Info For Y'all 100 Things That Y'all Did Non Know Close Africa /Black People Too Why Y'all Should Know Them Now!!!!!!
Many people get got a misconception that Africa has no history, however, studies into history in addition to archeological records has proven that Africa has to a greater extent than rich in addition to non bad history than what the onetime historians tried to brand us believe. H5N1 careful reading of the information below compiled past times Dr Robin Walkin makes it abundantly clear that African has an unequal history inwards the world.
1. The human race is of African origin. The oldest known skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans (or adult man sapiens) were excavated at sites inwards East Africa. Human remains were discovered at Omo inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia that were dated at 195,000 years old, the oldest kn
47. Many onetime West African families get got private library collections that go dorsum hundreds of years. The Mauritanian cities of Chinguetti in addition to Oudane get got a total of 3,450 manus written mediaeval books. There may live some other 6,000 books soundless surviving inwards the other urban meat of Walata. Some appointment dorsum to the 8th century AD. There are 11,000 books inwards private collections inwards Niger. Finally, inwards Timbuktu, Mali, in that location are virtually 700,000 surviving books.
48. H5N1 collection of 1 K half dozen hundred books was considered a modest library for a West African scholar of the 16th century. Professor Ahmed Baba of Timbuktu is recorded as maxim that he had the smallest library of whatever of his friends - he had only 1600 volumes.
49. Concerning these onetime manuscripts, Michael Palin, inwards his TV serial Sahara, said the imam of Timbuktu “has a collection of scientific texts that clearly exhibit the planets circling the sun. They appointment dorsum hundreds of years … Its convincing evidence that the scholars of Timbuktu knew a lot to a greater extent than than their counterparts inwards Europe. In the fifteenth century inwards Timbuktu the mathematicians knew virtually the rotation of the planets, knew virtually the details of the eclipse, they knew things which nosotros had to hold off for 150 almost 200 years to know inwards Europe when Galileo in addition to Copernicus came upwardly amongst these same calculations in addition to were given a real difficult fourth dimension for it.”
50. The Songhai Empire of 16th century West Africa had a authorities seat called Minister for Etiquette in addition to Protocol.
own inwards the world.
2. Skeletons of pre-humans get got been found inwards Africa that appointment dorsum betwixt 4 in addition to 5 1 K m years. The oldest known ancestral type of humanity is sentiment to get got been the australopithecus ramidus, who lived at to the lowest degree 4.4 1 K m years ago.
3. Africans were the start to organise line-fishing expeditions 90,000 years ago. At Katanda, a part inwards northeastern Zaïre (now Congo), was recovered a finely wrought serial of harpoon points, all elaborately polished in addition to barbed. Also uncovered was a tool, as good crafted, believed to live a dagger. The discoveries suggested the existence of an early on aquatic or line-fishing based culture.
4. Africans were the start to engage inwards mining 43,000 years ago. In 1964 a hematite mine was found inwards Swaziland at Bomvu Ridge inwards the Ngwenya mount range. Ultimately 300,000 artefacts were recovered including thousands of stone-made mining tools. Adrian Boshier, 1 of the archaeologists on the site, dated the mine to a staggering 43,200 years old.
5. Africans pioneered basic arithmetics 25,000 years ago. The Ishango os is a tool handgrip amongst notches carved into it found inwards the Ishango part of Zaïre (now called Congo) nigh Lake Edward. The os tool was originally sentiment to get got been over 8,000 years old, but a to a greater extent than sensitive recent dating has given dates of 25,000 years old. On the tool are 3 rows of notches. Row 1 shows iii notches carved next to six, 4 carved next to eight, 10 carved next to 2 fives in addition to finally a seven. The 3 in addition to 6, 4 in addition to 8, in addition to 10 in addition to 5, stand upwardly for the procedure of doubling. Row 2 shows 11 notches carved next to twenty-one notches, in addition to xix notches carved next to nine notches. This represents 10 + 1, 20 + 1, 20 - 1 in addition to 10 - 1. Finally, Row 3 shows 11 notches, 13 notches, seventeen notches in addition to xix notches. 11, 13, 17 in addition to 19 are the prime numbers betwixt 10 in addition to 20.
6. Africans cultivated crops 12,000 years ago, the start known advances inwards agriculture. Professor Fred Wendorf discovered that people inwards Egypt’s Western Desert cultivated crops of barley, capers, chick-peas, dates, legumes, lentils in addition to wheat. Their ancient tools were also recovered. There were grindstones, milling stones, cutting blades, shroud scrapers, engraving burins, in addition to mortars in addition to pestles.
7. Africans mummified their dead 9,000 years ago. H5N1 mummified babe was found nether the Uan Muhuggiag stone shelter inwards southward western Libya. The babe was buried inwards the foetal seat in addition to was mummified using a real sophisticated technique that must get got taken hundreds of years to evolve. The technique predates the earliest mummies known inwards Ancient Arab Republic of Egypt past times at to the lowest degree 1,000 years. Carbon dating is controversial but the mummy may appointment from 7438 (±220) BC.
8. Africans carved the world’s start colossal sculpture 7,000 or to a greater extent than years ago. The Great Sphinx of Giza was fashioned amongst the caput of a adult man combined amongst the trunk of a lion. H5N1 key in addition to of import inquiry raised past times this monument was: How onetime is it? In Oct 1991 Professor Robert Schoch, a geologist from Boston University, demonstrated that the Sphinx was sculpted betwixt 5000 BC in addition to 7000 BC, dates that he considered conservative.
9. On the 1 March 1979, the New York Times carried an article on its front end page also page 16 that was entitled Nubian Monarchy called Oldest. In this article nosotros were assured that: “Evidence of the oldest recognizable monarchy inwards human history, preceding the rising of the earliest Egyptian kings past times several generations, has been discovered inwards artifacts from ancient Nubia” (i.e. the territory of the northern Sudan in addition to the southern part of modern Egypt.)
10. The ancient Egyptians had the same type of tropically adapted skeletal proportions as modern Black Africans. H5N1 2003 newspaper appeared inwards American Journal of Physical Anthropology past times Dr Sonia Zakrzewski entitled Variation inwards Ancient Egyptian Stature in addition to Body Proportions where she states that: “The raw values inwards Table 6 advise that Egyptians had the ‘super-Negroid’ trunk project design described past times Robins (1983). The values for the brachial in addition to crural indices exhibit that the distal segments of each limb are longer relative to the proximal segments than inwards many ‘African’ populations.”
11. The ancient Egyptians had Afro combs. One author tells us that the Egyptians “manufactured a real striking make of combs inwards ivory: the shape of these is distinctly African in addition to is similar the combs used fifty-fifty today past times Africans in addition to those of African descent.”
12. The Funerary Complex inwards the ancient Egyptian urban meat of Saqqara is the oldest edifice that tourists regularly take in today. An outer wall, directly mostly inwards ruins, surrounded the whole structure. Through the entrance are a serial of columns, the start stone-built columns known to historians. The North House also has ornamental columns built into the walls that get got papyrus-like capitals. Also within the complex is the Ceremonial Court, made of limestone blocks that get got been quarried in addition to in addition to so shaped. In the optic of the complex is the Step Pyramid, the start of ninety Egyptian pyramids.
13. The start Great Pyramid of Giza, the most extraordinary edifice inwards history, was a staggering 481 feet tall - the equivalent of a 40-storey building. It was made of 2.3 1 K m blocks of limestone in addition to granite, some weighing 100 tons.
14. The ancient Egyptian urban meat of Kahun was the world’s start planned city. Rectangular in addition to walled, the urban meat was divided into 2 parts. One component subdivision housed the wealthier inhabitants – the scribes, officials in addition to foremen. The other component subdivision housed the ordinary people. The streets of the western department inwards particular, were straight, set out on a grid, in addition to crossed each other at correct angles. H5N1 stone gutter, over one-half a metre wide, ran downward the optic of every street.
15. Egyptian mansions were discovered inwards Kahun - each boasting 70 rooms, divided into 4 sections or quarters. There was a master’s quarter, quarters for women in addition to servants, quarters for offices in addition to finally, quarters for granaries, each facing a primal courtyard. The master’s quarters had an opened upwardly courtroom amongst a stone H2O tank for bathing. Surrounding this was a colonnade.
16 The Labyrinth inwards the Egyptian urban meat of Hawara amongst its massive layout, multiple courtyards, chambers in addition to halls, was the real largest edifice inwards antiquity. Boasting iii K rooms, 1,500 of them were inwards a higher seat basis in addition to the other 1,500 were underground.
17. Toilets in addition to sewerage systems existed inwards ancient Egypt. One of the pharaohs built a urban meat directly known as Amarna. An American urban planner noted that: “Great importance was attached to cleanliness inwards Amarna as inwards other Egyptian cities. Toilets in addition to sewers were inwards occupation to dispose waste. Soap was made for washing the body. Perfumes in addition to essences were pop against trunk odour. H5N1 solution of natron was used to go along insects from houses … Amarna may get got been the start planned ‘garden city’.”
18. Sudan has to a greater extent than pyramids than whatever other dry reason on globe - fifty-fifty to a greater extent than than Egypt. There are at to the lowest degree 223 pyramids inwards the Sudanese cities of Al Kurru, Nuri, Gebel Barkal in addition to Meroë. They are to a greater extent than oft than non 20 to thirty metres high in addition to steep sided.
19. The Sudanese urban meat of Meroë is rich inwards surviving monuments. Becoming the working capital missive of the alphabet of the Kushite Empire betwixt 590 BC until AD 350, in that location are 84 pyramids inwards this urban meat alone, many built amongst their ain miniature temple. In addition, in that location are ruins of a bath seat sharing affinities amongst those of the Romans. Its primal characteristic is a large puddle approached past times a flying of steps amongst waterspouts decorated amongst king of beasts heads.
20. Bling civilization has a long in addition to interesting history. Gold was used to decorate ancient Sudanese temples. One author reported that: “Recent excavations at Meroe in addition to Mussawwarat es-Sufra revealed temples amongst walls in addition to statues covered amongst atomic number 79 leaf”.
21. In around 300 BC, the Sudanese invented a writing script that had twenty-three letters of which 4 were vowels in addition to in that location was also a give-and-take divider. Hundreds of ancient texts get got survived that were inwards this script. Some are on display inwards the British Museum.
22. In primal Nigeria, West Africa’s oldest civilisation flourished betwixt 1000 BC in addition to 300 BC. Discovered inwards 1928, the ancient civilization was called the Nok Civilisation, named after the hamlet inwards which the early on artefacts were discovered. Two modern scholars, declare that “[a]fter calibration, the menses of Nok fine art spans from 1000 BC until 300 BC”. The site itself is much older going dorsum as early on as 4580 or 4290 BC.
23. West Africans built inwards stone past times 1100 BC. In the Tichitt-Walata part of Mauritania, archaeologists get got found “large stone masonry villages” that appointment dorsum to 1100 BC. The villages consisted of roughly circular compounds connected past times “well-defined streets”.
24. By 250 BC, the foundations of West Africa’s oldest cities were established such as Old Djenné inwards Mali.
25. Kumbi Saleh, the working capital missive of the alphabet of Ancient Ghana, flourished from 300 to 1240 AD. Located inwards modern twenty-four hr menses Mauritania, archaeological excavations get got revealed houses, almost habitable today, for desire of renovation in addition to several storeys high. They had hush-hush rooms, staircases in addition to connecting halls. Some had nine rooms. One component subdivision of the urban meat lonely is estimated to get got housed 30,000 people.
26. West Africa had walled towns in addition to cities inwards the pre-colonial period. Winwood Reade, an English linguistic communication historian visited West Africa inwards the nineteenth century in addition to commented that: “There are … thousands of large walled cities resembling those of Europe inwards the Middle Ages, or of ancient Greece.”
27. Lord Lugard, an English linguistic communication official, estimated inwards 1904 that in that location were 170 walled towns soundless inwards existence inwards the whole of but the Kano province of northern Nigeria.
28. Cheques are non quite as novel an innovation as nosotros were led to believe. In the 10th century, an Arab geographer, Ibn Haukal, visited a fringe part of Ancient Ghana. Writing inwards 951 AD, he told of a banking concern check for 42,000 golden dinars written to a merchant inwards the urban meat of Audoghast past times his partner inwards Sidjilmessa.
29. Ibn Haukal, writing inwards 951 AD, informs us that the King of Republic of Ghana was “the richest manlike mortal monarch on the human face upwardly of the earth” whose pre-eminence was due to the quantity of atomic number 79 nuggets that had been amassed past times the himself in addition to past times his predecessors.
30. The Nigerian urban meat of Ile-Ife was paved inwards 1000 AD on the orders of a woman mortal ruler amongst decorations that originated inwards Ancient America. Naturally, no-one wants to explicate how this took seat some 500 years earlier the fourth dimension of Christopher Columbus!
31. West Africa had bling civilization inwards 1067 AD. One source mentions that when the Emperor of Republic of Ghana gives audience to his people: “he sits inwards a pavilion around which stand upwardly his horses caparisoned inwards cloth of gold: behind him stand upwardly 10 pages belongings shields in addition to gold-mounted swords: in addition to on his correct manus are the sons of the princes of his empire, splendidly clad in addition to amongst atomic number 79 plaited into their pilus … The gate of the sleeping accommodation is guarded past times dogs of an splendid breed … they have on collars of atomic number 79 in addition to silver.”
32. Glass windows existed at that time. The residence of the Ghanaian Emperor inwards 1116 AD was: “A well-built castle, thoroughly fortified, decorated within amongst sculptures in addition to pictures, in addition to having drinking glass windows.”
33. The Grand Mosque inwards the Malian urban meat of Djenné, described as “the largest adobe [clay] edifice inwards the world”, was start raised inwards 1204 AD. It was built on a foursquare project design where each side is 56 metres inwards length. It has iii large towers on 1 side, each amongst projecting wooden buttresses.
34. One of the non bad achievements of the Yoruba was their urban culture. “By the twelvemonth A.D. 1300,” says a modern scholar, “the Yoruba people built numerous walled cities surrounded past times farms”. The cities were Owu, Oyo, Ijebu, Ijesa, Ketu, Popo, Egba, Sabe, Dassa, Egbado, Igbomina, the 16 Ekiti principalities, Owo in addition to Ondo.
35. Yoruba metallic fine art of the mediaeval menses was of world class. One scholar wrote that Yoruba fine art “would stand upwardly comparing amongst anything which Ancient Egypt, Classical Hellenic Republic in addition to Rome, or Renaissance Europe had to offer.”
36. In the Malian urban meat of Gao stands the Mausoleum of Askia the Great, a weird sixteenth century edifice that resembles a footstep pyramid.
37. Thousands of mediaeval tumuli get got been found across West Africa. Nearly 7,000 were discovered inwards north-west Senegal lonely spread over nearly 1,500 sites. They were in all probability built betwixt 1000 in addition to 1300 AD.
38. Excavations at the Malian urban meat of Gao carried out past times Cambridge University revealed drinking glass windows. One of the finds was entitled: “Fragments of alabaster window surrounds in addition to a slice of pinkish window glass, Gao 10th – 14th century.”
39. In 1999 the BBC produced a television set serial entitled Millennium. The programme devoted to the fourteenth century opens amongst the next disclosure: “In the fourteenth century, the century of the scythe, natural disasters threatened civilisations amongst extinction. The Black Death kills to a greater extent than people inwards Europe, Asia in addition to North Africa than whatever catastrophe has before. Civilisations which avoid the plague thrive. In West Africa the Empire of Republic of Mali becomes the richest inwards the world.”
40. Malian sailors got to America inwards 1311 AD, 181 years earlier Columbus. An Egyptian scholar, Ibn Fadl Al-Umari, published on this sometime around 1342. In the 10th chapter of his book, in that location is an concern human relationship of 2 large maritime voyages ordered past times the predecessor of Mansa Musa, a manlike mortal monarch who inherited the Malian throne inwards 1312. This mariner manlike mortal monarch is non named past times Al-Umari, but modern writers seat him as Mansa Abubakari II.
41. On a pilgrimage to Mecca inwards 1324 AD, a Malian ruler, Mansa Musa, brought so much money amongst him that his take in resulted inwards the collapse of atomic number 79 prices inwards Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to Arabia. It took twelve years for the economies of the part to normalise.
42. West African atomic number 79 mining took seat on a vast scale. One modern author said that: “It is estimated that the total amount of atomic number 79 mined inwards West Africa upwardly to 1500 was 3,500 tons, worth to a greater extent than than $30 billion inwards today’s market.”
43. The onetime Malian working capital missive of the alphabet of Niani had a 14th century edifice called the Hall of Audience. It was an surmounted past times a dome, adorned amongst arabesques of striking colours. The windows of an upper flooring were plated amongst woods in addition to framed inwards silver; those of a lower flooring were plated amongst wood, framed inwards gold.
44. Republic of Mali inwards the 14th century was highly urbanised. Sergio Domian, an Italian fine art in addition to architecture scholar, wrote the next virtually this period: “Thus was set the foundation of an urban civilisation. At the summit of its power, Republic of Mali had at to the lowest degree 400 cities, in addition to the interior of the Niger Delta was real densely populated”.
45. The Malian urban meat of Timbuktu had a 14th century population of 115,000 - 5 times larger than mediaeval London. Mansa Musa, built the Djinguerebere Mosque inwards the fourteenth century. There was the University Mosque inwards which 25,000 students studied in addition to the Oratory of Sidi Yayia. There were over 150 Koran schools inwards which 20,000 children were instructed. London, past times contrast, had a total 14th century population of 20,000 people.
46. National Geographic latterly described Timbuktu as the Paris of the mediaeval world, on concern human relationship of its intellectual culture. According to Professor Henry Louis Gates, 25,000 academy students studied there.
2. Skeletons of pre-humans get got been found inwards Africa that appointment dorsum betwixt 4 in addition to 5 1 K m years. The oldest known ancestral type of humanity is sentiment to get got been the australopithecus ramidus, who lived at to the lowest degree 4.4 1 K m years ago.
3. Africans were the start to organise line-fishing expeditions 90,000 years ago. At Katanda, a part inwards northeastern Zaïre (now Congo), was recovered a finely wrought serial of harpoon points, all elaborately polished in addition to barbed. Also uncovered was a tool, as good crafted, believed to live a dagger. The discoveries suggested the existence of an early on aquatic or line-fishing based culture.
4. Africans were the start to engage inwards mining 43,000 years ago. In 1964 a hematite mine was found inwards Swaziland at Bomvu Ridge inwards the Ngwenya mount range. Ultimately 300,000 artefacts were recovered including thousands of stone-made mining tools. Adrian Boshier, 1 of the archaeologists on the site, dated the mine to a staggering 43,200 years old.
5. Africans pioneered basic arithmetics 25,000 years ago. The Ishango os is a tool handgrip amongst notches carved into it found inwards the Ishango part of Zaïre (now called Congo) nigh Lake Edward. The os tool was originally sentiment to get got been over 8,000 years old, but a to a greater extent than sensitive recent dating has given dates of 25,000 years old. On the tool are 3 rows of notches. Row 1 shows iii notches carved next to six, 4 carved next to eight, 10 carved next to 2 fives in addition to finally a seven. The 3 in addition to 6, 4 in addition to 8, in addition to 10 in addition to 5, stand upwardly for the procedure of doubling. Row 2 shows 11 notches carved next to twenty-one notches, in addition to xix notches carved next to nine notches. This represents 10 + 1, 20 + 1, 20 - 1 in addition to 10 - 1. Finally, Row 3 shows 11 notches, 13 notches, seventeen notches in addition to xix notches. 11, 13, 17 in addition to 19 are the prime numbers betwixt 10 in addition to 20.
6. Africans cultivated crops 12,000 years ago, the start known advances inwards agriculture. Professor Fred Wendorf discovered that people inwards Egypt’s Western Desert cultivated crops of barley, capers, chick-peas, dates, legumes, lentils in addition to wheat. Their ancient tools were also recovered. There were grindstones, milling stones, cutting blades, shroud scrapers, engraving burins, in addition to mortars in addition to pestles.
7. Africans mummified their dead 9,000 years ago. H5N1 mummified babe was found nether the Uan Muhuggiag stone shelter inwards southward western Libya. The babe was buried inwards the foetal seat in addition to was mummified using a real sophisticated technique that must get got taken hundreds of years to evolve. The technique predates the earliest mummies known inwards Ancient Arab Republic of Egypt past times at to the lowest degree 1,000 years. Carbon dating is controversial but the mummy may appointment from 7438 (±220) BC.
8. Africans carved the world’s start colossal sculpture 7,000 or to a greater extent than years ago. The Great Sphinx of Giza was fashioned amongst the caput of a adult man combined amongst the trunk of a lion. H5N1 key in addition to of import inquiry raised past times this monument was: How onetime is it? In Oct 1991 Professor Robert Schoch, a geologist from Boston University, demonstrated that the Sphinx was sculpted betwixt 5000 BC in addition to 7000 BC, dates that he considered conservative.
9. On the 1 March 1979, the New York Times carried an article on its front end page also page 16 that was entitled Nubian Monarchy called Oldest. In this article nosotros were assured that: “Evidence of the oldest recognizable monarchy inwards human history, preceding the rising of the earliest Egyptian kings past times several generations, has been discovered inwards artifacts from ancient Nubia” (i.e. the territory of the northern Sudan in addition to the southern part of modern Egypt.)
10. The ancient Egyptians had the same type of tropically adapted skeletal proportions as modern Black Africans. H5N1 2003 newspaper appeared inwards American Journal of Physical Anthropology past times Dr Sonia Zakrzewski entitled Variation inwards Ancient Egyptian Stature in addition to Body Proportions where she states that: “The raw values inwards Table 6 advise that Egyptians had the ‘super-Negroid’ trunk project design described past times Robins (1983). The values for the brachial in addition to crural indices exhibit that the distal segments of each limb are longer relative to the proximal segments than inwards many ‘African’ populations.”
11. The ancient Egyptians had Afro combs. One author tells us that the Egyptians “manufactured a real striking make of combs inwards ivory: the shape of these is distinctly African in addition to is similar the combs used fifty-fifty today past times Africans in addition to those of African descent.”
12. The Funerary Complex inwards the ancient Egyptian urban meat of Saqqara is the oldest edifice that tourists regularly take in today. An outer wall, directly mostly inwards ruins, surrounded the whole structure. Through the entrance are a serial of columns, the start stone-built columns known to historians. The North House also has ornamental columns built into the walls that get got papyrus-like capitals. Also within the complex is the Ceremonial Court, made of limestone blocks that get got been quarried in addition to in addition to so shaped. In the optic of the complex is the Step Pyramid, the start of ninety Egyptian pyramids.
13. The start Great Pyramid of Giza, the most extraordinary edifice inwards history, was a staggering 481 feet tall - the equivalent of a 40-storey building. It was made of 2.3 1 K m blocks of limestone in addition to granite, some weighing 100 tons.
14. The ancient Egyptian urban meat of Kahun was the world’s start planned city. Rectangular in addition to walled, the urban meat was divided into 2 parts. One component subdivision housed the wealthier inhabitants – the scribes, officials in addition to foremen. The other component subdivision housed the ordinary people. The streets of the western department inwards particular, were straight, set out on a grid, in addition to crossed each other at correct angles. H5N1 stone gutter, over one-half a metre wide, ran downward the optic of every street.
15. Egyptian mansions were discovered inwards Kahun - each boasting 70 rooms, divided into 4 sections or quarters. There was a master’s quarter, quarters for women in addition to servants, quarters for offices in addition to finally, quarters for granaries, each facing a primal courtyard. The master’s quarters had an opened upwardly courtroom amongst a stone H2O tank for bathing. Surrounding this was a colonnade.
16 The Labyrinth inwards the Egyptian urban meat of Hawara amongst its massive layout, multiple courtyards, chambers in addition to halls, was the real largest edifice inwards antiquity. Boasting iii K rooms, 1,500 of them were inwards a higher seat basis in addition to the other 1,500 were underground.
17. Toilets in addition to sewerage systems existed inwards ancient Egypt. One of the pharaohs built a urban meat directly known as Amarna. An American urban planner noted that: “Great importance was attached to cleanliness inwards Amarna as inwards other Egyptian cities. Toilets in addition to sewers were inwards occupation to dispose waste. Soap was made for washing the body. Perfumes in addition to essences were pop against trunk odour. H5N1 solution of natron was used to go along insects from houses … Amarna may get got been the start planned ‘garden city’.”
18. Sudan has to a greater extent than pyramids than whatever other dry reason on globe - fifty-fifty to a greater extent than than Egypt. There are at to the lowest degree 223 pyramids inwards the Sudanese cities of Al Kurru, Nuri, Gebel Barkal in addition to Meroë. They are to a greater extent than oft than non 20 to thirty metres high in addition to steep sided.
19. The Sudanese urban meat of Meroë is rich inwards surviving monuments. Becoming the working capital missive of the alphabet of the Kushite Empire betwixt 590 BC until AD 350, in that location are 84 pyramids inwards this urban meat alone, many built amongst their ain miniature temple. In addition, in that location are ruins of a bath seat sharing affinities amongst those of the Romans. Its primal characteristic is a large puddle approached past times a flying of steps amongst waterspouts decorated amongst king of beasts heads.
20. Bling civilization has a long in addition to interesting history. Gold was used to decorate ancient Sudanese temples. One author reported that: “Recent excavations at Meroe in addition to Mussawwarat es-Sufra revealed temples amongst walls in addition to statues covered amongst atomic number 79 leaf”.
21. In around 300 BC, the Sudanese invented a writing script that had twenty-three letters of which 4 were vowels in addition to in that location was also a give-and-take divider. Hundreds of ancient texts get got survived that were inwards this script. Some are on display inwards the British Museum.
22. In primal Nigeria, West Africa’s oldest civilisation flourished betwixt 1000 BC in addition to 300 BC. Discovered inwards 1928, the ancient civilization was called the Nok Civilisation, named after the hamlet inwards which the early on artefacts were discovered. Two modern scholars, declare that “[a]fter calibration, the menses of Nok fine art spans from 1000 BC until 300 BC”. The site itself is much older going dorsum as early on as 4580 or 4290 BC.
23. West Africans built inwards stone past times 1100 BC. In the Tichitt-Walata part of Mauritania, archaeologists get got found “large stone masonry villages” that appointment dorsum to 1100 BC. The villages consisted of roughly circular compounds connected past times “well-defined streets”.
24. By 250 BC, the foundations of West Africa’s oldest cities were established such as Old Djenné inwards Mali.
25. Kumbi Saleh, the working capital missive of the alphabet of Ancient Ghana, flourished from 300 to 1240 AD. Located inwards modern twenty-four hr menses Mauritania, archaeological excavations get got revealed houses, almost habitable today, for desire of renovation in addition to several storeys high. They had hush-hush rooms, staircases in addition to connecting halls. Some had nine rooms. One component subdivision of the urban meat lonely is estimated to get got housed 30,000 people.
26. West Africa had walled towns in addition to cities inwards the pre-colonial period. Winwood Reade, an English linguistic communication historian visited West Africa inwards the nineteenth century in addition to commented that: “There are … thousands of large walled cities resembling those of Europe inwards the Middle Ages, or of ancient Greece.”
27. Lord Lugard, an English linguistic communication official, estimated inwards 1904 that in that location were 170 walled towns soundless inwards existence inwards the whole of but the Kano province of northern Nigeria.
28. Cheques are non quite as novel an innovation as nosotros were led to believe. In the 10th century, an Arab geographer, Ibn Haukal, visited a fringe part of Ancient Ghana. Writing inwards 951 AD, he told of a banking concern check for 42,000 golden dinars written to a merchant inwards the urban meat of Audoghast past times his partner inwards Sidjilmessa.
29. Ibn Haukal, writing inwards 951 AD, informs us that the King of Republic of Ghana was “the richest manlike mortal monarch on the human face upwardly of the earth” whose pre-eminence was due to the quantity of atomic number 79 nuggets that had been amassed past times the himself in addition to past times his predecessors.
30. The Nigerian urban meat of Ile-Ife was paved inwards 1000 AD on the orders of a woman mortal ruler amongst decorations that originated inwards Ancient America. Naturally, no-one wants to explicate how this took seat some 500 years earlier the fourth dimension of Christopher Columbus!
31. West Africa had bling civilization inwards 1067 AD. One source mentions that when the Emperor of Republic of Ghana gives audience to his people: “he sits inwards a pavilion around which stand upwardly his horses caparisoned inwards cloth of gold: behind him stand upwardly 10 pages belongings shields in addition to gold-mounted swords: in addition to on his correct manus are the sons of the princes of his empire, splendidly clad in addition to amongst atomic number 79 plaited into their pilus … The gate of the sleeping accommodation is guarded past times dogs of an splendid breed … they have on collars of atomic number 79 in addition to silver.”
32. Glass windows existed at that time. The residence of the Ghanaian Emperor inwards 1116 AD was: “A well-built castle, thoroughly fortified, decorated within amongst sculptures in addition to pictures, in addition to having drinking glass windows.”
33. The Grand Mosque inwards the Malian urban meat of Djenné, described as “the largest adobe [clay] edifice inwards the world”, was start raised inwards 1204 AD. It was built on a foursquare project design where each side is 56 metres inwards length. It has iii large towers on 1 side, each amongst projecting wooden buttresses.
34. One of the non bad achievements of the Yoruba was their urban culture. “By the twelvemonth A.D. 1300,” says a modern scholar, “the Yoruba people built numerous walled cities surrounded past times farms”. The cities were Owu, Oyo, Ijebu, Ijesa, Ketu, Popo, Egba, Sabe, Dassa, Egbado, Igbomina, the 16 Ekiti principalities, Owo in addition to Ondo.
35. Yoruba metallic fine art of the mediaeval menses was of world class. One scholar wrote that Yoruba fine art “would stand upwardly comparing amongst anything which Ancient Egypt, Classical Hellenic Republic in addition to Rome, or Renaissance Europe had to offer.”
36. In the Malian urban meat of Gao stands the Mausoleum of Askia the Great, a weird sixteenth century edifice that resembles a footstep pyramid.
37. Thousands of mediaeval tumuli get got been found across West Africa. Nearly 7,000 were discovered inwards north-west Senegal lonely spread over nearly 1,500 sites. They were in all probability built betwixt 1000 in addition to 1300 AD.
38. Excavations at the Malian urban meat of Gao carried out past times Cambridge University revealed drinking glass windows. One of the finds was entitled: “Fragments of alabaster window surrounds in addition to a slice of pinkish window glass, Gao 10th – 14th century.”
39. In 1999 the BBC produced a television set serial entitled Millennium. The programme devoted to the fourteenth century opens amongst the next disclosure: “In the fourteenth century, the century of the scythe, natural disasters threatened civilisations amongst extinction. The Black Death kills to a greater extent than people inwards Europe, Asia in addition to North Africa than whatever catastrophe has before. Civilisations which avoid the plague thrive. In West Africa the Empire of Republic of Mali becomes the richest inwards the world.”
40. Malian sailors got to America inwards 1311 AD, 181 years earlier Columbus. An Egyptian scholar, Ibn Fadl Al-Umari, published on this sometime around 1342. In the 10th chapter of his book, in that location is an concern human relationship of 2 large maritime voyages ordered past times the predecessor of Mansa Musa, a manlike mortal monarch who inherited the Malian throne inwards 1312. This mariner manlike mortal monarch is non named past times Al-Umari, but modern writers seat him as Mansa Abubakari II.
41. On a pilgrimage to Mecca inwards 1324 AD, a Malian ruler, Mansa Musa, brought so much money amongst him that his take in resulted inwards the collapse of atomic number 79 prices inwards Arab Republic of Egypt in addition to Arabia. It took twelve years for the economies of the part to normalise.
42. West African atomic number 79 mining took seat on a vast scale. One modern author said that: “It is estimated that the total amount of atomic number 79 mined inwards West Africa upwardly to 1500 was 3,500 tons, worth to a greater extent than than $30 billion inwards today’s market.”
43. The onetime Malian working capital missive of the alphabet of Niani had a 14th century edifice called the Hall of Audience. It was an surmounted past times a dome, adorned amongst arabesques of striking colours. The windows of an upper flooring were plated amongst woods in addition to framed inwards silver; those of a lower flooring were plated amongst wood, framed inwards gold.
44. Republic of Mali inwards the 14th century was highly urbanised. Sergio Domian, an Italian fine art in addition to architecture scholar, wrote the next virtually this period: “Thus was set the foundation of an urban civilisation. At the summit of its power, Republic of Mali had at to the lowest degree 400 cities, in addition to the interior of the Niger Delta was real densely populated”.
45. The Malian urban meat of Timbuktu had a 14th century population of 115,000 - 5 times larger than mediaeval London. Mansa Musa, built the Djinguerebere Mosque inwards the fourteenth century. There was the University Mosque inwards which 25,000 students studied in addition to the Oratory of Sidi Yayia. There were over 150 Koran schools inwards which 20,000 children were instructed. London, past times contrast, had a total 14th century population of 20,000 people.
46. National Geographic latterly described Timbuktu as the Paris of the mediaeval world, on concern human relationship of its intellectual culture. According to Professor Henry Louis Gates, 25,000 academy students studied there.
47. Many onetime West African families get got private library collections that go dorsum hundreds of years. The Mauritanian cities of Chinguetti in addition to Oudane get got a total of 3,450 manus written mediaeval books. There may live some other 6,000 books soundless surviving inwards the other urban meat of Walata. Some appointment dorsum to the 8th century AD. There are 11,000 books inwards private collections inwards Niger. Finally, inwards Timbuktu, Mali, in that location are virtually 700,000 surviving books.
48. H5N1 collection of 1 K half dozen hundred books was considered a modest library for a West African scholar of the 16th century. Professor Ahmed Baba of Timbuktu is recorded as maxim that he had the smallest library of whatever of his friends - he had only 1600 volumes.
49. Concerning these onetime manuscripts, Michael Palin, inwards his TV serial Sahara, said the imam of Timbuktu “has a collection of scientific texts that clearly exhibit the planets circling the sun. They appointment dorsum hundreds of years … Its convincing evidence that the scholars of Timbuktu knew a lot to a greater extent than than their counterparts inwards Europe. In the fifteenth century inwards Timbuktu the mathematicians knew virtually the rotation of the planets, knew virtually the details of the eclipse, they knew things which nosotros had to hold off for 150 almost 200 years to know inwards Europe when Galileo in addition to Copernicus came upwardly amongst these same calculations in addition to were given a real difficult fourth dimension for it.”
50. The Songhai Empire of 16th century West Africa had a authorities seat called Minister for Etiquette in addition to Protocol.
Ancient Africans
51. The mediaeval Nigerian urban meat of Republic of Benin was built to “a scale comparable amongst the Great Wall of China”. There was a vast organisation of defensive walling totalling 10,000 miles inwards all
64. In 1246 AD Dunama II of Kanem-Borno exchanged embassies amongst Al-Mustansir, the manlike mortal monarch of Tunis. He sent th
i
. Even earlier the total extent of the urban meat walling had go apparent the Guinness Book of Records carried an entry inwards the 1974 edition that described the urban meat as: “The largest earthworks inwards the world carried out prior to the mechanical era.”
52. Republic of Benin fine art of the Middle Ages was of the highest quality. An official of the Berlin Museum für Völkerkunde 1 time stated that: “These industrial plant from Republic of Benin are equal to the real finest examples of European casting technique. Benvenuto Cellini could non get got cast them better, nor could anyone else earlier or after him … Technically, these bronzes stand upwardly for the real highest possible achievement.”
53. Winwood Reade described his take in to the Ashanti Royal Palace of Kumasi inwards 1874: “We went to the king’s palace, which consists of many courtyards, each surrounded amongst alcoves in addition to verandahs, in addition to having 2 gates or doors, so that each yard was a thoroughfare … But the component subdivision of the palace fronting the street was a stone house, Moorish inwards its vogue … amongst a even out roof in addition to a parapet, in addition to suites of apartments on the start floor. It was built past times Fanti masons many years ago. The rooms upstairs remind me of Wardour Street. Each was a perfect Old Curiosity Shop. Books inwards many languages, Bohemian glass, clocks, argent plate, onetime furniture, Western Farsi rugs, Kidderminster carpets, pictures in addition to engravings, numberless chests in addition to coffers. H5N1 sword bearing the inscription From Queen Victoria to the King of Ashantee. H5N1 re-create of the Times, 17 Oct 1843. With these were many specimens of Moorish in addition to Ashanti handicraft.”
54. In the mid-nineteenth century, William Clarke, an English linguistic communication visitor to Nigeria, remarked that: “As goodness an article of cloth tin live woven past times the Yoruba weavers as past times whatever people … inwards durability, their cloths far excel the prints in addition to home-spuns of Manchester.”
55. The latterly discovered 9th century Nigerian urban meat of Eredo was found to live surrounded past times a wall that was 100 miles long in addition to lxx feet high inwards places. The internal surface area was a staggering 400 foursquare miles.
56. On the bailiwick of cloth, Kongolese textiles were also distinguished. Various European writers of the sixteenth in addition to seventeenth centuries wrote of the fragile crafts of the peoples living inwards eastern Kongo in addition to side past times side regions who manufactured damasks, sarcenets, satins, taffeta, cloth of tissue in addition to velvet. Professor DeGraft-Johnson made the curious observation that: “Their brocades, both high in addition to low, were far to a greater extent than valuable than the Italian.”
57. On Kongolese metallurgy of the Middle Ages, 1 modern scholar wrote that: “There is no doubting … the existence of an skilful metallurgical fine art inwards the ancient Kongo … The Bakongo were aware of the toxicity of atomic number 82 vapours. They devised preventative in addition to curative methods, both pharmacological (massive doses of pawpaw in addition to palm oil) in addition to mechanical (exerting of pressure level to costless the digestive tract), for combating atomic number 82 poisoning.”
58. In Nigeria, the violet palace inwards the urban meat of Kano dates dorsum to the fifteenth century. Begun past times Muhammad Rumfa (ruled 1463-99) it has gradually evolved over generations into a real imposing complex. H5N1 colonial written report of the urban meat from 1902, described it as “a network of buildings roofing an surface area of 33 acres in addition to surrounded past times a wall 20 to thirty feet high exterior in addition to 15 feet within … inwards itself no hateful citadel”.
59. H5N1 sixteenth century traveller visited the primal African civilisation of Kanem-Borno in addition to commented that the emperor’s cavalry had golden “stirrups, spurs, bits in addition to buckles.” Even the ruler’s dogs had “chains of the finest gold”.
60. One of the authorities positions inwards mediaeval Kanem-Borno was Astronomer Royal.
61. Ngazargamu, the working capital missive of the alphabet urban meat of Kanem-Borno, became 1 of the largest cities inwards the seventeenth century world. By 1658 AD, the metropolis, according to an architectural scholar housed “about quarter of a 1 K m people”. It had 660 streets. Many were broad in addition to unbending, reflective of town planning.
62. The Nigerian urban meat of Surame flourished inwards the sixteenth century. Even inwards ruin it was an impressive sight, built on a horizontal vertical grid. H5N1 modern scholar describes it thus: “The walls of Surame are virtually 10 miles inwards circumference in addition to include many large bastions or walled suburbs running out at correct angles to the main wall. The large chemical compound at Kanta is soundless visible inwards the centre, amongst ruins of many buildings, 1 of which is said to get got been two-storied. The striking characteristic of the walls in addition to whole ruins is the extensive occupation of stone in addition to tsokuwa (laterite gravel) or real difficult scarlet edifice mud, land brought from a distance. There is a large mound of this nigh the northward gate virtually 8 feet inwards height. The walls exhibit regular courses of masonry to a summit of 20 feet in addition to to a greater extent than inwards several places. The best preserved part is that known as sirati (the bridge) a niggling northward of the eastern gate … The main urban meat walls hither appear to get got provided a real strongly guarded entrance virtually thirty feet wide.'
52. Republic of Benin fine art of the Middle Ages was of the highest quality. An official of the Berlin Museum für Völkerkunde 1 time stated that: “These industrial plant from Republic of Benin are equal to the real finest examples of European casting technique. Benvenuto Cellini could non get got cast them better, nor could anyone else earlier or after him … Technically, these bronzes stand upwardly for the real highest possible achievement.”
53. Winwood Reade described his take in to the Ashanti Royal Palace of Kumasi inwards 1874: “We went to the king’s palace, which consists of many courtyards, each surrounded amongst alcoves in addition to verandahs, in addition to having 2 gates or doors, so that each yard was a thoroughfare … But the component subdivision of the palace fronting the street was a stone house, Moorish inwards its vogue … amongst a even out roof in addition to a parapet, in addition to suites of apartments on the start floor. It was built past times Fanti masons many years ago. The rooms upstairs remind me of Wardour Street. Each was a perfect Old Curiosity Shop. Books inwards many languages, Bohemian glass, clocks, argent plate, onetime furniture, Western Farsi rugs, Kidderminster carpets, pictures in addition to engravings, numberless chests in addition to coffers. H5N1 sword bearing the inscription From Queen Victoria to the King of Ashantee. H5N1 re-create of the Times, 17 Oct 1843. With these were many specimens of Moorish in addition to Ashanti handicraft.”
54. In the mid-nineteenth century, William Clarke, an English linguistic communication visitor to Nigeria, remarked that: “As goodness an article of cloth tin live woven past times the Yoruba weavers as past times whatever people … inwards durability, their cloths far excel the prints in addition to home-spuns of Manchester.”
55. The latterly discovered 9th century Nigerian urban meat of Eredo was found to live surrounded past times a wall that was 100 miles long in addition to lxx feet high inwards places. The internal surface area was a staggering 400 foursquare miles.
56. On the bailiwick of cloth, Kongolese textiles were also distinguished. Various European writers of the sixteenth in addition to seventeenth centuries wrote of the fragile crafts of the peoples living inwards eastern Kongo in addition to side past times side regions who manufactured damasks, sarcenets, satins, taffeta, cloth of tissue in addition to velvet. Professor DeGraft-Johnson made the curious observation that: “Their brocades, both high in addition to low, were far to a greater extent than valuable than the Italian.”
57. On Kongolese metallurgy of the Middle Ages, 1 modern scholar wrote that: “There is no doubting … the existence of an skilful metallurgical fine art inwards the ancient Kongo … The Bakongo were aware of the toxicity of atomic number 82 vapours. They devised preventative in addition to curative methods, both pharmacological (massive doses of pawpaw in addition to palm oil) in addition to mechanical (exerting of pressure level to costless the digestive tract), for combating atomic number 82 poisoning.”
58. In Nigeria, the violet palace inwards the urban meat of Kano dates dorsum to the fifteenth century. Begun past times Muhammad Rumfa (ruled 1463-99) it has gradually evolved over generations into a real imposing complex. H5N1 colonial written report of the urban meat from 1902, described it as “a network of buildings roofing an surface area of 33 acres in addition to surrounded past times a wall 20 to thirty feet high exterior in addition to 15 feet within … inwards itself no hateful citadel”.
59. H5N1 sixteenth century traveller visited the primal African civilisation of Kanem-Borno in addition to commented that the emperor’s cavalry had golden “stirrups, spurs, bits in addition to buckles.” Even the ruler’s dogs had “chains of the finest gold”.
60. One of the authorities positions inwards mediaeval Kanem-Borno was Astronomer Royal.
61. Ngazargamu, the working capital missive of the alphabet urban meat of Kanem-Borno, became 1 of the largest cities inwards the seventeenth century world. By 1658 AD, the metropolis, according to an architectural scholar housed “about quarter of a 1 K m people”. It had 660 streets. Many were broad in addition to unbending, reflective of town planning.
62. The Nigerian urban meat of Surame flourished inwards the sixteenth century. Even inwards ruin it was an impressive sight, built on a horizontal vertical grid. H5N1 modern scholar describes it thus: “The walls of Surame are virtually 10 miles inwards circumference in addition to include many large bastions or walled suburbs running out at correct angles to the main wall. The large chemical compound at Kanta is soundless visible inwards the centre, amongst ruins of many buildings, 1 of which is said to get got been two-storied. The striking characteristic of the walls in addition to whole ruins is the extensive occupation of stone in addition to tsokuwa (laterite gravel) or real difficult scarlet edifice mud, land brought from a distance. There is a large mound of this nigh the northward gate virtually 8 feet inwards height. The walls exhibit regular courses of masonry to a summit of 20 feet in addition to to a greater extent than inwards several places. The best preserved part is that known as sirati (the bridge) a niggling northward of the eastern gate … The main urban meat walls hither appear to get got provided a real strongly guarded entrance virtually thirty feet wide.'
Axum,Ethiopia
63. The Nigerian urban meat of Kano inwards 1851 produced an estimated 10 1 K m pairs of sandals in addition to 5 1 K m hides each twelvemonth for export.
64. In 1246 AD Dunama II of Kanem-Borno exchanged embassies amongst Al-Mustansir, the manlike mortal monarch of Tunis. He sent th
e North African courtroom a costly present, which apparently included a giraffe. An onetime chronicle noted that the rare animate existence “created a sensation inwards Tunis”.
65. By the 3rd century BC the urban meat of Carthage on the coast of Tunisia was opulent in addition to impressive. It had a population of 700,000 in addition to may fifty-fifty get got approached a million. Lining both sides of iii streets were rows of tall houses half dozen storeys high.
66. The Ethiopian urban meat of Axum has a serial of 7 giant obelisks that appointment from perchance 300 BC to 300 AD. They get got details carved into them that stand upwardly for windows in addition to doorways of several storeys. The largest obelisk, directly fallen, is inwards fact “the largest monolith always made anywhere inwards the world”. It is 108 feet long, weighs a staggering 500 tons, in addition to represents a thirteen-storey building.
67. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia minted its ain coins over 1,500 years ago. One scholar wrote that: “Almost no other contemporary province anywhere inwards the world could number inwards gold, a arguing of sovereignty achieved only past times Rome, Persia, in addition to the Kushan kingdom inwards northern Bharat at the time.”
68. The Ethiopian script of the quaternary century AD influenced the writing script of Armenia. H5N1 Russian historian noted that: “Soon after its creation, the Ethiopic vocalised script began to influence the scripts of Armenia in addition to Georgia. D. A. Olderogge suggested that Mesrop Mashtotz used the vocalised Ethiopic script when he invented the Armenian alphabet.”
69. “In the start one-half of the start millennium CE,” says a modern scholar, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia “was ranked as 1 of the world’s greatest empires”. H5N1 Western Farsi cleric of the 3rd century AD identified it as the 3rd most of import province inwards the world after Persia in addition to Rome.
70. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has 11 hush-hush mediaeval churches built past times existence carved out of the ground. In the 12th in addition to thirteenth centuries AD, Roha became the novel working capital missive of the alphabet of the Ethiopians. Conceived as a New Jerusalem past times its founder, Emperor Lalibela (c.1150-1230), it contains 11 churches, all carved out of the stone of the mountains past times hammer in addition to chisel. All of the temples were carved to a depth of 11 metres or so below basis level. The largest is the House of the Redeemer, a staggering 33.7 metres long, 23.7 metres broad in addition to 11.5 metres deep.
71. Lalibela is non the only seat inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to get got such wonders. H5N1 cotemporary archeologist reports enquiry that was conducted inwards the part inwards the early on 1970’s when: “startling numbers of churches built inwards caves or partially or completely cutting from the living stone were revealed non only inwards Tigre in addition to Lalibela but as far southward as Addis Ababa. Soon at to the lowest degree 1,500 were known. At to the lowest degree as many to a greater extent than in all probability await revelation.”
72. In 1209 AD Emperor Lalibela of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia sent an diplomatic mission to Cairo bringing the sultan odd gifts including an elephant, a hyena, a zebra, in addition to a giraffe.
73. In Southern Africa, in that location are at to the lowest degree 600 stone built ruins inwards the regions of Zimbabwe, Mozambique in addition to South Africa. These ruins are called Mazimbabwe inwards Shona, the Bantu linguistic communication of the builders, in addition to agency non bad revered seat in addition to “signifies court”.
74. The Great Republic of Zimbabwe was the largest of these ruins. It consists of 12 clusters of buildings, spread over 3 foursquare miles. Its outer walls were made from 100,000 tons of granite bricks. In the fourteenth century, the urban meat housed 18,000 people, comparable inwards size to that of London of the same period.
75. Bling civilization existed inwards this region. At the fourth dimension of our in conclusion visit, the Horniman Museum inwards London had exhibits of headrests amongst the caption: “Headrests get got been used inwards Africa since the fourth dimension of the Egyptian pharaohs. Remains of some headrests, 1 time covered inwards atomic number 79 foil, get got been found inwards the ruins of Great Republic of Zimbabwe in addition to burial sites similar Mapungubwe dating to the 12th century after Christ.”
65. By the 3rd century BC the urban meat of Carthage on the coast of Tunisia was opulent in addition to impressive. It had a population of 700,000 in addition to may fifty-fifty get got approached a million. Lining both sides of iii streets were rows of tall houses half dozen storeys high.
66. The Ethiopian urban meat of Axum has a serial of 7 giant obelisks that appointment from perchance 300 BC to 300 AD. They get got details carved into them that stand upwardly for windows in addition to doorways of several storeys. The largest obelisk, directly fallen, is inwards fact “the largest monolith always made anywhere inwards the world”. It is 108 feet long, weighs a staggering 500 tons, in addition to represents a thirteen-storey building.
67. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia minted its ain coins over 1,500 years ago. One scholar wrote that: “Almost no other contemporary province anywhere inwards the world could number inwards gold, a arguing of sovereignty achieved only past times Rome, Persia, in addition to the Kushan kingdom inwards northern Bharat at the time.”
68. The Ethiopian script of the quaternary century AD influenced the writing script of Armenia. H5N1 Russian historian noted that: “Soon after its creation, the Ethiopic vocalised script began to influence the scripts of Armenia in addition to Georgia. D. A. Olderogge suggested that Mesrop Mashtotz used the vocalised Ethiopic script when he invented the Armenian alphabet.”
69. “In the start one-half of the start millennium CE,” says a modern scholar, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia “was ranked as 1 of the world’s greatest empires”. H5N1 Western Farsi cleric of the 3rd century AD identified it as the 3rd most of import province inwards the world after Persia in addition to Rome.
70. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has 11 hush-hush mediaeval churches built past times existence carved out of the ground. In the 12th in addition to thirteenth centuries AD, Roha became the novel working capital missive of the alphabet of the Ethiopians. Conceived as a New Jerusalem past times its founder, Emperor Lalibela (c.1150-1230), it contains 11 churches, all carved out of the stone of the mountains past times hammer in addition to chisel. All of the temples were carved to a depth of 11 metres or so below basis level. The largest is the House of the Redeemer, a staggering 33.7 metres long, 23.7 metres broad in addition to 11.5 metres deep.
71. Lalibela is non the only seat inwards Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to get got such wonders. H5N1 cotemporary archeologist reports enquiry that was conducted inwards the part inwards the early on 1970’s when: “startling numbers of churches built inwards caves or partially or completely cutting from the living stone were revealed non only inwards Tigre in addition to Lalibela but as far southward as Addis Ababa. Soon at to the lowest degree 1,500 were known. At to the lowest degree as many to a greater extent than in all probability await revelation.”
72. In 1209 AD Emperor Lalibela of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia sent an diplomatic mission to Cairo bringing the sultan odd gifts including an elephant, a hyena, a zebra, in addition to a giraffe.
73. In Southern Africa, in that location are at to the lowest degree 600 stone built ruins inwards the regions of Zimbabwe, Mozambique in addition to South Africa. These ruins are called Mazimbabwe inwards Shona, the Bantu linguistic communication of the builders, in addition to agency non bad revered seat in addition to “signifies court”.
74. The Great Republic of Zimbabwe was the largest of these ruins. It consists of 12 clusters of buildings, spread over 3 foursquare miles. Its outer walls were made from 100,000 tons of granite bricks. In the fourteenth century, the urban meat housed 18,000 people, comparable inwards size to that of London of the same period.
75. Bling civilization existed inwards this region. At the fourth dimension of our in conclusion visit, the Horniman Museum inwards London had exhibits of headrests amongst the caption: “Headrests get got been used inwards Africa since the fourth dimension of the Egyptian pharaohs. Remains of some headrests, 1 time covered inwards atomic number 79 foil, get got been found inwards the ruins of Great Republic of Zimbabwe in addition to burial sites similar Mapungubwe dating to the 12th century after Christ.”
i76. Dr Albert Churchward, author of Signs in addition to Symbols of Primordial Man, pointed out that writing was found inwards 1 of the stone built ruins: “Lt.-Col. E. L. de Cordes … who was inwards South Africa for iii years, informed the author that inwards o
ne of the ‘Ruins’ in that location is a ‘stone-chamber,’ amongst a vast quantity of Papyri, covered amongst onetime Egyptian hieroglyphics. H5N1 Boer hunter discovered this, in addition to a large quantity was used to lite a burn with, in addition to yet soundless a larger quantity remained in that location now.”
77. On bling culture, 1 seventeenth century visitor to southern African empire of Monomotapa, that ruled over this vast region, wrote that: “The people apparel inwards various ways: at courtroom of the Kings their grandees have on cloths of rich silk, damask, satin, atomic number 79 in addition to silk cloth; these are iii widths of satin, each width 4 covados [2.64m], each sewn to the next, sometimes amongst atomic number 79 lace inwards between, trimmed on 2 sides, similar a carpet, amongst a atomic number 79 in addition to silk fringe, sewn inwards seat amongst a 2 fingers’ broad ribbon, woven amongst atomic number 79 roses on silk.”
78. Southern Africans mined atomic number 79 on an epic scale. One modern author tells us that: “The estimated amount of atomic number 79 ore mined from the entire part past times the ancients was staggering, exceeding 43 1 K m tons. The ore yielded nearly 700 tons of pure atomic number 79 which today would live valued at over $7.5 billion.”
79. Apparently the Monomotapan violet palace at Mount Fura had chandeliers hanging from the ceiling. An eighteenth century geography volume provided the next data: “The within consists of a non bad multifariousness of sumptuous apartments, spacious in addition to lofty halls, all adorned amongst a magnificent cotton wool tapestry, the industry of the country. The floors, cielings [sic], beams in addition to rafters are all either golden or plated amongst atomic number 79 curiously wrought, as are also the chairs of state, tables, benches &c. The candle-sticks in addition to branches are made of ivory inlaid amongst gold, in addition to hang from the cieling past times chains of the same metal, or of argent gilt.”
80. Monomotapa had a social welfare system. Antonio Bocarro, a Portuguese contemporary, informs us that the Emperor: “shows non bad charity to the blind in addition to maimed, for these are called the king’s poor, in addition to get got dry reason in addition to revenues for their subsistence, in addition to when they wishing to plough over through the kingdoms, wherever they come upwardly nutrient in addition to drinks are given to them at the populace cost as long as they stay there, in addition to when they teach out that seat to go to some other they are provided amongst what is necessary for their journey, in addition to a guide, in addition to some 1 to ship their wallet to the next village. In every seat where they come upwardly in that location is the same obligation.”
81. Many southern Africans get got indigenous in addition to pre-colonial words for ‘gun’. Scholars get got to a greater extent than oft than non been reluctant to investigate or explicate this fact.
82. Evidence discovered inwards 1978 showed that East Africans were making steel for to a greater extent than than 1,500 years: “Assistant Professor of Anthropology Peter Schmidt in addition to Professor of Engineering Donald H. Avery get got found as long as 2,000 years agone Africans living on the western shores of Lake Victoria had produced carbon steel inwards preheated forced draft furnaces, a method that was technologically to a greater extent than sophisticated than whatever developed inwards Europe until the mid-nineteenth century.”
83. Ruins of a 300 BC astronomical observatory was found at Namoratunga inwards Kenya. Africans were mapping the movements of stars such as Triangulum, Aldebaran, Bellatrix, Central Orion, etcetera, as good as the moon, inwards companionship to create a lunar calendar of 354 days.
84. Autopsies in addition to caesarean operations were routinely in addition to effectively carried out past times surgeons inwards pre-colonial Uganda. The surgeons routinely used antiseptics, anaesthetics in addition to cautery iron. Commenting on a Ugandan caesarean functioning that appeared inwards the Edinburgh Medical Journal inwards 1884, 1 author wrote: “The whole behavior of the functioning … suggests a skilled long-practiced surgical squad at piece of work conducting a well-tried in addition to familiar functioning amongst smooth efficiency.”
85. Sudan inwards the mediaeval menses had churches, cathedrals, monasteries in addition to castles. Their ruins soundless be today.
86. The mediaeval Nubian Kingdoms kept archives. From the site of Qasr Ibrim legal texts, documents in addition to correspondence were discovered. An archeologist informs us that: “On the site are preserved thousands of documents inwards Meroitic, Latin, Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Standard Arabic in addition to Turkish.”
87. Glass windows existed inwards mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found evidence of window drinking glass at the Sudanese cities of Old Dongola in addition to Hambukol.
88. Bling civilization existed inwards the mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found an private buried at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity inwards the urban meat of Old Dongola. He was clad inwards an extremely elaborate garb consisting of costly textiles of various fabrics including atomic number 79 thread. At the urban meat of Soba East, in that location were individuals buried inwards fine clothing, including items amongst golden thread.
77. On bling culture, 1 seventeenth century visitor to southern African empire of Monomotapa, that ruled over this vast region, wrote that: “The people apparel inwards various ways: at courtroom of the Kings their grandees have on cloths of rich silk, damask, satin, atomic number 79 in addition to silk cloth; these are iii widths of satin, each width 4 covados [2.64m], each sewn to the next, sometimes amongst atomic number 79 lace inwards between, trimmed on 2 sides, similar a carpet, amongst a atomic number 79 in addition to silk fringe, sewn inwards seat amongst a 2 fingers’ broad ribbon, woven amongst atomic number 79 roses on silk.”
78. Southern Africans mined atomic number 79 on an epic scale. One modern author tells us that: “The estimated amount of atomic number 79 ore mined from the entire part past times the ancients was staggering, exceeding 43 1 K m tons. The ore yielded nearly 700 tons of pure atomic number 79 which today would live valued at over $7.5 billion.”
79. Apparently the Monomotapan violet palace at Mount Fura had chandeliers hanging from the ceiling. An eighteenth century geography volume provided the next data: “The within consists of a non bad multifariousness of sumptuous apartments, spacious in addition to lofty halls, all adorned amongst a magnificent cotton wool tapestry, the industry of the country. The floors, cielings [sic], beams in addition to rafters are all either golden or plated amongst atomic number 79 curiously wrought, as are also the chairs of state, tables, benches &c. The candle-sticks in addition to branches are made of ivory inlaid amongst gold, in addition to hang from the cieling past times chains of the same metal, or of argent gilt.”
80. Monomotapa had a social welfare system. Antonio Bocarro, a Portuguese contemporary, informs us that the Emperor: “shows non bad charity to the blind in addition to maimed, for these are called the king’s poor, in addition to get got dry reason in addition to revenues for their subsistence, in addition to when they wishing to plough over through the kingdoms, wherever they come upwardly nutrient in addition to drinks are given to them at the populace cost as long as they stay there, in addition to when they teach out that seat to go to some other they are provided amongst what is necessary for their journey, in addition to a guide, in addition to some 1 to ship their wallet to the next village. In every seat where they come upwardly in that location is the same obligation.”
81. Many southern Africans get got indigenous in addition to pre-colonial words for ‘gun’. Scholars get got to a greater extent than oft than non been reluctant to investigate or explicate this fact.
82. Evidence discovered inwards 1978 showed that East Africans were making steel for to a greater extent than than 1,500 years: “Assistant Professor of Anthropology Peter Schmidt in addition to Professor of Engineering Donald H. Avery get got found as long as 2,000 years agone Africans living on the western shores of Lake Victoria had produced carbon steel inwards preheated forced draft furnaces, a method that was technologically to a greater extent than sophisticated than whatever developed inwards Europe until the mid-nineteenth century.”
83. Ruins of a 300 BC astronomical observatory was found at Namoratunga inwards Kenya. Africans were mapping the movements of stars such as Triangulum, Aldebaran, Bellatrix, Central Orion, etcetera, as good as the moon, inwards companionship to create a lunar calendar of 354 days.
84. Autopsies in addition to caesarean operations were routinely in addition to effectively carried out past times surgeons inwards pre-colonial Uganda. The surgeons routinely used antiseptics, anaesthetics in addition to cautery iron. Commenting on a Ugandan caesarean functioning that appeared inwards the Edinburgh Medical Journal inwards 1884, 1 author wrote: “The whole behavior of the functioning … suggests a skilled long-practiced surgical squad at piece of work conducting a well-tried in addition to familiar functioning amongst smooth efficiency.”
85. Sudan inwards the mediaeval menses had churches, cathedrals, monasteries in addition to castles. Their ruins soundless be today.
86. The mediaeval Nubian Kingdoms kept archives. From the site of Qasr Ibrim legal texts, documents in addition to correspondence were discovered. An archeologist informs us that: “On the site are preserved thousands of documents inwards Meroitic, Latin, Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Standard Arabic in addition to Turkish.”
87. Glass windows existed inwards mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found evidence of window drinking glass at the Sudanese cities of Old Dongola in addition to Hambukol.
88. Bling civilization existed inwards the mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found an private buried at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity inwards the urban meat of Old Dongola. He was clad inwards an extremely elaborate garb consisting of costly textiles of various fabrics including atomic number 79 thread. At the urban meat of Soba East, in that location were individuals buried inwards fine clothing, including items amongst golden thread.
Great Republic of Zimbabwe Walls
89. Style in addition to fashion existed inwards mediaeval Sudan. H5N1 dignitary at Jebel Adda inwards the belatedly thirteenth century AD was interned amongst a long coat of scarlet in addition to yellowish patterned damask folded over his body. Underneath, he wore land cotton wool trousers
of long in addition to baggy cut. H5N1 duo of scarlet leather slippers amongst turned upwardly toes lay at the pes of the coffin. The trunk was wrapped inwards enormous pieces of atomic number 79 brocaded striped silk.
90. Sudan inwards the 9th century AD had housing complexes amongst bath rooms in addition to piped water. An archeologist wrote that Old Dongola, the working capital missive of the alphabet of Makuria, had: “a[n] … 8th to … 9th century housing complex. The houses discovered hither differ inwards their hitherto unencountered spatial layout as good as their functional programme (water render installation, bath amongst heating system) in addition to interiors decorated amongst murals.”
91. In 619 AD, the Nubians sent a gift of a giraffe to the Persians.
92. The East Coast, from Somalia to Mozambique, has ruins of good over 50 towns in addition to cities. They flourished from the 9th to the sixteenth centuries AD.
93. Chinese records of the fifteenth century AD notation that Mogadishu had houses of “four or 5 storeys high”.
94. Gedi, nigh the coast of Kenya, is 1 of the East African ghost towns. Its ruins, dating from the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries, include the urban meat walls, the palace, private houses, the Great Mosque, 7 smaller mosques, in addition to iii pillar tombs.
95. The ruined mosque inwards the Kenyan urban meat of Gedi had a H2O purifier made of limestone for recycling water.
96. The palace inwards the Kenyan urban meat of Gedi contains evidence of piped H2O controlled past times taps. In add-on it had bathrooms in addition to indoor toilets.
97. H5N1 visitor inwards 1331 AD considered the Tanzanian urban meat of Kilwa to live of world class. He wrote that it was the “principal urban meat on the coast the greater component subdivision of whose inhabitants are Zanj of real dark complexion.” Later on he says that: “Kilwa is 1 of the most beautiful in addition to well-constructed cities inwards the world. The whole of it is elegantly built.”
98. Bling civilization existed inwards early on Tanzania. H5N1 Portuguese chronicler of the sixteenth century wrote that: “[T]hey are finely clad inwards many rich garments of atomic number 79 in addition to silk in addition to cotton, in addition to the women as well; also amongst much atomic number 79 in addition to argent chains in addition to bracelets, which they have on on their legs in addition to arms, in addition to many jewelled earrings inwards their ears”.
99. In 1961 a British archaeologist, found the ruins of Husuni Kubwa, the violet palace of the Tanzanian urban meat of Kilwa. It had over a hundred rooms, including a reception hall, galleries, courtyards, terraces in addition to an octagonal swimming pool.
100. In 1414 the Kenyan urban meat of Malindi sent ambassadors to Communist People's Republic of China carrying a gift that created a sensation at the Imperial Court. It was, of course, a giraffe.
By Robin Walker.
90. Sudan inwards the 9th century AD had housing complexes amongst bath rooms in addition to piped water. An archeologist wrote that Old Dongola, the working capital missive of the alphabet of Makuria, had: “a[n] … 8th to … 9th century housing complex. The houses discovered hither differ inwards their hitherto unencountered spatial layout as good as their functional programme (water render installation, bath amongst heating system) in addition to interiors decorated amongst murals.”
91. In 619 AD, the Nubians sent a gift of a giraffe to the Persians.
92. The East Coast, from Somalia to Mozambique, has ruins of good over 50 towns in addition to cities. They flourished from the 9th to the sixteenth centuries AD.
93. Chinese records of the fifteenth century AD notation that Mogadishu had houses of “four or 5 storeys high”.
94. Gedi, nigh the coast of Kenya, is 1 of the East African ghost towns. Its ruins, dating from the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries, include the urban meat walls, the palace, private houses, the Great Mosque, 7 smaller mosques, in addition to iii pillar tombs.
95. The ruined mosque inwards the Kenyan urban meat of Gedi had a H2O purifier made of limestone for recycling water.
96. The palace inwards the Kenyan urban meat of Gedi contains evidence of piped H2O controlled past times taps. In add-on it had bathrooms in addition to indoor toilets.
97. H5N1 visitor inwards 1331 AD considered the Tanzanian urban meat of Kilwa to live of world class. He wrote that it was the “principal urban meat on the coast the greater component subdivision of whose inhabitants are Zanj of real dark complexion.” Later on he says that: “Kilwa is 1 of the most beautiful in addition to well-constructed cities inwards the world. The whole of it is elegantly built.”
98. Bling civilization existed inwards early on Tanzania. H5N1 Portuguese chronicler of the sixteenth century wrote that: “[T]hey are finely clad inwards many rich garments of atomic number 79 in addition to silk in addition to cotton, in addition to the women as well; also amongst much atomic number 79 in addition to argent chains in addition to bracelets, which they have on on their legs in addition to arms, in addition to many jewelled earrings inwards their ears”.
99. In 1961 a British archaeologist, found the ruins of Husuni Kubwa, the violet palace of the Tanzanian urban meat of Kilwa. It had over a hundred rooms, including a reception hall, galleries, courtyards, terraces in addition to an octagonal swimming pool.
100. In 1414 the Kenyan urban meat of Malindi sent ambassadors to Communist People's Republic of China carrying a gift that created a sensation at the Imperial Court. It was, of course, a giraffe.
By Robin Walker.
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