevant reliable basic medical aid solutions.
Bakiga people of Lake Bunyonyi
Music/Dance
The cast of trip the lite fantastic for the Bakiga is called the Ekizino. Ekizino is a royal trip the lite fantastic from the Bakiga people of Kigezi, which is known as "Switzerland of Africa" because of its atmospheric condition as well as landscape similar to most European countries. Temperatures at nighttime readily drib to 4°C - 10°C. Livestock are traditionally kept indoors, oftentimes nether a raised wooden pole bed, to generate oestrus to maintain the solid unit of measurement members warm.
Bakiga people dancing traditional Ekizino dance,Kgezi,Uganda
During colder months, Ekizino is the warm-up dance. Since Kigezi is a hilly region, the men who go out farming early on inwards the morn mutual coldness must bound exactly about for a spell to acquire warm, as well as also to stretch their muscles after work. Traditionally, the people also used to postage the basis until they found signs of water. Therefore, this really vigorous trip the lite fantastic represents their jumping, stamping as well as is meant to demonstrate stamina as well as strength. Women participant inwards this vigorous trip the lite fantastic along as well, with a to a greater extent than elegant display of their arms.
Musical instruments
Omukuli (flute): The flute is widely pop inwards all regions of Uganda. It is played both as a solo as well as accompaniment instrument. It is made out of a diversity of materials that receive got a foursquare hole chipped out of 1 of the ends. It has finger holes that assist inwards playing unlike pitches as well as melody. The participant directs a flow of air over the precipitous rim or on transcend of the pipe. It has a pentatonic scale, sol, la, do, re, mi, or do, re, mi, sol, la. Endere is tuned on the xylophone key since the xylophone is omnipresent throughout Uganda.
Amakondere (trumpets): Low-pitched instruments are cutting from the trunks of the papaw tree. High-pitched trumpets are made of antelope horn. Medium-register trumpets are hollowed out from tree roots. The as well as are blown inwards a transverse seat through a slanted mouth-hole at the end. In an ensemble of these instruments, each participant sounds his single pitch. These come upwards from the Lugbara as well as Kebu tribes of the western Nile region. In some traditional societies, horns were used as way of communications, for example, inwards an emergency. They are played inwards groups of 7 or more. These side-blown horns sometimes receive got a fingerhole, which is used for grace-note ornaments.
Bakiga tribe man, menshan (Daniel Besigye), Ugandan reggae musician.
Endingidi (fiddle): a 1 string musical instrument which is attached to a flexible stick with a wooden audio box as well as is played with a bow. It is tuned inwards a pentatonic scale. It accompanies dances as well as it is included inwards an ensemble of most Ugandan instruments.
Enanga (trough zither): a zither with 8 strings which run inwards a higher identify a wooden trough. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 zither is an instrument. It is mainly a story-telling or poesy form reciting musical instrument as well as it accompanies some dances inwards Kigezi Western business office of Uganda. It is tuned inwards a pentatonic scale.
Engoma (drums): In a Bakiga society, as 1 of the African traditions, Drums convey the powerfulness that drives the performance as well as the beat of the vigorous dance.
Bakiga tribe kids performing traditional Ekizino dance
Bakiga Proverbs
Among the Bakiga a saying is known as orufumu. Which term brings to a related Kikiga term, omufumu which refers to “medicine man” So inwards a way as observed yesteryear Cistenino (1987: 7), a saying is a “soothing sentence…….” However inwards its beingness soothing, at that topographic point is a ever a message, depending on the occasion inwards which it is used. As such performance of proverbs should live purposed lest they lose their pregnant as well as therein their existence threatened.
Enda tehwayo. The tum has no end. This way that 1 cannot swallow nutrient that is plenty to satisfy the stomach. Every other 24-hour interval a someone has to go so as to fill upwards his stomach.The give-and-take “stomach” inwards the saying brings to withdraw heed its associate, “food”. As such inwards saying that the tum has no end, the implication is that at that topographic point tin never live an cease to the want for nutrient as well as other things. This is because nutrient gives life. Therefore given that everyone possesses a stomach, he has to feed it as well as the only way to feed it is yesteryear working so as to acquire food. On a larger scale, the tum symbolizes man’s endless desires. Thus the saying encourages the lazy especially the immature to go hard so as to live a satisfied as well as meaningful life
Bakiga tribe man, Kizza Besigye, Ugandan Opposition Politician, electrical flow leader of the Forum for Democratic Change, 3 fourth dimension runner-up to President Yoweri Museveni inwards presidential elections (2001, 2006, 2011)
Obwikara hamwe bukatubura omugurusi. Sitting idle made an old human being impotent. This way that sitting downwardly without doing anything makes 1 aspect useless to himself as well as his society. Here the province of impotence is symbolic of the consequences of beingness idle. Just similar an impotent human being is childless as well as hence disrespected inwards the Kiga culture, so is a lazy as well as idle someone for he is non productive both to himself as well as society. As such he is a viewed as an ultimate burden to society. Therefore such a saying encourages the immature to live actively engaged inwards go so that they are recognized yesteryear society
Atashweire ayesiga okushumba. He who does non espouse hopes to live a slave. The saying literally means, that the human being who fails to espouse cannot live a master copy of his ain instead ends upwards beingness a slave to someone else.
In the saying the give-and-take “marry” is symbolic of the benefits of hard work. This is inwards a way that with the Bakiga, for a human being to live able to espouse someone’s immature adult woman he has to present that he is competent. His competence is judged yesteryear his beingness able to work. “Slave” symbolizes lack of recognition from gild for failure to work. As such 1 has to live creative plenty so as to go yesteryear himself as well as bask the fruits of his labour lest he becomes s as lave to live used yesteryear others as well as therein lose his independence as well as recognition
Enshohera etagyenzire terya kookoro. The wing that does non laid out does non feed on a wound. The saying way that a wing that is as good lazy to wing out misses the chance of enjoying the sweetness of a wound.
The give-and-take “wound” is symbolic of a vantage as well as “the wing that does non laid out” is symbolic of those people who sit down idly claiming they receive got zip to do. Given that wounds are delicious to flies as well as yet non found everywhere, as well as so flies are expected to ‘think’ of how to access 1 as well as which is yesteryear flight out as well as looking for them. Similarly, inwards life goodness things are non that slow to come upwards yesteryear as well as so 1 has to live creative as well as hollo upwards of how to acquire them. The implication of this is that yesteryear all way 1 has to work. Such a saying hence encourages the immature non to waste product fourth dimension exactly looking for who tin give them what to do but to live also creative as well as go for themselves.
Enkoko etarahura teiguta. The hen that does non scratch never gets satisfied. Through the inwards a higher identify proverb, it is observed that if a hen does non scratch the basis as well as so it cannot acquire plenty worms to feed on. In the proverb, “scratch” symbolizes go but also inventiveness inwards human terms. Therefore to live satisfied 1 has to hollo upwards of what to do because it is only through working that satisfaction tin live got. Such a saying thus encourages the immature who are usually ambitious as well as yet do non want to work, to go so as to arrive at a fulfilled life.
Obwenda amaka enkombe ekabyama egarami. The want for a solid unit of measurement caused the pigeon to wing until it lay exhausted on its back. The inwards a higher identify way that the pigeon that wanted to espouse as well as receive got a solid unit of measurement was forced to prevarication on its dorsum so as to acquire what it wanted. The give-and-take “exhausted” indicates some of the negative things that go with go – perhaps the argue as to why some people resent working. However as reflected inwards the proverb, the fact remains that inwards as much as go may live demanding, it is the only way through which nosotros tin acquire anything goodness especially that which nosotros want as well as value as represented yesteryear “family.” The saying also suggests that to acquire something 1 has to sacrifice something. The saying hence encourages the immature to aspect beyond the demands of whatever go as well as focus on the goodness go brings.
Ah’okushaka hare ohingayo. Instead of looking for nutrient from far, grow it there. This points the fact that its amend to cultivate one’s ain nutrient inwards a far identify than to go looking for nutrient from there. Here the saying points to hard work. It indicates the vogue to want slow life assymbolized y the human activity of “looking for good” In the saying nosotros acquire the implication that hard go is preferred because it also breeds self-reliance. To grow food, which represents hard go is to a greater extent than beneficial than exactly looking for it. As much, given that
at that topographic point are to a greater extent than benefits inwards working hard than exactly working, the immature are encouraged towork hard through the proverb.
Akajere katootsire kagwubwa kagncwa. The minor human foot that does non miss treading ends upwards treading a path.
The minor human foot that constantly treads on the basis eventually leads the formation of a path. “The minor foot” is symbolic of fiddling capability as well as its beingness able to create a “path” is symbolic of impact.As such when 1 constantly does something, fifty-fifty that which he knows fiddling of, he eventually becomes an adept inwards it. The saying hence upholds the virtue of persistence that is also echoed yesteryear the adage; “practice makes perfect.” Through the saying fifty-fifty the immature who do non know how to do anything or receive got fiddling skill, non to
surrender but to maintain trying out what they know for they volition succeed inwards the end.
Aku oyehingiire niko kakumara enjara. What yous grow is what satisfies your hunger. That only the nutrient yous receive got grown yourself, nevertheless little, is what tin live plenty to acquire rid of your hunger. “Hunger” is symbolic of desires as good as goals. So how much 1 wants determines the extent to which he volition work.The saying hence encourages putting inwards their best they tin inwards whatever they do if they to arrive at want they want. It also cautions them to select responsibleness of their decisions’ outcome.
Emirimo ebiri ekarema empisi. Two jobs defeated the hyena. That doing ii jobs at ago- eating spell chasing after some other prey, made the hyena to instead lose the meat that it had already hunted as good as failed to select grip of the prey it was chasing. Here the ii jobs that a hyena attempted to do was to swallow its victim as well as at the same fourth dimension run after some other prey for to a greater extent than meat. The saying way that it is vain for 1 to hollo upwards that he tin do to a greater extent than than 1 thing at ago. This is because ultimately 1 of the ii volition non live done good or worse still; the ii jobs may both non live done at all.
Akanuzire karuga omu ituutu. That which is delicious comes from sweat. That, that which is sugariness only comes through sweat. This implies that zip goodness comes without hard go as symbolized yesteryear sweat. The saying hence reminds people especially the immature inwards this instance that everyone has to work. It rebukes them against the mentality of resenting go because of the much effort as well as sacrifices needed – no pain, no gain
Bakiga tribe human being shaka-ssali, is radio as well as TV presenter with the Voice of America
Agateraine nigo gata eigufa. The united jaws crunch the bone. That a os tin only live broken yesteryear many teeth because as well as so they are stronger than a single molar when used to do the same job. “The bone” inwards the saying is symbolic of a hard task. The saying hence way that to live able to do sure as shooting tasks especially the hard ones, nosotros should seek the manus of another. One should non live ashamed to seek assist physical or moral.
As such the young, through the saying are encouraged to seek advice nigh that which they do non know much on how to do it. The saying also indicates pride as well as calls for humility inwards accepting that they cannot know how to do everything hence the demand for advice.
Akatukuru akabutairemu niko kabwihamu. The handbasket with which the millet was sown is the same 1 with which to harvest it. That the basket, which yous used to stair out the seeds for sowing, volition the same basket
that yous volition work for harvesting the yield; if it was big, as well as so your yield volition also live big. The saying way that how much is sown is the much that is reaped. It hence sounds the same message as the mutual saying “You reap what yous sow.” As such no beating nigh the bush inwards work. Everything lays out itself clearly – 1 should await as much as she puts in. Hence the immature reminded as well as encouraged of the demand to confront the reality nigh work. They are discouraged from zip for things other than working for them, for it is an
indication of laziness.
The human being at the left is Bakiga tribe man, Charles muhangi, a Ugandan human being of affairs as well as rally driver, quondam African Rally Champion, possessor of Horizon Football Club as well as Horizon Coaches, a pop jitney fellowship that plies the road betwixt Kabale as well as Ugandan capital, Kampala.
Source:http://www.kearwe.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=3
http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bakiga-culture.html
Bakiga native from Uganda, Kwatsi Alibaruho, the Flight Director for the National Aeronautics as well as Space Administration.
Lake Bunyonyi
Lake Bunyonyi " Place of many Little Birds"is a body of H2O 7 kilometres W from Kabale Town, southwestern Republic of Uganda unopen to the border with Rwanda. It is 25 km long as well as 7 km wide, roofing an surface area of 61 foursquare kilometres. The lake's height is 1,962 m inwards a higher identify body of body of water bird as well as it is surrounded yesteryear hills that are 2,200 to 2,478 m high as well as intensely cultivated.Towns on it shores include Kyevu as well as Muko, spell its 29 islands include Punishment Island as well as Bushara Island are concentrated inwards the fundamental part. These islands receive got few settlements, they are mostly used for tourist facilities as well as for a secondary as well as a primary school.
It is a pop location for watersports.
The information on the lake's maximum depth varies, from 44 m to 900 m inwards parts. If the latter is true, Lake Bunyonyi is the minute deepest lake inwards Africa.
It is 1 of the few lakes inwards the part that is gratis of bilharzia as well as condom for swimming.
The temperature on the surface rises to 25 degrees Celsius. In the get-go of the 20th century, fish were introduced to the lake as well as inwards the 1930s angling became profitable. Unfortunately inwards the 1960s the fish died massively as a resultant of a fierce shallow mixing, probable caused yesteryear wind. Subsistence angling prevailed inwards the lake, people mostly caught clarias species - the lake's depth as well as stratification makes it hard for the breeding of the mutual Ugandan species Nile Perch as well as Tilapia. Nevertheless, 300,000 Nile Tilapias as well as Clarias fish were released inwards the lake at the cease of 2002. Also nowadays inwards the lake are Mud fish, Cray fish as well as Mirrowcarp - as well as plenty of their predators, otters.
The lake's main centre is Bufuka Village. The area's inhabitants are from the Bakiga as well as the Batwa tribes.
Lake Bunyonyi
AM WHAT I AM!
My people are strong: It’s true my palms as well as hands
Yes, I may seem not- Divorce me from the mighty hills
Hands as good tender to hoe bitakuli, From hewing logs that boil the bushera
Muscles as good scarce to avail a pot-ful of bushera, And the kilos of the fermenting pot;
And sense of savor buds so unusual to it. Alas! The divergence is nil.
Alas! Those are your dreams.
Bakiga native from Uganda, Kwatsi Alibaruho, the Flight Director for the National Aeronautics as well as Space Administration.
My people are pinned as hostile, Though our fair ones
Many a fourth dimension rude as well as hard hearted, Are labeled the fighters
Yes, I may qualify non - I acknowledge am as good unlearned,
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 maiden as good tranquil as well as agile. But soundless of my roots;
Yet soundless roots with the hostile. Rooting with my people.
Bakiga tribe man shaka-ssali, is radio as well as TV presenter with the Voice of America
My people are frank My people are tough:
Yes I receive got a identify at that topographic point - Yes, I may claim one-half of that
Than love me for biting your back, A catch so meek, smitten as well as soft,
Rather love me for biting your face, Yet I root with the tough.
Then, I know that yous perfectly love.
Bakiga tribe man, Kizza Besigye, Ugandan Opposition Politician, electrical flow leader of the Forum for Democratic Change, 3 fourth dimension runner-up to President Yoweri Museveni inwards presidential elections (2001, 2006, 2011)
My brothers’ tongues Don’t imagine that:
Own them to our roots, My natural language pronouncing perfect Luganda,
And mine distinctly disowns me- Am Ganda.
Spelling me as Chaga, My confront beingness round,
Sometimes as Ganda, Am Chaga.
Still as Kamba, My personality beingness soft-spoken,
But spares me as Kiga. Am Toro.
Alas! My natural language is only fooling you. And of class neither a Negro,
Though English linguistic communication befriend my tongue,
And my hollo volition cock ears,
Am what I am!
Bakiga tribe man, Festo Kivengere, quondam Anglican Bishop as well as critic of dictator Idi Amin's regime. His tomb at St Peter's cathedral, Rugarama inwards Kabale District is revered yesteryear many Anglican Kiga people.
Source:http://dspace.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/123456789/136/1/
Two Bakiga neat sons!
(From R to L) Bakiga tribe human being as well as Uganda’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Dr. Ruhakana Rugunda, U.S. of America State Department’s John Hoover, Director, Office of Regional as well as Security Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs as well as Mwangi Kimenyi managing director of Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) of the Brookings Institute
20YEAR success story of Pepsi-Uganda. Seen inwards the film are the Pepsi transcend brass; Mr.Saad Abdul-Latif- CEO of PepsiCo Asia, Middle East & Africa (AMEA), Mr. Sanjeev Chadha, PRESIDENT of Middle East & Asia as well as Ugandan Directors; Chairman Mr.Amos Nzeeyi, a Bakiga tribe man, Mr. Kalyoboke & the beautiful Prof. Dr. Maggie Kigozi. Congrats squad Pepsi-cola nosotros are honored to wearing apparel you.
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